Geochemical features of soil and plant cover in the zone of recent explosive volcanism

Geochemical specialization of the soil and plant cover has been revealed in the vicinity of the active Karymsky volcano (the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula), where the concentrations of most trace elements in the soil are lower than their clarkes but those in plants exceed their contents commonly recorded in living matter. Freshly deposited volcanic ash is enriched with movable forms of trace elements. As a result of hypergenic processes, they are dissolved and transferred to ground and surface waters, which accounts for a rich mineral composition of vegetation.     

Means for soil nutrient uptake in sedges with different ecological strategies

The prevalence of arbuscular mycorrhizas and nonsymbiotic modifications of absorbing organs (dauciform roots) has been studied in species of the genus Carex with competitive (C) and stress-tolerant (S) types of Grime-Ramenskii’s ecological strategies. The groups of C- and S-strategists do not differ in the ability to form mycorrhizas. Dauciform roots are more frequent in S-strategists, which accounts for a higher diversity of means for soil nutrient uptake in this group, compared to S-strategists.     

A new method to account for the depth distribution of 137Cs in soils in the calculation of external radiation dose-rate

This work reports a new method for calculating the external dose-rate as a function of height above land that has been contaminated with a surface deposition of (137)Cs. Unlike previous work this method accounts for vertical migration of (137)Cs using the Advection Dispersion Equation (ADE) with appropriate parameters. The results have been successfully verified with field measurements from the (137)Cs contaminated regions within the Republic of Belarus. The method also correctly predicts the observed variation of dose-rate with elevation above the soil surface and it is shown how this method can be used to predict the reduction in surface dose-rate after remediation measures such as deep ploughing have taken place.     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤Cu形态含量影响因素定量分

以江苏省昆山市为典型区，定量研究几种因素对农田土壤Cu形态含量的影响。结果表明：1)土壤有效态Cu含量为837 mg/kg，土壤全Cu含量为27.43 mg/kg，土壤Cu的活化率为31.02%；2)土壤重金属Cu各形态含量相对大小为残渣态(13.82 mg/kg)＞有机质结合态(9.42 mg/kg)＞铁锰氧化物结合态(2.79 mg/kg)＞碳酸盐结合态(0.84 mg/kg)、可交换态(057 mg/kg)，残渣态含量明显高于其它形态，达47.83%，有机质结合态Cu含量也较高，占全量的36.09%；3)pH值是影响可交换态Cu含量的最主要因素，达极显著负相关水平。全Cu含量是影响碳酸盐结合态Cu含量、铁锰氧化物结合态Cu含量、有机质结合态Cu含量和残渣态Cu含量的最主要因素，达极显著正相关水平；4）全Cu含量是影响可交换态Cu含量的重要因素，达显著正相关水平。pH值是影响碳酸盐结合态含量的相对重要因素。CEC是影响铁锰氧化物结合态Cu含量的重要因素。有机质含量是影响有机质结合态Cu含量的重要因素，达极显著正相关水平。＜0.01 mm黏粒含量是影响残渣态Cu含量的重要因素.     

Adsorption and desorption of iodine by various Chinese soils: I. Iodate

In order to assess the adsorption of iodate by different soils from China, a series of batch experiments were conducted. It was found that soils rich in iron oxide had high affinity for iodate. Iodate adsorption isotherms could be well fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Iodate adsorption by 20 different soils from China revealed that iodate adsorption was significantly correlated with soil organic matter negatively and positively with free iron oxide contents. At initial concentration of 4 mg I L(-1), iodate adsorption ranged between 9 and 34 mg kg(-1) soil. No correlation between iodate adsorption and cation exchange capacity and soil pH was found. For a single soil, there was a significant linear relationship between the amounts of iodate adsorbed and desorbed, but for a group of different soils, the relationship between the amounts of iodate adsorption and desorption followed a nonlinear relationship, the deviation mainly occurred at high adsorption side. The relationship between K(d) and free aluminum oxide and free iron oxide contents showed an exponential relationship for various soils with exception of the soil from Hetian in Xinjiang.     

Mating systems in the steppe lemming (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lagurus lagurus)</Emphasis> and narrow-skulled vole (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microtus gregalis</Emphasis>) from the Northern Kulunda Steppe

A comparative analysis of reproductive behavior has been performed in the steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus) and narrow-skulled vole (Microtus gregalis). The results show that the species are similar in certain behavioral features indicative of the stability of mating pairs. However, in the narrow-skulled vole, unlike in the steppe lemming, mature males in olfactory tests show preference for receptive sibling females versus non-kin females. Probably, it is the absence of the incest taboo that allows the involvement of young of the year in reproduction within growing family groups and accounts for “coloniality” of the species.     

Micronutrient composition of plants in the Polar Urals under contrasting geochemical conditions

Natural variation in the level of micronutrients in plants and soils of the Polar Urals depending on the types of bedrocks has been evaluated. The contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co have been determined by the atomic absorption method in 156 plant species of 25 families and in 38 soil samples. It has been found that the mineral composition of plant species varies depending on edaphic conditions. Taxon-specific features in the accumulation of chemical elements in plants of the Polar Urals have been revealed for the first time on the basis of a large amount of data.     

