微气泡气浮清除水体中暴发藻类的试验研究

微气泡气浮(微气浮)是快速高效清除水体暴发藻类的一条新途径。在不投加絮凝剂前提下利用微气浮技术清除藻水中的藻细胞。结果表明,气浮装置在进气量0.2~0.3mL/min、溶气水流量400L/h、压力0.65~0.70MPa时,气浮时间较长,微气泡直径最小。以自来水作为溶气水时,微气浮技术对藻水叶绿素a的去除率为62.0%~73.0%,产生的藻渣含水率为96.5%~98.8%。利用微气浮技术进行实际水体除藻时,宜将气浮装置进水口布设在藻类暴发层以下的清水层。综合考虑处理能耗成本及处理效果,溶气水和藻水体积比宜控制在1.4左右,藻类最佳气浮时间为3~6min,藻渣最佳收集时段为微气浮完成后的14min内。     

固载型TiO2光催化反应器对富营养水体杀藻作用研究

以泡沫镍作为载体,利用电沉积技术将纳米TiO2负载在泡沫镍上,制成固载型TiO2光催化反应器.研究表明,经过光催化反应器处理的富营养水体,30 h内叶绿素a由96.2 mg/m3降至2.2 mg/m3,下降率达97.6%,而未负载纳米TiO2普通泡沫镍材料,在同样光强的紫外灯照射下,叶绿素a下降率为74.3%,表明紫外光照射虽然也具有一定的杀藻功能,但是光催化反应才是藻类被杀灭的主要原因.利用9.54 m3景观喷水池进行杀藻中试,光催化反应器也同样表现出优异的杀藻性能,12 d内叶绿素a由18.7 mg/m3降至1.9 mg/m3,下降率达到89.8%,水体由浓绿变为清澈见底,这表明光催化反应器具有很强的杀藻能力,通过有效杀灭富营养水体中藻类、控制藻类基数,对应急处理城市景观水、湖泊等富营养水体和突发性藻华,提高生物-生态法处理效率,改善城市水环境具有十分重要的意义.     

除藻剂应急治理玄武湖蓝藻水华实验研究

湖泊富营养化是中国目前及今后相当长一段时期内的重大水环境问题,研究蓝藻水华治理的关键技术具有重要的生态和环境意义.2005年9月在南京玄武湖开展了化学除藻剂治理蓝藻水华的实验研究,除藻剂平均用量为26.87 g/m2,治理后实验区藻类总量下降了82.8%;水体各项理化指标得到一定改善,但停止洒药后部分指标回升;浮游动物未出现显著变化.实验结果表明,除藻剂可能在短时间内除抑蓝藻,但不能从根本上解决湖泊富营养化问题.     

采用热解技术将湖泊浮游藻类用于燃料生产

湖泊的富营养化问题已成为中国湖泊环境保护中最严重的问题之一.回收利用富营养化湖泊中的浮游藻类是减轻水体中氮、磷等营养负荷,治理湖泊环境污染的一项重要措施.通过热解技术可将藻类转化成焦炭、生物油和合成气等多种燃料形式,因而是回收利用湖泊浮游藻类的一个理想途径.同木质-纤维素类生物质相比,藻类作热解原料具有易预处理、易热解、易获得高产等优点,可以为社会提供大量优质的燃料.     

北京动物园水体藻华成因及人造生物膜控藻效果

于2006—2007年,先后在北京动物园园内两个区段水体中,采用环保新产品——人造生物膜及配套产品和技术进行水体控藻治理,在较短时间内,实现了提高水体的透明度、控制藻华和消除臭气的治理目标,验证了人造生物膜及其配套技术在富营养化水体治理中的作用和效果,并对影响水体藻华发生的主要因素及控制方法进行了分析和讨论。     

势能增氧生物控藻技术研究

势能增氧生物控藻利用生物控藻技术,结合生态学、水力学和污水生物处理原理,由势能增氧生态床和循环系统组成.势能增氧生态床内投加填料,自行挂膜.通过虹吸,利用水流势能进行大气复氧,逐层增加水体溶解氧浓度,创造好氧环境,降解有机污染物.同时,给藻类的上一营养级轮虫创造优势好氧环境,使其大量繁殖,吃掉藻类,恢复生态系统食物链,恢复局部生态平衡.实际测试结果表明,COD最大去除率达到72.4%,对氨氮、磷也有一定的去除率;除藻效果良好.湖水循环区域藻类最大去除率超过93%;经济高效.直接运行费用低,仅为0.15元/m~3.     

固载型TiO2光催化反应器对富营养水体杀藻作用研究

以泡沫镍作为载体，利用电沉积技术将纳米TiO₂负载在泡沫镍上，制成固载型TiO₂光催化反应器。研究表明，经过光催化反应器处理的富营养水体，30 h内叶绿素a由96.2 mg/m³降至2.2mg/m³，下降率达97.6％，而未负载纳米TiO₂普通泡沫镍材料，在同样光强的紫外灯照射下，叶绿素a下降率为74.3％，表明紫外光照射虽然也具有一定的杀藻功能，但是光催化反应才是藻类被杀灭的主要原因。利用9.54 m³景观喷水池进行杀藻中试，光催化反应器也同样表现出优异的杀藻性能，12 d内叶绿素a由18.7 mg/m³降至1.9mg/m³，下降率达到89.8％，水体由浓绿变为清澈见底，这表明光催化反应器具有很强的杀藻能力，通过有效杀灭富营养水体中藻类、控制藻类基数，对应急处理城市景观水、湖泊等富营养水体和突发性藻华，提高生物-生态法处理效率，改善城市水环境具有十分重要的意义。     

最大光能转化效率F_V/F_M用于城市人工水体藻华的监控预警

结合2012年5—10月对上海市区2个典型城市人工水体藻华过程叶绿素、最大光能转化效率FV/FM变化,及其与水质指标的关系,研究FV/FM用作城市人工水体藻华监控预警指标的可行性。结果表明,曲阳公园、黄兴公园的FV/FM分别在0.57~0.71和0.58~0.63之间;人工模拟昼夜日照和温度变化培养曲阳公园藻华的水藻得到,藻类生长适应期FV/FM<0.60,对数期FV/FM>0.60,FV/FM与藻类生物量无显著相关性,仅反映藻类所处生长阶段。分析FV/FM和叶绿素a与浊度、COD、TN、TP的相关性得到,FV/FM能兼顾藻类在富营养化水体中的生理环境和生长特性,综合反映了藻华在城市人工水体形成相关的物理、化学、生长特性等因素,对研究水体FV/FM=0.63可作为预警水体藻华发生的阈值。研究成果为城市人工水体藻华暴发的监控、预警提供新的途径和方法。     

采用热解技术将湖泊浮游藻类用于燃料生产

湖泊的富营养化问题已成为中国湖泊环境保护中最严重的问题之一。回收利用富化湖泊中的浮注重藻类是减轻水体中氮、磷等营养负荷,治理湖泊环境污染的一项重要措施。通过热解技术可将藻类转化成焦炭、生物油和合成了气等多种燃料形式,因而是回收利用湖泊易热解、易获得高产等优点,可以为社会提供大是优质的燃料。     

高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化,使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务.本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻,考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响.试验表明,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻,叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95%以上,比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高.与普通气浮柱比较,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率,防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动,使气泡/藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境,避免了气泡/藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落,实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.