太湖底泥的污染控制及修复技术的可行性应用探讨

太湖表层底泥营养物、重金属和有机污染物等含量较高,并有向水体释放倾向,对水体及水生生态系统造成威胁.文章探讨了对太湖已开展或近期可开展的内源污染治理实用和示范技术,如外部污染源控制、原位覆盖、原位底泥氧化、原位上覆水充氧、生态疏浚、生物修复技术以及自然消减技术等.对上述技术运用于太湖进行了可行性分析.     

沸石与生物沸石薄层覆盖技术削减富营养化景观水体氮比较研究

以扬州古运河河水和表层沉积物为研究对象，实验室静态模拟实验比较研究了沸石与生物沸石（即附着高效异养硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的沸石）薄层覆盖削减富营养化景观水体氮效果，考察了生物沸石薄层覆盖削减氮可行性，探讨了生物沸石薄层覆盖削减氮的机理和影响因素。实验结果表明，当实验历时21d时，2kg／m^2（2mm厚）的沸石和生物沸石覆盖对上覆水体TN的削减率分别为36．92％和60．41％，生物沸石比沸石对TN削减率提高了23．48％，高效菌的生物脱氮作用明显；21d后生物沸石覆盖对TN的削减率维持在60％～75％，但生物沸石相对于沸石削减氮的效果有降低趋势。实验后期碳源不足是影响高效菌生物脱氮的主要影响因素。可见，生物沸石薄层覆盖削减富营养化景观水体氮是可行的，但需要进一步研究强化高效反硝化细菌适应能力方法。     

草海底泥原位钝化工程示范及其生态环境效应

选取贵州草海重污染湖区,利用改性粘土钝化剂开展底泥原位钝化技术示范,对示范区内外主要水质参数、浮游生物和底栖动物等进行了对比监测与研究。结果表明:示范工程实施一年后钝化区水体氨氮(NH_3-N)和总磷(TP)含量分别降低至对照区的29%和23%,水体溶解氧含量达9 mg·L~(-1)以上,透明度显著增加;钝化区水体藻类总丰度降低40%以上,蓝藻所占比例大幅下降;钝化区沉水植物生长繁茂,水体自净功能明显增强,已形成草型清水生态系统。钝化区与对照区水体浮游动物、底栖水生生物种群及丰度无显著变化,表明钝化剂未对动物生长造成不良影响;原位钝化技术具有快速提升水体透明度和溶解氧含量、抑制底泥污染物释放、降低水体营养盐含量及抑制藻类生长等特点,且实施方便、成本低廉,在湖泊底泥污染治理和水体富营养化防治领域具有广阔应用前景。     

红壤原位覆盖对河流底泥氮污染物释放的抑制研究

使用红壤(RS)原位覆盖黑臭河底泥来抑制底泥中氮污染物的释放。结果表明,RS覆盖可有效控制氮污染物释放,经RS覆盖60d后,上覆水中TN、氨氮的释放抑制率分别为77%、63%;同时,RS覆盖可有效减少底泥中TN浓度,60d后RS覆盖组底泥TN从1 409mg/kg下降至786mg/kg,下降了44%,明显高于无RS覆盖的对照组(22%)。随着水流速度增加,水体复氧量增大,使红壤与底泥中部分金属元素(如铁和锰)被氧化,使水中溶解性氮更容易被吸附到底泥中,从而有助于降低TN的释放。     

底泥修复对城市污染河道水体污染修复的影响研究

为开发城市黑臭河道的有效治理方法，利用人工模拟河道就河道底泥对上覆水体的二次污染、底泥污染生物修复对其氮磷营养盐释放及河道水体污染生物修复的影响进行了研究，并对实验结果进行了工程现场应证。研究结果表明：河道污染底泥生物修复状况对上覆水体水质产生大的影响，在底泥不加修复时，底泥污染物释放使水体COD、TP、NH₃-N浓度分别达到30～35 mg/L、0.4～0.5 mg/L和3.0 mg/L，底泥修复后分别为15～20 mg/L、0.1 mg/L和2.5 mg/L；底泥G值（y）与底泥氮、磷污染物释放量（x）呈负相关关系，关系式分别为：y=0.5124x-0.1394（R₂=0.9222），y=0.17772x-0.4781（R₂=0.8701）；结合底泥的生物修复，采用曝气增氧投加生物制剂措施对水体进行生物修复时COD、NH₃-N和PO^3-₄的去除率分别提高13.6%、25.0%和15.7%；对古廖涌的现场治理工程表明，在未对河道底泥进行生物修复的情况下，经过氧化塘预处理河道水体增氧-水体原位强化生物修复等措施的治理，河道中、下游水体又逐渐恢复黑臭，在对河道底泥进行修复后，河道污染水体水质得到显著的改善和提高。     

