海浪河水环境重金属污染健康风险评价

为阐明海浪河地表水体中重金属污染物的分布特征与风险水平,对研究区域内As、Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn等重金属污染物浓度进行了分析检测,并采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对水体中重金属引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,各采样点的重金属监测数据中As、Cd、Zn和Cu均达到Ⅱ类水质标准,符合水环境功能区划要求,Pb是海浪河主要超标污染物。海浪河重金属As和Cd的健康风险值远远大于Zn、Cu、Pb和Mn的健康风险值,风险值相差4~5个数量级。致癌物As的健康风险值最大,在S5和S6采样点分别达到了5.81×10-5和9.43×10-5a-1,均高于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1。     

三峡库区主要城镇饮用水源地水质健康风险评价

对三峡库区受回水影响的42个城镇饮用水源地水质进行调查研究,运用美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评价模型对水源地水体中化学污染物质的健康风险作了初步评价。结果显示:研究区域致癌物的致癌风险偏高,三江水源地总致癌风险1.22×10~(-6)~7.19×10~(-5) a~(-1),支流水源地总致癌风险1.50×10~(-6)~7.19×10~(-5) a~(-1),地下水水源地总致癌风险3.05×10~(-6)~7.19×10~(-5)a~(-1),3种类型水源人均年致癌风险接近或超过了瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署、英国皇家协会及国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,水源地类型的致癌风险顺序为地下水支流三江水库;非致癌物的总致癌风险均小于或略超过荷兰建设和环境署推荐的可忽略风险水平(10-8 a-1)。因此,认为12种非致癌物通过饮用水途径引起的风险是可以接受的,其总致癌风险处于Ⅲ级、中风险状态。与全国其他区域相比,15种参评因子所占总致癌风险值比例大致相同。     

三峡水库135 m蓄水前后水体重金属环境健康风险评价

三峡水库135 m蓄水后,水体中各重金属的单因子污染指数和Nemerow综合污染指数均有不同程度的增大,特别是Pb污染应该引起重视.健康风险评价结果表明,成库前后非致癌有毒化学物质(Hg、Pb和Cu)所引起的健康危害的个人年风险为Pb＞Cu＞Hg,致癌物质对人体健康危害的个人年风险均大于非致癌物.各类污染物所致个人平均健康危害成库前后均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,为可接受水平.     

深圳西丽水库抗生素残留现状及健康风险研究

采用固相萃取—液相色谱—串联质谱法对西丽水库水体中10种抗生素进行了定量分析,再运用国际常用的蒙特卡罗法对抗生素污染的人体健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,共有8种抗生素被检出,残留量在1.2~130.0ng/L。红霉素(脱水)、林肯霉素、磺胺甲噁唑这3种抗生素在丰水期、枯水期的所有采样点均有检出,在枯水期磺胺二甲嘧啶和头孢呋辛的检出率也为100%,而阿莫西林和氯霉素在所有水样中均未检出;西丽水库库中抗生素的残留浓度略低于供水水源,3条入库支流的抗生素残留量普遍高于库中,枯水期比丰水期残留的抗生素种类更多、残留量也更高;各采样点抗生素污染引起的人体健康总风险的数量级在10-7~10-3,都远远小于1,不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。其中,对儿童的健康风险高于成人;支流的风险普遍高于库中,枯水期的风险普遍高于丰水期;头孢氨苄的风险最高,阿莫西林和氯霉素的风险均为零。     