Ecological aspects of humus formation and dynamics in virgin and plowed chernozem soils of the Cisural region

An attempt has been made to make a comprehensive assessment of biological factors in the ecology of humus formation in forest-steppe and steppe chernozem soils of the Cisural region. Certain regional features in the effect of vegetation structure and composition and soil microbial and enzymatic activities on the humus state of zonal chernozem subtypes in virgin and plowed landscapes have been revealed.     

Condition of the Soil Fauna near the Epicenter of an Underground Nuclear Explosion in the Northern Urals

Radioactive contamination affects soil organisms and causes profound structural rearrangements in soil zoocenoses, which are manifested in the decreased species diversity of invertebrate communities and low relative abundance of large soil invertebrates. However, these communities gradually recover their initial structure. The soil biota near the epicenter of an underground nuclear explosion performed 30 years ago in Perm oblast has been studied to reveal specific structural features of the soil macro- and microfauna. Its structural diversity is considered with regard to such components as species (taxonomic) composition, the structure of dominance, and the ratio of ecological and trophic groups.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 171–179.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kolesnikova, Taskaeva, Krivolutskii, Taskaev.     

湖北丹江口水库库区降雨侵蚀力特征

降雨侵蚀力(R)指数是估算土壤侵蚀量的一个基本因子，但如何利用气象站常规降雨统计资料估算R值具有重要的实践意义。利用湖北丹江口水库库区4个观测站(丹江口、十堰、郧县、郧西)的多年逐日降雨资料，通过比较分析多个经验模型对该地区的降雨侵蚀力的计算结果，优选出了表现最佳的估算模型，并用其计算结果分析了库区年降雨侵蚀力的空间分布和时间变化特征。结果表明，湖北丹江口库区丹江、郧西、十堰、郧县的年均降雨侵蚀力分别为3 331.94、3 272.40、3 501.21、3 187.94 MJ·mm/hm²·h·a，4个测站的均值为3 323.37 MJ·mm/hm2·h·a，空间分布比较均匀，与多年平均降雨量分布类似；降雨侵蚀力主要集中于5～9月份，占全年的88.60%以上；库区4个测站年降雨侵蚀力值波动较大，以郧西和十堰为甚，其最大单次降雨侵蚀力分别占其研究时段内总降雨侵蚀力的6.94%和4.87%。离差系数Cv(0.45～0.58)和趋势系数r(绝对值0.05～0.08)计算结果表明研究年限内年均降雨侵蚀力整体趋势保持平稳。
     

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法研究及其对构建我国《土壤污染防治法》的启示

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法有其自己的特色，通过研究总结出七点立法特点。中国的土壤污染形势严峻，现行土壤污染防治立法多采分散立法的模式，缺乏系统性、专门针对性和可操作性，既不能适应日益严峻的土壤污染形式，也不能满足对我国土壤污染保护的客观需求。因此，制定专门的《土壤污染防治法》有其必要性和紧迫性。针对我国土壤污染立法现状，吸收俄罗斯土壤防治立法的先进之处，近而得出了构建我国专门的《土壤污染防治法》，树立整体的立法观念；制定明确的土壤保护标准及土壤污染防治标准；建立土壤污染预防制度和土壤污染修复制度；加强土壤的国家监督、国家监测和许可等管理制度；注重环境影响评价制度以及信息公开，扩大公民的公众参与权等几点启示。     

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法研究及其对构建我国《土壤污染防治法》的启示

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法有其自己的特色，通过研究总结出七点立法特点。中国的土壤污染形势严峻，现行土壤污染防治立法多采分散立法的模式，缺乏系统性、专门针对性和可操作性，既不能适应日益严峻的土壤污染形式，也不能满足对我国土壤污染保护的客观需求。因此，制定专门的《土壤污染防治法》有其必要性和紧迫性。针对我国土壤污染立法现状，吸收俄罗斯土壤防治立法的先进之处，近而得出了构建我国专门的《土壤污染防治法》，树立整体的立法观念；制定明确的土壤保护标准及土壤污染防治标准；建立土壤污染预防制度和土壤污染修复制度；加强土壤的国家监督、国家监测和许可等管理制度；注重环境影响评价制度以及信息公开，扩大公民的公众参与权等几点启示。     

