Disassemblability of end-of-life vehicle: a critical review of evaluation methods

Environmental sustainability has become the main items of contest in the automotive industries. Therefore in the order to reduce the environmental impact of end-of-life vehicles, European Union, Japan, USA, and Australia laws require manufacturers to take back their products at the end of their useful life and recycle them. In order to enhance the recycling rate of the vehicle, disassemblability of the automotive components has been a major concern. In the chain of end-of-life, except for landfill and incineration, components of economic value destined for reuse, remanufacture, or recycling have first to be disassembled from the end-of-life vehicles. There are several efforts within the academic community to rationalise design for disassembly and recycling, and several attempts by industry to study these issues in the context of specific products. Recent publications offer a broad perspective on recyclability and disassemblability. It is therefore necessary to determine the optimal stage of disassembly, when all economically valuable components are retrieved. This paper presents a review of several disassemblability methods, including spread sheet-like chart, end-of-life value and time for disassembly. The review concludes on the need for an effective disassembly method in order to enhance the recovery of products.     

Vehicle recycling regulations: lessons from Denmark

The number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in the EU is increasing continuously. Around 75 percent of an ELV are recyclable metals. The rest of the car is considered waste and generally goes to a landfill, which is increasingly regarded as a problem. The forecast growth in the number of ELVs calls for regulation that aims to minimise the environmental impact of a car. Using Denmark as an example, this article evaluates the extent to which environmental regulations have been a driving force for change in the car-dismantling trade.     

报废汽车内饰件塑料浮选技术研究

报废汽车内饰件塑料品种复杂、难以分选,为此,以分离汽车内饰件中4种主体塑料——PP(聚丙烯)、ABS(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯)、PC(聚碳酸酯)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)为目标,利用实验室自制浮选设备,考察了浮选液流量、溶气罐压力、润湿液浓度等因素对浮选效果的影响. 结果表明:当溶气罐压力为0.22 MPa、浮选液流量为10 L/min、润湿液中ρ(单宁酸)为15 mg/L时,一级浮选PP、ABS、PC、PVC效果达到最佳,其中PP和ABS为上浮料,二者上浮率分别为100%和98.63%;PC和PVC为下沉料,二者下沉率分别为98.95%和100%. 当溶气罐压力为0 MPa、浮选液流量为6 L/min、润湿液中ρ(单宁酸)为10 mg/L时,二级浮选完全分离PP/ABS;当溶气罐压力为0.24 MPa、浮选液流量为10 L/min、润湿液采用10 mg/L单宁酸和10 mmol/L癸二酸二丁酯时,二级浮选分离PC/PVC效果达到最佳,PC上浮率为92.87%,PVC下沉率为91.41%. 通过二级浮选分离,PP、ABS、PC、PVC的最终分离率分别达到100%、98.63%、92.87%和91.41%,显示出该二级浮选工艺在报废汽车内饰件塑料分选方面具有较为广阔的应用前景.      

广州市报废机动车回收企业二次污染现状及污染防治对策

界定机动车维修、报废过程中产生的固体废物、废水、土壤污染为机动车二次污染,并通过实地调查、监测分析广州市12家定点报废汽车回收公司,开展机动车二次污染现状研究。研究表明,报废机动车回收过程中对资源化金属的回收利用成效较好,但对用途不大的部件随意渠道转移,对危险废物和严控废物未能较好处理;大多没有完善废水处理设施,废水直接排放;土壤多项特征污染物超标严重。针对广州市机动车二次污染现状,提出了加强法规建设、环境监控、行业管理、清洁生产等防治措施。     

中国报废汽车中铂族金属回收潜力估算

基于Gompertz模型预测中国2018~2050年民用汽车的社会保有量;在此基础上,采用物质流分析方法估算得出我国汽车高峰报废年限大约为9a.然后,通过市场供给A模型预测我国2018~2025年汽车报废量,结果显示,我国汽车报废量到2025年将达到2535.05万辆,并且地理空间分布极不均衡.基于上述汽车报废量的时空分布,测算不同技术发展情景下废汽车三元催化剂中的铂族金属回收潜力和需求量.结果显示：如果按照当前催化剂消耗水平,全国铂族金属的需求量均在2019年达到峰值,铂钯铑分别达到4.57,65.70,7.92t,有望实现行业内闭环供应;如果以欧盟汽车尾气治理标准为目标,而现有汽车技术不发生根本变化,需求量将大幅增加,铂钯铑分别在2020年达到峰值85.01,109.38,8.37t,存在严重的供需矛盾.为此,建议在汽车生产者责任延伸制度中,关注废催化剂的回收和再生利用,以促进前端生产环节在不同技术选择中考虑稀贵金属的供给限制.     

