共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
To investigate the effects of ambient-level gas-phase peroxides concurrent with O 3 on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and biomass in herbaceous plants, we exposed Japanese radish ( Raphanus sativus) to clean air, 50 ppb O 3, 100 ppb O 3, and 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O 3 in outdoor chambers. Compared with exposure to 100 ppb O 3, exposure to 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O 3 induced greater damage in foliar injury, net photosynthetic rates and biomass; the pattern of foliar injury and the cause of net photosynthetic rate reduction also differed from those occurring with O 3 exposure alone. These results indicate for the first time that sub-ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O 3 can cause more severe damage to plants than 100 ppb O 3, and that not only O 3, but also peroxides, could be contributing to the herbaceous plant damage and forest decline observed in Japan's air-polluted urban and remote mountains areas. 相似文献
2.
Poplar shoots were exposed for 3–4 weeks to filtered air, ambient (maximum values 50–60 nl ℓ -1) or two times ambient O 3-concentrations under controlled environmental conditions in fumigation chambers. A sensitive (Populus nigra ‘Brandaris’) and a tolerant (P. euramericana ‘Robusta’) cultivar were used. At regular intervals the uptake of O 3, transpiration and CO 2 assimilation rate ( Pn) of full-grown leaves were measured with leaf cuvettes. For unaffected leaves, the measured flux of O 3 into the leaves appeared to be larger than can be calculated using the stomatal conductance for O 3 ( gs,o) estimated from the transpiration rates of the same leaves. Resistance analysis revealed that the difference was partly a result of a reaction with the external leaf surface. However, when the O 3 flux into the leaf was corrected for this reaction, it was still larger than can be estimated using gs,o. As a consequence, negative residual or internal resistances ( ri) for O 3 transport into the leaves were assessed. It is postulated that O 3 molecules moving into the leaf follow a shorter pathway than effluxing H 2O-molecules. P. ‘Brandaris’ leaves showed a reduction in Pn after 12 days of exposure to ambient O 3-concentrations, whereas for P. ‘Robusta’ a reduction in Pn was only observed at two times ambient concentrations. A simultaneous decline in the O 3-flux was found in both cases. The decline occurred before a decrease in gs,o was observed suggesting that the O 3 flux into the affected leaves was first hindered by internal factors. The measured flux of the affected leaves became smaller than the flux estimated using gs,o and, consequently, positive ri-values were estimated. The change in ri suggests that O 3 molecules not only penetrated deeper into the leaf, but also were accumulating at a prolonged exposure. Our results indicate that ri may be a potentially important component of the overall resistance for O 3-uptake, which may have important consequences for estimating O 3 uptake from water vapour flux data. 相似文献
3.
Psidium guajava “Paluma”, a tropical tree species, is known to be an efficient ozone indicator in tropical countries. When exposed to ozone, this species displays a characteristic leaf injury identified by inter-veinal red stippling on adaxial leaf surfaces. Following 30 days of three ozone treatments consisting of carbon filtered air (CF – AOT40 = 17 ppb h), ambient non-filtered air (NF – AOT40 = 542 ppb h) and ambient non-filtered air + 40 ppb ozone (NF + O 3 – AOT40 = 7802 ppb h), the amounts of residual anthocyanins and tannins present in 10 P. guajava (“Paluma”) saplings were quantified. Higher amounts of anthocyanins were found in the NF + O 3 treatment (1.6%) when compared to the CF (0.97%) and NF (1.30%) ( p < 0.05), and of total tannins in the NF + O 3 treatment (0.16%) compared to the CF (0.14%). Condensed tannins showed the same tendency as enhanced amounts. Regression analyses using amounts of tannins and anthocyanins, AOT40 and the leaf injury index (LII), showed a correlation between the leaf injury index and quantities of anthocyanins and total tannins. These results are in accordance with the association between the incidence of red-stippled leaves and ozone polluted environments. 相似文献
4.