底泥生长基质中重金属的迁移特征及生物有效性

河道底泥中重金属含量较高，重金属的迁移性及生物有效性是限制疏浚底泥土地施用或用作废弃场地修复基质资源化利用途径的主要因素。以沈阳细河待疏浚底泥为材料，通过盆栽实验的方法研究了河道底泥与碱性粉煤灰、炉渣和锯木屑配比基质中重金属在紫花苜蓿体内累积、迁移及生物有效性的变化。结果发现，配比底泥基质上紫花苜蓿生物量、株高及株径均好于纯底泥处理，其中底泥、粉煤灰、炉渣、锯木屑以2：0．5：0．5：0．5配比的s2处理中紫花苜蓿生物量是纯底泥处理的11．7倍。与底泥对照相比，配比底泥基质上植株体内重金属含量极显著降低，而且地上部重金属含量显著低于根部含量；底泥基质中紫花苜蓿地上部和根部对Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的富集系数（BCF）显著低于底泥处理，但转移系数（TF）无显著变化，富集系数（BCF）和转移系数（TF）均小于1．0。紫花苜蓿种植后底泥基质中重金属含量显著低于农用污泥重金属控制标准，除Cd含量略高外，Cu、Pb和Zn含量低于土壤环境质量三级标准。这些结果表明，城市重污染河道底泥经过合理处置后，重金属浓度、活性及生物有效性降低，在其土地施用或废弃地修复中可以用作一些耐性植物的生长基质。     

不同质量浓度苦草对铜绿微囊藻生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用苦草（Vallisneria spiralis Linn.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法,通过追踪测定铜绿微囊藻的生物量、叶绿素a含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,研究了不同质量浓度苦草对铜绿微囊藻生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,质量浓度大于10 g/L时,苦草对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,表现为苦草质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为63.3%、94.7%和99.8%,培养过程中,铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,而SOD、POD活性及MDA含量呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,表明苦草释放的化感物质在经过一定时间积累后能够明显抑制铜绿微囊藻SOD和POD的活性,引起细胞的氧化损伤,促进叶绿素的分解,从而导致藻类死亡,这是苦草抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的原因之一。     

扬水曝气技术在水源水质改善中的应用

扬水曝气技术是新开发的水质改善技术,用于混合上下水层、控制藻类生长、增加水体溶解氧、抑制底泥污染物释放.将该技术应用于某水源地,其提水效率达到同类设备--同温层曝气器的两倍;控制了水体表层的藻类数量,抑制了藻类的生长,将藻类叶绿素a含量降低了13.96%.扬水曝气技术的适用条件:用于控制藻类生长时,水深应不小于10 m;用于抑制底泥污染物释放时,水体应存在溶解氧小于1～2 mg/L的厌氧条件.     

底泥煤渣帽封与药剂投加联用原位稳定化技术对上覆水体及底泥pH-Eh-COD的影响

将底泥有机物原地稳定化处理技术中药剂投加法和帽封法结合，研究以煤渣为帽封材料，苏州河底泥中分别投加零价铁（Fe⁰）及硝酸钙的实验里各体系上覆水体及底泥的pH、氧化还原电位（Eh）、有机含量在60 d的变化情况。结果表明，煤渣帽封下，底泥中投加Fe⁰或硝酸钙后上覆水体pH均在8左右，Eh呈下降趋势，投加Fe⁰后对上覆水体COD的影响较硝酸钙小，但均不会对上覆水体水质产生持久、较大的影响。从底泥有机质的去除率上来看，Fe⁰-煤渣帽封体系在反应周期里有机质的去除率约55%，而硝酸钙-煤渣帽封体系底泥有机质的去除率在27%左右。以Fe⁰-煤渣帽封材料复合体系运用在底泥原地稳定化帽封技术中降解有机物更为合适。     