中国报废汽车中铂族金属回收潜力估算

基于Gompertz模型预测中国2018~2050年民用汽车的社会保有量;在此基础上,采用物质流分析方法估算得出我国汽车高峰报废年限大约为9a.然后,通过市场供给A模型预测我国2018~2025年汽车报废量,结果显示,我国汽车报废量到2025年将达到2535.05万辆,并且地理空间分布极不均衡.基于上述汽车报废量的时空分布,测算不同技术发展情景下废汽车三元催化剂中的铂族金属回收潜力和需求量.结果显示：如果按照当前催化剂消耗水平,全国铂族金属的需求量均在2019年达到峰值,铂钯铑分别达到4.57,65.70,7.92t,有望实现行业内闭环供应;如果以欧盟汽车尾气治理标准为目标,而现有汽车技术不发生根本变化,需求量将大幅增加,铂钯铑分别在2020年达到峰值85.01,109.38,8.37t,存在严重的供需矛盾.为此,建议在汽车生产者责任延伸制度中,关注废催化剂的回收和再生利用,以促进前端生产环节在不同技术选择中考虑稀贵金属的供给限制.     

政府-企业-居民协同共治的道路交通碳交易机制

根据道路交通碳排放的影响机理,提出同时把上游燃料供应企业、中游汽车生产企业、下游汽车使用者同时作为道路交通碳交易的责任主体,设计了政府-企业-居民协同共治的道路交通碳交易机制,包括碳配额总量设定、初始碳配额分配、行业基准设定、履约考核、市场交易以及监测报告核查等制度.通过案例与情景分析揭示了道路交通碳交易的多主体协同作用机理：在政府对于碳配额总量和行业基准的调控下,燃料供应企业将通过改变燃料成分来降低燃料排放因子;汽车生产企业将通过提高汽车燃油经济性和新能源汽车比例来降低汽车能耗强度;汽车使用者将通过减少车辆行驶里程降低交通需求或者购买使用新能源汽车.本文所提出的政府-企业-居民协同共治的道路交通碳交易机制,可以分别从上游、中游、下游促进道路交通碳排放的3个关键影响因素——燃料排放因子、汽车能耗强度、交通活动需求协同优化,能够有效控制道路交通温室气体排放增长,进而加速“碳达峰”的实现和“碳中和”的转型.     

Waste from road transport: development of a model to predict waste from end-of-life and operation phases of road vehicles in Europe

This paper presents the model developed within the TRENDS (TRansport and ENvironment Database System) project for the prediction of waste produced from road vehicles, both at their end-of-life and during vehicle operation. The model covers passenger cars and light-duty commercial vehicles on a detailed level, and heavy-duty vehicles and buses with less detail. The computer model forecasts the waste produced by road transport in Europe from 1990 to 2020 in annual steps. In analogy to the well-known emission factors, which indicate the amount of airborne emissions per kilometre travelled by a vehicle, so-called waste factors were derived which express the amount of waste produced, both per vehicle kilometre (for waste from vehicle operation), and per vehicle scrapped (for waste from end-of-life vehicles). Waste factors depend on the technology stage (EURO I, II, etc.) of the vehicles in order to reflect the rapid change in technology and in the material composition of vehicles over the last decades. Materials covered are ferrous (iron, steel) and non-ferrous metals (aluminium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, and mercury), various plastics and various kinds of operating liquids (lubricants, engine oil). On the side of the vehicle components, batteries and tires are included. Activity data needed for the forecast of the total annual waste production, such as the number of scrapped vehicles and the annual mileage per vehicle category and EU member country, were obtained from the so-called Road Transport model of TRENDS. Model results are presented for all material components as well as tires for the entire EU15 as time series from 1990 to 2020. They were validated against data originating from various sources, including the European Environment Agency and the European Tyre Recycling Association. Finally, methods for the future enhancement of the quality of the model forecasts are discussed.     

