双极电袋复合除尘器的增效减阻效应

为提高现有电袋复合除尘器的除尘效率,降低压力损失,改进清灰效果,设计出一种线管式双极电袋复合除尘器,并对其增效减阻作用和单极电袋复合除尘器进行了对比研究。在硅微粉中位径1.74μm、过滤风速3 m·min~(-1)、入口粉尘浓度2 500 mg·m~(-3)的实验条件下,双极电袋复合除尘器比单极电袋复合除尘器的粉尘透过率、压力损失分别降低25%、27%以上。为分析双极荷电粉尘的静电凝并增效作用,测定了滤料表面沉积粉尘层的粒度分布,发现单极荷电和双极荷电沉积尘的中位径分别为1.83μm和1.92μm,表明双极荷电粉尘具有较好的静电凝并作用,所形成的较粗团聚颗粒物不易透过滤料,使除尘效率提高。为阐明双极荷电粉尘的减阻作用,采用自然堆积法测出双极荷电粉尘的堆积密度小于单极荷电粉尘,证明粉尘双极荷电后会在滤料表面形成较蓬松的粉尘层,这将有助于降低压力损失、提高清灰效果。     

新型干式微孔过滤除尘器的实验研究

采用陶瓷质微孔管代替传统的纤维滤料,研制开发出一种新型干式微孔过滤除尘器.介绍了该除尘器组成、特点、结构和陶瓷微孔管过滤原理.实验发现,在入口粉尘浓度范围1 000～3 000 mg/m<'3>,过滤速度1.0～1.5 m/min时,该过滤除尘器具有较高的除尘效率,在实验最大过滤速度2.02 m/min条件下,压力损失为926 Pa,能耗较小.与传统的袋式除尘器相比,该除尘器具有耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损、使用寿命长和除尘效率高等优点.     

粉尘双极荷电对滤料电荷累积抑制作用

为解决单极性电袋复合除尘器因滤料电荷积累导致清灰难和反电晕烧袋问题,将线管式双极荷电器引用到电袋复合除尘技术中。基于电晕电流最大化方法进行荷电器的电极结构优化实验。当电晕极采用RS芒刺线、管电极采用不锈钢管时,荷电器的较优极配为管电极直径25 mm、管间距120 mm、电晕线到管电极的异极距80 mm。在荷电器和导电纤维滤料组装成的静电增强纤维过滤装置上,分别进行粉尘单极荷电和非对称双极荷电情况下滤料电荷积累量的对比实验。实验粉尘采用中位径3.5μm硅微粉。在过滤风速为0.17 m·s~(-1)、平均电场强度2.5~3.0 kV·cm~(-1)的实验条件下,当气流含尘浓度为700 mg·m~(-3)时,双极荷电粉尘在滤料上累积电荷产生的电流值比单极荷电粉尘滤料上累积电荷产生的电流值低约25%,表明双极荷电对滤袋电荷积累有明显的抑制作用。     

电袋复合除尘器阻力特性研究

利用电袋复合除尘器试验平台,探讨了清洁滤料过滤阻力特性、电场与过滤风速对过滤阻力的影响及本体阻力与测试风量的关系。结果表明:清洁滤料过滤阻力与过滤风速成线性关系,滤料阻力系数为5.39×10~7 m~(-1);无电场作用下,过滤阻力增长率为2.31Pa/min;而65kV电场作用下,过滤阻力增长率仅为0.63Pa/min,主要因为在电场作用下,颗粒层渗透率增大,且荷电粉尘在滤料表面排列疏松,空隙较多,过滤阻力增加慢,可以有效延长喷吹时间,减少喷吹过程对滤袋的冲刷;过滤阻力增长率随过滤风速的增加而增加,过滤风速由0.65m/min增加到0.97m/min,过滤阻力增长率由0.13Pa/min增加到0.63Pa/min;电袋复合除尘器本体阻力(ΔP,Pa)和测试风量(Q,m~3/s)的拟合方程为ΔP=72.15Q~2+25.07Q。     

静电激发袋式除尘器(ESFF)阻力数学模型分析

静电激发袋式除尘器(ESFF),又称静电强化纤维过滤复合电袋除尘器,是一种新型的高效、低阻的除尘方式。基于传统的Kozeny-Carman(K-C)袋除尘阻力模型和静电强化纤维过滤理论,构建了ESFF的完整阻力模型,并利用MATLAB工具箱首次对ESFF的低阻成因进行了精确的数学描述。为了明确ESFF与袋除尘器阻力组成的内在联系,提出了阻力修正系数PRF,并探究了不同实验参数对PRF的影响,建立了一个新的阻力性能评价指标。实验结果表明,提高放电电压和降低粉尘负荷均会导致PRF变小,系统阻力变低。     