DDT污染土壤的植物修复技术

本文报道用植草方法研究为DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复技术。在污染物的浓度为0．215mg/kg的土壤中，种植10种草3个月后DDT及其主要降解产物的总含量分别降低19．6％－73．0％。种植不同品种的草对土壤中污染物有不同的去除能力，其中以种植丹麦产的Taya草（Per.ryegrass）与美国产的Titan草（Tall fescue）为最强。用种植草的方法修复受DDT及其主要降解产物污染的土壤是一项可行的技术。在去除土壤中DDT的作用上，草的吸收是轻微的，只占原施药量的0．13％－1．08％，土壤中污染物消失的主要因素是土壤中生物降解作用的结果。     

联合硅藻土与PAC强化混凝处理含藻微污染原水

研究了联合硅藻土与聚合氯化铝（PAC）强化混凝对原水中藻类、溶解性有机物以及重金属离子的去除效果。结果表明,硅藻土的投加可以有效地改善絮体的沉降性能,增强藻类的混凝沉淀去除效率,PAC投加量为30 mg/L时,投加0.1 g/L硅藻土,叶绿素a去除率由82.5%提高到95.9%。该强化混凝过程使原水中溶解性有机物特别是大分子有机物和重金属离子的去除率有所上升。PAC投加量为30 mg/L,硅藻土投加量为1.5 g/L时,重金属Cu、Pb和Cd的去除率分别达到57.5%、83.7%和22.2%。     

硅藻土强化混凝去除微污染原水中的有机物

研究了联用硅藻土与聚合氯化铝（PAC）强化混凝对有机微污染原水中不同性质溶解性有机物的去除效果。采用超滤膜和XAD系列树脂对微污染原水中溶解性有机物进行分级表征,物理分级表明分子量〈4 kD的溶解性有机物占50%以上,化学分级表明原水中以憎水酸（HoA）和亲水物质（HiM）为主。硅藻土助凝去除溶解性有机物,实验结果表明,当PAC投加量30 mg/L,硅藻土投加量0.5 g/L时,溶解性有机碳去除率由22.5%提高到26.3%。     

Colloidal diatomite, radionickel, and humic substance interaction: a combined batch, XPS, and EXAFS investigation

This work determined the influence of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) on the interaction mechanism and microstructure of Ni(II) onto diatomite by using batch experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) methods. Macroscopic and spectroscopic experiments have been combined to see the evolution of the interaction mechanism and microstructure of Ni(II) in the presence of HA/FA as compared with that in the absence of HA/FA. The results indicated that the interaction of Ni(II) with diatomite presents the expected solution pH edge at 7.0, which is modified by addition of HA/FA. In the presence of HA/FA, the interaction of Ni(II) with diatomite increased below solution pH 7.0, while Ni(II) interaction decreased above solution pH 7.0. XPS analysis suggested that the enrichment of Ni(II) onto diatomite may be due to the formation of (≡SO)₂Ni. EXAFS results showed that binary surface complexes and ternary surface complexes of Ni(II) can be simultaneously formed in the presence of HA/FA, whereas only binary surface complexes of Ni(II) are formed in the absence of HA/FA, which contribute to the enhanced Ni(II) uptake at low pH values. The results observed in this work are important for the evaluation of Ni(II) and related radionuclide physicochemical behavior in the natural soil and water environment.     

杀虫剂十氯酮的多介质环境行为模拟

应用EQC模型模拟十氯酮在多介质环境中的归宿和迁移通量.结果表明:土壤是十氯酮最大的贮存库,在稳态平衡条件下,残留率达到95.0%;在稳态非平衡条件下,十氯酮单独排放到水体,有37.5%残留在于排放的水体中,其在大气的浓度水平和质量分布均很低,在沉积物中的质量则来自于水体向沉积物的沉降迁移;十氯酮主要通过水体的水平迁移和土壤的厌氧降解输出;十氯酮的主要界面迁移过程是大气向土壤的迁移,其次是水体向沉积物的沉降和大气向水体的迁移.     