生命周期方法在天然气基汽车燃料评价中的运用

运用生命周期评价方法,对以天然气为原料生产压缩天然气、甲醇、二甲醚、柴油4种汽车代用燃料系统进行生命周期的能源、环境和经济评价,评价结果是：压缩天然气系统生命周期内的能耗相对少,总成本相对低,对生态环境更友好,压缩天然气是富含天然气地区一段时期内汽车代用燃料的优先选择．     

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality,China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

汽车产品回收利用技术及商业循环模式的实现

探讨了汽车产品回收利用技术实现的方案。实现汽车的全生命周期,需要经过汽车整车拆解、汽车零部件分类以及汽车零部件再制造或资源化回收这三大步骤,并对这三项内容加以具体阐述。结合现行报废汽车产业政策,提出了一种实现汽车产品回收的商业循环模式。说明了汽车产品回收再制造信息管理系统的重要性,并介绍了其六项功能。     

Eco-efficiency gains from remanufacturing: A case study of photocopier remanufacturing at Fuji Xerox Australia

Achieving eco-efficient production and consumption systems requires ‘closing the loop’ to create cyclic systems. Product systems based on remanufacturing, where used products or components are restored to ‘as new’ condition for reuse, offer the potential to create such cyclic systems. For some existing manufacturers, the economic efficiency of remanufacturing is clear and it has become a widely held assumption that such systems would also be more eco-efficient. However, this assumption has not been systematically tested. This research attempted to quantify the life cycle environmental benefits achieved by incorporating remanufacturing into a product system, based on a study of Xerox photocopiers in Australia. The study found that remanufacturing can reduce resource consumption and waste generation over the life cycle of a photocopier by up to a factor of 3, with greatest reductions if a product is designed for disassembly and remanufacturing. This research represents a first-level assessment, limited by certain estimates and assumptions. It is intended that this research will form the basis of a larger, more detailed study of Xerox remanufacturing, worldwide.     

Inertia welding for assembly of copper squirrel cages for electric motors

The automotive industry is developing designs and manufacturing processes for new generations of electric motors intended for use in hybrid and electric vehicles. There is interest in replacing the aluminum traditionally used in induction motor rotors with copper to improve motor capability. This paper focuses on solid-state welding to join copper end rings to copper spokes in the fabrication of copper rotors. Inertia friction welding was explored to examine weldability of these copper components. A better understanding of inertia welding characteristics will help the advancements in its application for induction rotors. The limitations of this application are discussed.     

华东典型城市非道路移动机械排气烟度

在华东地区典型城市开展了超过900台非道路移动机械的排气烟度实测工作,结合测试机械的属性调查,分析汇总了现阶段各类机械的排气烟度范围(包括光吸收系数和林格曼黑度),并定量研究了机械出厂年限、机械功率、测试工况及油品差异对机械排气烟度的影响.结果表明,在自由加速工况下,实测非道路移动机械的排气烟度为(1. 02±0. 57) m~(-1),林格曼黑度等级为2. 10±0. 19(无量纲),各类机械超过国家标准GB 36886-2018中关于烟度I限值比例为12%～25%; 80%的机械启动烟度大于自由加速烟度,且各类机械启动烟度约为自由加速排气烟度的2倍;与普通柴油相比,使用车用柴油可少量削减机械排气烟度均值,可显著削减或抑制排气烟度高值.启动时喷油量瞬间增加过快与油品质量较差可直接影响非道路用柴油机的排气烟度.     

Product service systems in the automobile industry: contribution to system innovation?