长江上游地区土壤可蚀性空间分异特征

研究土壤可蚀性K值有助于宏观判断和定量分析长江上游地区土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征。利用第二次土壤普查资料建立了长江上游土壤的理化性质数据库，通过三次样条插值对土壤质地进行转换，采用EPIC模型计算出各土种的可蚀性K值，采用面积加权的方法，求得各亚类的可蚀性K值，将其链接至长江上游土壤图的属性表，得到土壤可蚀性空间分布图，进而探讨土壤可蚀性的分布特征。结果表明：长江上游土壤可蚀性以较低可蚀性、中等可蚀性和较高可蚀性为主，横断山区、云贵高原和三峡库区区域土壤可蚀性明显高于四川盆地地区；高可蚀性土壤主要分布在嘉陵江上游和横断山区的低海拔谷地；平均K值为0239 0，最大值041，最小值007土壤可蚀性高低与土壤侵蚀强度、海拔高度和坡度在空间分布上具有一定的规律性     

长江中游不同潜育化土壤诊断指标探讨

田间原位测定，室内分析和模拟试验的结果表明，长江中游垸田土壤潜育化过程中发生一系列物质变化，其中以活性还原物质量，Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３溶液提取的亚铁量和氧化还原电位三者变化最为显著。活性还原物质量和亚铁量与潜育化作用强度正相关，而氧化还原电位则呈负相关。     

三峡库区水土保持与生态环境改善

介绍了三峡库区水土流失现象,分析了水土流失发生的原因,阐述了水土流失对库区生态环境的影响。主要表现在：破坏土地资源,淤毁水利工程、抬高河床,加强洪旱等灾害,污染水资源。     

基于GIS和PSR的江苏省水土流失易发区划分研究

水土流失易发区划分是新一轮水土保持规划的现实需要。基于PSR概念模型,选取12个指标建立评价指标体系,并采用改进的层次分析法求得指标权重,通过多级加权求和,对江苏省平原区进行水土流失易发区划分评价。该方法以250m×250m栅格为单元,借助GIS的空间分析功能制作各层次指标的空间分布图,并分别从压力、状态、响应3个子层次和综合目标层进行评价分析。结果表明:全省平原区水土流失压力分布较为普遍,Ⅲ级及以上压力区域占全省总面积的40.75%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级易发区域面积分别为10.12%、42.90%、25.73%和1.24%,无Ⅴ级易发区域;最终划定江苏省水土流失易发区面积约占全省总面积的26.97%。具有现状数据的评价单元划分结果与实际情况较一致,说明水土流失易发区划分结果能基本反映江苏省水土流失特点和状况,可作为江苏省水土保持规划的重要依据。     

论水稻土肥力进化与土壤质量——以太湖地区为例

太湖地区是我国古老农业区之一。在六七千年之前先民已开始种植水稻 ,随着耕作培肥措施不断加强 ,与土壤肥力进化同步伴随着耕作轮作制的不断演进 ,由轮荒———沤田———水旱轮作———三熟制的变化 ,土壤基础肥力稳步提高 ,稻麦单位面积产量逐年上升。该区水稻土历经数千年的耕肥与平田整地等人为活动 ,在起源土壤背景上发育成五类水稻土 ,这五类水稻土经过培肥改良均达到水旱轮作高产稳产阶段 ,尽管地力上还存在不同程度的差异 ,这不能不说是人为定向培育的成果。在一般情况下 ,土壤质量是由土壤肥力决定的 ,基础肥力高低是农业生产优质高产低耗的关键 ,在评价土壤质量时必需首先予以关注。当然 ,随着工业的发展 ,土壤污染所波及的农产品超标问题 ,也应在评价土壤质量时予以关注 ,并作为评价因素在综合评价体系中占有应有的份量     

Distribution of Calculated Indices and an Attempt of Its Biological Interpretation Using the Production Characteristics of Grass Communities

The distribution of indices characterizing the productivity structure of natural, semicultivated, and cultivated grass communities has been analyzed. The proportion of normally distributed series accounts for more than half of all series in wheat fields and herb–reedgrass meadows and less than one-third of all series in sown grass mixtures.     

Climatic signal in radial increment of conifers in forest-steppe of southern Siberia and its dependence on local growing conditions

Radial increments have been studied in Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in the forest-steppe zone of southern Siberia in areas with different landscapes and levels of soil moisture supply but uniform climatic conditions. It has been shown that the radial increment significantly depends on climatic factors, primarily temperatures in April to July and September, sums of precipitation in April to July and September to November, and hydrothermal coefficient in May. The climatiC response in the wood of conifers in the forest-steppe zone differs depending on their species-specific features and local growing conditions.     

Soil to plant transfer of 137Cs and 60Co in Ferralsol, Nitisol and Acrisol

In this study, soil to plant transfer factor values were determined for 137Cs and 60Co in radish (Raphanus sativus), maize (Zea mays L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) growing in gibbsite-, kaolinite- and iron-oxide-rich soils. After 3 years of experiment in lysimeters it was possible to identify the main soil properties able to modify the soil to plant transfer processes, e.g. exchangeable K and pH, for 137Cs, and organic matter for 60Co. Results of sequential chemical extraction were coherent with root uptake and allowed the recognition of the role of iron oxides on 137Cs behaviour and of Mn oxides on 60Co behaviour. This information should provide support for adequate choices of countermeasures to be applied on tropical soils in case of accident or for remediation purposes.