TiO2纳米管阳极光电催化氧化次磷酸盐同时阴极回收金属铜

采用电化学阳极氧化法制备了高度有序阵列的二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米管电极,采用此电极作为光阳极在模拟太阳光(AM 1.5)照射下进行了光电催化氧化次磷酸盐且同时回收金属铜(Cu)的研究,比较了光电催化、电催化和光催化体系对次磷氧化和Cu回收效率的差异,详细探究了电压、初始pH、电解质种类对光电催化体系下次磷氧化和Cu回收...     

网络版论文摘要

<正>锰离子掺杂对TiO 2纳米管光降解的影响刘长鑫钟玉荣徐宝龙(烟台大学电信息科学与技术学院,山东省高校光信息与光功能材料重点实验室,山东烟台264005)用阳极氧化法制备了TiO 2纳米管阵列,并通过热处理和电镀的方法实现了TiO 2纳米管的锰离子掺杂。场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)形貌分析显示其管径均匀排列,粉末X射     

不同制备条件对TiO2薄膜形貌结构、晶体结构及光电催化性能的影响

采用阳极氧化法以HNO3/乙二醇/水为电解液制备不同形貌特征的TiO2薄膜,研究阳极氧化电压、氧化时间和退火温度等参数对TiO2薄膜形貌结构的影响,并利用一级动力学反应进一步探究不同制备条件对光电催化活性的影响.利用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对TiO2纳米薄膜形貌结构进行表征,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)分析TiO2纳米薄膜的晶相组成、晶粒尺寸.结果表明,不同制备条件对TiO2纳米薄膜的形貌结构有着显著的影响.阳极氧化电压与氧化时间交互影响其形貌结构和光催化活性.当阳极氧化电压为40 V、氧化10 rin,500℃退火1h制备得到的TiO2纳米薄膜光电催化活性最高.     

修饰型TiO2锡锑电极的制备及其在钻井废水处理中的应用

为了解决传统锡锑电极电催化氧化效果偏低、涂层易脱落的问题,使用阳极氧化法,在钛基底表面制备垂直生长的二氧化钛纳米管(TiO_2-NTs),然后在此基底上采用电沉积法制备出锡锑电极(TiO2-NTs/SnO_2-Sb)。结果表明,相比没有二氧化钛纳米管的锡锑电极(Ti/SnO_2-Sb),TiO_2-NTs/SnO_2-Sb电极的析氧电位从1.9 V增加到2.03 V,电极具有较高的羟基自由基生成能力和更高的电流效率,促进了苯酚的矿化。TiO_2-NTs/SnO_2-Sb电极对实际钻井废水具有较好的脱色效果,COD去除率高达81.4%,且能够有效地改善阳极的"中毒效应"。     

光电催化去除柠檬酸铵中的氨氮

采用阳极氧化法制备了二氧化钛纳米管电极,以制备的二氧化钛纳米管电极为光阳极,采用钛片作为阴极,通过光电催化氧化方法对柠檬酸铵中氨氮进行了去除研究。考察了外加偏压、初始pH值、初始柠檬酸铵浓度,电解质的浓度对氨氮去除的影响。结果表明:与传统的光催化法和电化学法相比,光/电法在柠檬酸铵中氨氮降解过程中存在良好的协同效应;在电压为1.0 V,pH为12,Na Cl浓度为0.1 mol·L~(-1),初始投加柠檬酸铵的量以N计为25 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,紫外光照射下,采用二氧化钛纳米管电极,反应120 min后,柠檬酸铵中氨氮的降解达到60%左右。其中,柠檬酸铵中氨氮的降解产物中N2占82.6%。Ca Cl2对降解柠檬酸铵起到了加速活化作用。     

Pt掺杂TiO2纳米管制备及其光电催化双酚A

采用阳极氧化法和光化学沉积法分步制备出Pt掺杂TiO2纳米管(Pt-TNT)电极,并对其进行了扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外可见漫反射(UV-VIS-DRS)分析。以Pt-TNT为工作电极,对双酚A(BPA)进行了光电催化降解研究。结果表明,Pt掺杂后不改变Ti O2纳米管的结构;Pt掺杂后TiO2在可见区具有更强的吸收,且其起始吸收带边出现红移。外加偏压=0.8 V、p H=4时,Pt-TNT光电催化BPA的降解率最高。     

TiO2纳米管的水热合成表征及其光催化性能研究

采用水热化学反应的方法制备了TiO2纳米管,并采用TEM、XRD等分析手段对TiO2纳米管的形貌和晶相进行了表征,对比了管与粉的光催化性能.结果表明,采用该方法制得的TiO2纳米管的管径小、管形均匀,TiO2纳米管的光催化性能明显高于TiO2纳米粉.     

无机离子对石墨烯/TiO2纳米管阵列光电极光催化性能影响

采用原位阳极氧化法制备二氧化钛纳米管阵列(TNAs)光电极,并采用电沉积工艺对其进行石墨烯修饰。以罗丹明B(Rh.B)为目标污染物,考察了染料溶液中主要无机离子对光电极光催化降解Rh.B的影响。实验结果表明,150W氙灯照射1 h,石墨烯/TNAs对Rh.B光催化降解率达到75%,是TNAs光电极的1.45倍。溶液中NO-3,Ca2+和Mg2+促进光电极对Rh.B的光催化降解,而SO2-4,Cl-和F-则会抑制对Rh.B的降解。     

TiO_2改性钛基SnO_2电极的制备及性能研究

采用热分解法制备了钛基SnO2(Ti/SnO2)电极和TiO2改性钛基SnO2(Ti/SnO2-TiO2)电极。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪,极化曲线和循环伏安测试等方法对改性前后的电极进行表征,并考察电极的电催化氧化能力。结果表明,Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极膜层中存在锐钛矿型TiO2粒子,引入的TiO2使Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极具有比Ti/SnO2电极更粗糙的表面和更大的比表面积,且使电极的析氧过电位由1.7V提高至2.0V。循环伏安测试结果和电催化氧化4-氯苯酚(4-CP)过程均表明,Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极具有比Ti/SnO2电极更高的电催化氧化能力。     

Ru-TiO2光电极对亚甲基蓝的光电催化降解

采用阳极氧化法制备Ru—TiO2光电极，以该电极为工作电极，石墨作对电极，饱和甘汞电极为参比电极，对亚甲基蓝溶液的光电催化降解进行了研究。结果表明：煅烧温度600oC，掺杂1％Ru的Ru-TiO2光电极催化活性最好；以紫外灯（125W）为光源，当外加偏压0．2V，pH为5时，Ru-TiO2光电催化亚甲基蓝120min可使其完全脱色；亚甲基蓝的光电催化降解遵从Langmuir—Hinshelwood动力学模型，测得其反应速率常数k：0．781mmol／（L·min），吸附常数K=0．225L／mmol。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.