高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物单/双预荷电强化滤袋过滤特性

传统袋式除尘器对于细微颗粒物的捕集效率不甚理想,在袋式除尘器入口前增加预荷电装置是一种切实可行的强化其过滤特性的技术手段。设计搭建线板式直流高压预荷电器,研究了不同正/负匹配电压及风速对于双极预荷电高炉除尘灰电凝并行为的影响规律,对比分析了滤袋对未荷电、单极负荷电以及双极荷电高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物(PM_2.5)的捕集效率与压差特性,得到了不同预荷电方式高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物在滤袋表面沉积的微观形貌结构。结果表明：随着过滤风速(1.5～0.5 m·s^-1及匹配负电压(-16～-12 kV)的降低,双极荷电颗粒物凝并效率提高;高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物单/双预荷电均能提高滤袋的过滤效率;对于粒径<0.5μm颗粒,双极预荷电技术对滤袋捕集效率的强化效果好于单极预荷电技术;对粒径为0.5～2.5μm颗粒,单极预荷电技术的强化效果超过了双极预荷电技术;颗粒物单/双预荷电技术还使得滤袋阻力增量值及其增长速率值降低,且单极预荷电技术对于阻力降低效果更为明显。本研究可为利用单/双预荷电技术提升传统袋式除尘器对高炉除尘灰中细微颗粒物的捕集脱除特性提供参考。     

移动颗粒床除尘器的除尘性能

为进一步了解移动颗粒床除尘器的除尘性能,首先解决了除尘器中容易出现的流动静止区域的消除问题,并实验研究了除尘效率及压降与表观过滤风速和滤料质量流率之间的关系,结果表明当表观过滤风速为0.3 m·s~(-1),滤料质量流率为300 g·min~(-1)时,除尘效率高达99.8%,压降最大还不及180 Pa。另外,通过数值仿真得到了滤料床层内部气体的流场分布以及灰尘粒子在床层中的运行轨迹,发现除尘器结构部件对气体流场分布以及灰尘粒子轨迹有重要影响。对仿真过程中逃逸出滤料床层的灰尘粒子进行统计,并与实验数据相比较,验证了尘饼对增强细微灰尘捕集能力的重要性。     

布袋过滤除尘中气固两相流的格子Boltzmann模拟

使用格子Boltzmann方法对含尘气体通过布袋滤料纤维的流动进行了数值模拟,采用拉格朗日方法跟踪了颗粒相中每个粒子的位置和速度并进行单向耦合计算。分析了气流通过纤维捕集体过程中的压降的变化规律,结果与达西渗透定律吻合。与此同时,对粒径小于1μm的气溶胶粒子在布袋纤维捕集体上的沉积规律展开了讨论。结果表明,粒径小于0.01μm的粒子的捕集主要受粒子的布朗随机扩散效应的控制;粒径大于0.1μm的粒子则主要依靠纤维滤料的拦截作用而沉积在捕集体表面;而粒径在0.01～0.1μm范围的粒子则具有较低的捕集效率。模拟结果为研究袋式除尘的过滤机理提供了依据。     

荷电水雾除尘器捕尘效率的实验研究

实验分析了影响荷电水雾除尘器除尘效率的主要因素,在此基础上提出了一种新的除尘效率数学模型,该模型明确地表达了过滤风速、喷雾量以及雾滴荷质比对除尘效率的贡献情况。对实验结果及数学模型的分析表明,对于带有振弦栅的荷电水雾除尘系统,喷雾量对除尘效率的影响比过滤风速及荷质比更为显著,新除尘效率模型的提出对指导生产具有重要意义。实验中同时确定了荷电水雾除尘器最佳操作参数,在粉尘入口浓度为412 mg/m3的情况下,当过滤风速为16 m/s,喷雾量为12×10-3 m3/min,雾滴荷质为3.5×10-4 c/kg时,除尘效率可达99.5%。     

旋风除尘器流场及浓度场实验与模拟

在研究旋风除尘器内气固两相的运动状况及分离机理方面,计算机模拟替代部分实验的方法能够优化设计旋风除尘器结构参数,提高其对微细颗粒的捕集效率,减少运行压力损失。本研究采用RSM模型和随机轨道模型对旋风除尘器内流场及浓度场进行模拟及实验。研究表明,旋风除尘器压力损失模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,对于大于5μm的颗粒其捕集效率模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合;旋风除尘器外壁的颗粒浓度呈螺旋带状分布;如将排气管管径减少至原直径0.8倍,可使其对2μm颗粒捕集效率提高6.6%,但压力损失提高36.5%;颗粒的凝并作用有利于提高旋风除尘器微细颗粒的捕集效率。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.