滇池疏浚底泥中重金属在4种蔬菜中的累积效应及其风险评价

滇池疏浚底泥富含有机质和N、P等营养成分,农用可提高土壤保水肥能力,有利于植物生长发育,但是存在重金属污染问题。通过盆栽及田间实验,对生菜、白菜、棒菜和萝卜4种蔬菜施用疏浚底泥作为有机肥进行种植,分析疏浚底泥农用后,其重金属含量对蔬菜的影响,并对其进行风险评价。结果表明,盆栽实验中,应将底泥的施用量控制在5%(0.05 kg·kg~(-1))以内。田间实验中,叶菜类蔬菜种植应将底泥的施用量控制在1.6 kg·m-2以下,块茎类蔬菜种植应将底泥的施用量控制在2.4 kg·m-2以下。风险评价采用富集系数(BCF),以及内梅罗污染指数。盆栽实验中叶菜类蔬菜BCF均为CdPbZnCu,而块茎类组分BCF均为CdZnPbCu;田间实验中叶菜类蔬菜BCF均为ZnCdPbCu,茎块类蔬菜BCF为ZnCdCuPb。化学致癌物Cd引起的平均健康风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大的终生可接受风险水平;而非化学致癌物Pb、Zn、Cu引起的健康风险以Zn最大,Pb次之,Cu最小,且所有非致癌物健康风险均远低于英国皇家协会、瑞典环境保护局及荷兰建设环境部等推荐的终生可接受风险水平。     

常德市柳叶湖表层沉积物重金属元素分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

柳叶湖表层沉积物中重金属的状况对洞庭湖流域生态环境具有重要影响。对该区域内31个采样点表层沉积物中重金属的含量及形态进行监测和分析,同时采用潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型进行风险评价。结果表明：(1)重金属平均值均高于洞庭湖水系水体沉积物重金属元素背景值。参考《土壤环境质量标准农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018),Cd可能存在污染风险。(2)Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni来源相似,Mn有单独的来源,As有多个来源。(2)表层沉积物中As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni主要以残渣态为主,Cd和Mn主要是以弱酸可提取态和可还原态为主,Pb主要以可还原态为主。(3)Cd的单项潜在生态风险指数为57.0,属于中等风险,其他7种重金属均属于轻微风险。8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为100.8,属于轻微风险。(4)成人、儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险处于可接受范围,且儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险指数均高于成人。As的致癌风险指数大于Cd; Zn的非致癌风险指数最低,而Cr最高。     

邵阳市城区大气降尘中的Pb、Cd的污染及环境风险评价

为研究邵阳市城区大气降尘中Pb、Cd的污染程度及环境风险,于2011—2014年在不同功能区采集大气降尘样品,对Pb、Cd的污染程度及环境风险进行评价。结果表明,邵阳市城区大气降尘中Pb、Cd平均值分别为167.29、2.09mg/kg;各功能区大气降尘中Pb的年平均值污染程度级别在2~3级,城区的年平均值污染程度为中度污染,Cd在各个功能区及城区的年平均值污染程度级别均为4级,属于强污染;各功能区Pb、Cd的潜在生态风险指数波动较小,Pb均为轻微生态危害,Cd均为极强生态危害;城区大气降尘中Pb、Cd的总非致癌风险为儿童6.90×10-1、成年女性9.59×10-2、成年男性8.26×10-2;Cd的呼吸系统吸入途径平均致癌风险为成年女性5.42×10-9、成年男性为5.15×10-9,远低于10-6~10-4,不具有致癌风险。     

“引江济太”河段重金属在水体、悬浮颗粒物及表层沉积物中的含量特征研究及标准化分析

研究了"引江济太"河段(长江—望虞河—贡湖段)孔隙水、上覆水、悬浮颗粒物及表层沉积物中重金属的含量特征,并采用标准化分析方法推测了"引江济太"调水对太湖重金属含量及分布的影响。结果表明,"引江济太"河段的上覆水和间隙水中的重金属污染较轻,6种重金属(Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和As)平均值大多低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ类标准,且低于美国优先污染物国家推荐水质基准持续浓度。悬浮颗粒物及表层沉积物中主要的重金属污染元素是Cd,其中Cd平均值分别为2.20、1.78μg/g,为中国水系沉积物平均值的16、13倍,且达到加拿大淡水沉积物保护准则最初影响水平的3倍左右。标准化分析结果表明,"引江济太"调水工程对太湖重金属含量的变化有一定影响,"引江济太"河段沉积物中的重金属可能经过再悬浮过程进入水体,造成水体二次污染。     