This article investigates the actual and potential contribution that product service systems (PSSs) can make in moving beyond incremental technological improvements towards a focus on behavioural changes and system innovation in the automobile industry. It begins by discussing the means by which existing and planned PSS initiatives can be evaluated in terms of their contribution towards innovation at the system level in the automotive industry. Building on and expanding earlier work, it is suggested that they should be assessed against an expanded set of five key evaluative criteria including: evidence of ‘higher-order’ learning amongst stakeholders; changes in infrastructure and institutional practice; changes in vehicle design, manufacture and end-of-life management; changes in vehicle ownership structure; and changes in modes of producer–user interactions. Following this discussion, the article provides a structured overview of some current and planned PSS initiatives at the empirical level in the automotive industry. The identified initiatives are then assessed against the key evaluative criteria in an effort to reveal their actual or potential contribution to meeting the sustainability challenges of the automotive industry. Based on this exercise, it is argued that since most current initiatives do not unify these key elements of a PSS in a single coherent system they do not constitute ‘complete’ versions of PSS, and therefore, fail to deliver the full range of envisaged benefits in contributing towards system innovation. The article concludes by outlining some key areas for future research into potential strategies to address such challenges.     

基于三方博弈的再生水回用市场演化路径分析

为促进再生水市场的构建,以西安市再生水回用市场发展过程为研究案例,采用演化博弈理论构建了基于政府、再生水厂商、消费者三方博弈的再生水回用市场推广模型,分析其博弈均衡及演化路径.结果表明再生水回用市场的演化过程可划分为四个阶段,不同条件下系统将演化至不同的均衡.发展初期政府支持和宣传能有效提高再生水处理量和回用量,发展中后期为了增强企业参与度和消费者接受度需要提高财政补贴、提高使用再生水效用、降低自来水效用、提升再生水厂商获利、减少政府管理成本.     

浅论中国道路交通温室气体减排的战略选择：新能源汽车发展

中国的道路交通部门正面临日益严峻的温室气体减排压力,机动车作为道路交通系统中的核心要素之一,其低碳化进程对于道路交通部门应对气候变化具有重要的现实和战略意义。从长期来看,机动车的低碳发展意味着传统机动车向新能源汽车的过渡和发展。本文首先综述了中国新能源汽车的产业政策发展,然后讨论了新能源汽车在深圳市的试点示范推广情况,并介绍了新能源汽车在上海世博会的示范应用,最后指出新能源汽车近年来在中国的快速发展也得益于中央和地方政府的积极推动,汽车厂商、科研机构和消费者等诸多利益相关者的积极参与,新能源产业政策的日益完善。     

Variety of technological trajectories in low emission vehicles (LEVs): A patent data analysis

This paper focuses on the diversity of engine technologies for low emission vehicles (LEVs) that are developed by car manufacturers in order to substitute for the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Our purpose is to analyse the competition between the various technologies for LEVs as well as the innovative strategy of car manufacturers. We first propose to define and to represent these technological trajectories in order to compare their performances and to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The technological bottlenecks, the barriers to the adoption of these alternative engine technologies as well as the features of this technological competition are underlined. We then use a patent data analysis to study the patent portfolios of the main car manufacturers in these technologies over the period [1990–2005]. The dynamics of patent applications by car manufacturers gives insight on the competition among technologies and on the strategy of firms. This analysis emphasises the progressive diversification of firms' patent portfolios over the whole set of engine technologies and the differentiated strategic positioning of car manufacturers according to countries.     

电子废弃物中元器件的拆解与再利用

电子废弃物产生数量和种类的迅速增加,使之成为一个全球性的环境问题。不当的处理方式对环境也造成了严重的污染。因此,电子废弃物的回收利用技术研究显得十分必要,文章简要概括了国外电子废弃物资源化工艺流程,重点介绍了适合我国国情的材料再生与元器件再利用相结合的电子废弃物资源化技术,并且进行了经济性比较与分析。     

Business frameworks for sustainable society: a case study on reuse industries in Japan

This paper presents a new perspective on the reuse businesses of independent reuse business companies (IRBCs) in Japan. A majority of previous studies on reuse and remanufacturing have focused on the businesses of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). During the past twenty years, however, in Japan, IRBCs have grown rapidly, especially those that launched new types of secondhand shops. The author proposes that the reuse businesses of IRBCs can provide useful information for academics, OEMs, and policy makers. A key finding is the strategies developed by IRBCs to ensure the volume of used products collected and to stimulate demand for used products. This paper compares the features of IRBC reuse businesses with those of OEMs, and discussed the results and implications of an interview survey with select IRBCs.