Simulating the temporal changes of OCP pollution in Hangzhou, China

A dynamic fugacity model was applied to simulate the changes of contents and transfer fluxes of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDTs) from 1950s in the environment of Hangzhou, China. The receptors are composed of air, surface water, soils, sediment and biota compartments. The model provides a method to combine loadings of HCHs and DDTs from various sources with a series of physical-chemical processes to estimate concentrations and transport fluxes of HCHs and DDTs. Model results suggested that the calculated concentrations were in line with the observed ones. The highest contents of HCH and DDT in the environment of study area were 523 t and 471 t before 1983, among which about 80.7% HCHs and 93.2% DDTs remained in the soil compartment. From 1984 to now, contents of HCHs and DDTs had decreased to about 0.07% and 0.40% of their highest amount (before 1983), and only about 0.001% and 0.014% will expect to be left in 2020 in the study area according to the model prediction. Before 1983, the main transfer fluxes of HCHs were deposition from air to soil, runoff from soil to water and diffusion from soil to air, but for DDTs the main transfer fluxes were deposition from air to soil and water, and transfer from water to sediment. From 1984 to now, runoff from soil to water and transfer from water to sediment became the dominant processes. Although a large amount of HCHs and DDTs had been applied to the study area, their residue levels in the soils were much lower than those in North China (had lesser HCHs and DDTs application than in South China) at present time, and close to other locations of South China (had similar HCHs and DDTs application level). It can be attributed to the high precipitation and temperature that enhances the processes of wet deposition, evaporation and degradation of OCPs. Sensitivities of the input parameters to the calculated concentrations were evaluated using coefficient-of-variation normalized sensitivity coefficients. The model was also subjected to uncertainty analyses using a Monte Carlo simulation.     

The effects of relative humidity on the insecticidal properties of a diatomite‐based dust

Abstract

The feasibility of using diatomaceous earth (diatomite) as an insecticidal dust was investigated under conditions of high (80%) and low (10%) relative humidity, using the adult red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Tested were diatomite and two lots of a commercial formulation of the same diatomite, containing 0.2% pyrethrins and 1.0% piperonyl butoxide. For comparison, talcum and a talcum‐based commercial formulation, containing the same concentrations of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide, were included in the tests. The insects were exposed to 0.08 mg/cm² of each material tested, equivalent to the label recommendation of 7 lb/acre for the diatomite‐based commercial insecticide. At 10% RH, higher doses of diatomite were also tested. Mortalities were determined at intervals for up to 84 hours.

Diatomite caused no mortalities at the experimental concentration, regardless of RH. At about four times that rate and 10% RH, it caused less than 5% mortality.

At 80% RH, the diatomite‐based product (P. C. P. Act #14074) was significantly more effective than the talcum‐based one (#13074). At 10% RH, however, the latter acted more quickly than the diatomite‐based formulations, but all produced nearly 100% mortality after 68 hours.

The results are discussed in terms of the physical characteristics of diatomite and in terms of the modes of insecticidal actions of diatomite and pyrethrins. It is concluded that diatomite alone, despite its attractiveness to environmental interests, is not likely to become an effective agent for controlling red flour beetles and other pest insects with similar water‐proofing mechanisms.     

湿地底质环境对不同浓度污水的净化效果

实验以扎龙湿地底泥做为介质,模拟表面流湿地系统,研究了不同底质和进水浓度对表面流湿地净化效率及其稳定性的影响。通过对各个指标去除率均值,变异系数和方差的综合分析,表明在本实验设计的高、中、低3种浓度梯度下,高、中浓度进水时,湿地底质的净化效果更好。粘土对TN、NO3--N去除效果最好,粉砂土对NH4+-N、COD去除效果较好。3种底质对磷的去除效果没有显著差异。此外,随着进水浓度的不同,底质因素的影响也发生相应的变化。即粘土和粉砂土的去除率受进水浓度影响大,亚砂土的去除效果相对稳定。实验结果客观反映了扎龙湿地不同底质地段的净化污水功能,为表面流人工湿地净化不同浓度的污水水质和选择最佳净化效果的湿地底质提供理论依据。     

Leaching behaviour of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in surface soils derived from dredged sediments

Leaching of heavy metals from land-disposed dredged sediment spoils is a potential environmental hazard. The leaching behavior of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in surface soils sampled from abandoned dredged sediment disposal sites was assessed. Using simple mass-balance calculations, the significance of the leaching test results with respect to metal migration into underlying clean soil was appraised. The potential leachability, defined as the amounts released at constant pH 4, decreased in the order (% of total contents): Zn (58%) approximately equal to Cd (49%)>Cu (5%) approximately equal to Pb (2%). The kinetics of metal release were determined in a cascade shaking test using de-mineralized water acidified to pH 4 (HNO(3)). Metal concentrations in the leachates were low and metal migration was, assuming uniform convective flow, predicted to be of no environmental concern. It is emphasized that any long-term prediction of metal migration is uncertain.