洋河流域不同时空水体重金属污染及健康风险评价

确定水体重金属污染及健康风险时空变化趋势,对流域水环境管理具有重要指导意义。基于1995年、2005年和2015年洋河流域10个监测断面的重金属监测数据,采用健康风险评价模型,对洋河流域As、Cd、Pb、Hg和Cu的浓度及其引起健康风险的时空变化进行了评价。结果表明,洋河流域重金属污染及其健康风险在时间上呈降低趋势,超过地表水质量标准三类标准的重金属由1995年的Cd、Pb和Hg变为2005年和2015年的Cd、Pb。致癌物质As和Cd所引起的个人年均风险远远高于非致癌物质Pb、Hg和Cu。重金属健康风险总和在1995年所有监测断面均超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,2005年全部在最大可接受风险水平以下,2015年只有响水铺略微高于该水平。在空间分布上,重金属污染较为严重及其健康风险较大的区域集中于南洋河下游城区段、清水河下游张家口市区段和洋河干流下游段。     

兰州市城关区地表灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价

以兰州市城关区为研究区域,对多个人群日常活动场所的地表灰尘进行采集,测定了灰尘中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd)含量,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的土壤重金属健康风险评价方法,针对儿童和成人2个群体在3种主要暴露途径下的重金属非致癌与致癌健康风险进行了评估。结果表明:兰州市城关区地表灰尘中重金属含量均高于甘肃省土壤背景值。对于非致癌风险,呈现儿童高于成人,手-口摄食皮肤接触呼吸吸入,CrPbCuCdZn的特征。无论儿童还是成人,手-口摄食是导致暴露风险的主要途径,Cr、Pb是危害人体健康的主要元素。儿童的非致癌总风险为9.69×10-1,远高于成人的1.34×10-1,已接近于健康风险阈值(1.00)。Cr、Cd的致癌风险均低于癌症风险阈值范围(10-6~10-4),说明兰州市城关区灰尘重金属对儿童身体健康构成极大潜在危害,但致癌风险较低。     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Trace Metals in Upland Headwater Lakes in Ireland

Trace elements (n = 23) in Irish headwater lakes (n = 126) were investigated to determine their ambient concentrations, fractionation (total, dissolved, and non-labile), and geochemical controls. Lakes were generally located in remote upland, acid-sensitive regions along the coastal margins of the country. Total trace metal concentrations were low, within the range of natural pristine surface waters; however, some lakes (~20 %) had inorganic labile aluminum and manganese at levels potentially harmful to aquatic organisms. Redundancy analysis indicated that geochemical weathering was the dominant controlling factor for total metals, compared with acidity for dissolved metals. In addition, many metals were positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon indicating their affinity (or complexation) with humic substances (e.g., aluminum, iron, mercury, lead). However, a number of trace metals (e.g., aluminum, mercury, zinc) were correlated with anthropogenic acidic deposition (i.e., non-marine sulfate), suggesting atmospheric sources or elevated leaching owing to acidic deposition. As transboundary air pollution continues to decline, significant changes in the cycling of trace metals is anticipated.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Multi-Decadal Changes in Snow Characteristics in Sub-Arctic Sweden

A unique long term, 49-year record (divided into three time periods 1961–1976, 1977–1992, and 1993–2009) of snow profile stratigraphy from the Swedish sub Arctic, was analyzed with a focus on changes in snow characteristics. The data set contained grain size, snow layer hardness, grain compactness, and snow layer dryness, observed every second week during the winter season. The results showed an increase in very hard snow layers, with harder snow in early winter and more moist snow during spring. There was a striking increase in the number of observations with very hard snow at ground level over time. More than twice as many occasions with hard snow at ground level were observed between 1993 and 2009 compared to previous years, which may have a significant effect on plants and animals. The changes in snow characteristics are most likely a result of the increasing temperatures during the start and the end of the snow season.