Previous studies have reported that the extent of leaf injury in Nicotiana tabacum “Bel-W3” exposed to environmental conditions in the city of São Paulo is influenced by weather conditions. This influence may occur by means of antioxidant responses. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate whether daily antioxidant responses to environmental variations interfere on the progression of leaf injury on plants of this cultivar during their exposure in a state park of São Paulo and to determine a linear combination of variables, among antioxidants and environmental factors, which mostly explain this visible response. Plants were exposed at the mentioned site for 14 days in four different experiments. During each experiment, three plants were daily sampled to determine the accumulated percentage of leaf area affected by necrosis and antioxidant responses (concentrations of total ascorbic acid (AA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD)). Ozone concentrations and weather conditions were also daily measured. Pearson correlations and multivariate analyses assessed the relationship between biological and environmental variables. Leaf injury appeared between the 3rd and 6th days of exposure and increased over the exposure periods. The daily concentrations of AA tended to decrease with time of exposure in all experiments, but the activity of SOD and POD oscillated during plant exposure. Positive correlations were observed between AA or SOD and O 3 concentrations, as well as negative correlations between AA and air temperature. The increasing percentage of leaf necrosis across the whole period was explained by decreasing levels of AA 2 days before injury estimation and by higher O 3 concentrations 5 days before ( R2 = 0.36; p < 0.001). The use of N. tabacum Bel-W3 as a bioindicator can be restricted by leaf antioxidant responses to both atmospheric contamination and weather conditions. 相似文献
5.
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) may alleviate the toxicological impacts of concurrently rising tropospheric ozone (O 3) during the present century if higher CO 2 is accompanied by lower stomatal conductance ( gs), as assumed by many models. We investigated how elevated concentrations of CO 2 and O 3, alone and in combination, affected the accumulated stomatal flux of O 3 (AFst) by canopies and sun leaves in closed aspen and aspen-birch forests in the free-air CO 2-O 3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Stomatal conductance for O 3 was derived from sap flux data and AFst was estimated either neglecting or accounting for the potential influence of non-stomatal leaf surface O 3 deposition. Leaf-level AFst (AFst l) was not reduced by elevated CO 2. Instead, there was a significant CO 2 × O 3 interaction on AFst l, as a consequence of lower values of gs in control plots and the combination treatment than in the two single-gas treatments. In addition, aspen leaves had higher AFst l than birch leaves, and estimates of AFst l were not very sensitive to non-stomatal leaf surface O 3 deposition. Our results suggest that model projections of large CO 2-induced reductions in gs alleviating the adverse effect of rising tropospheric O 3 may not be reasonable for northern hardwood forests. 相似文献
6.
Early spring leaf out is important to the success of deciduous trees competing for light and space in dense forest plantation canopies. In this study, we investigated spring leaf flush and how long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2]) and elevated ozone concentration ([O 3]) altered leaf area index development in a closed Populus tremuloides (aspen) canopy. This work was done at the Aspen FACE experiment where aspen clones have been grown since 1997 in conditions simulating the [CO 2] and [O 3] predicted for ∼2050. The responses of two clones were compared during the first month of spring leaf out when CO 2 fumigation had begun, but O 3 fumigation had not. Trees in elevated [CO 2] plots showed a stimulation of leaf area index (36%), while trees in elevated [O 3] plots had lower leaf area index (−20%). While individual leaf area was not significantly affected by elevated [CO 2], the photosynthetic operating efficiency of aspen leaves was significantly improved (51%). There were no significant differences in the way that the two aspen clones responded to elevated [CO 2]; however, the two clones responded differently to long-term growth at elevated [O 3]. The O 3-sensitive clone, 42E, had reduced individual leaf area when grown at elevated [O 3] (−32%), while the tolerant clone, 216, had larger mature leaf area at elevated [O 3] (46%). These results indicate a clear difference between the two clones in their long-term response to elevated [O 3], which could affect competition between the clones, and result in altered genotypic composition in future atmospheric conditions. 相似文献
7.
The diurnal changes in light-saturated photosynthesis (Pn) under elevated CO 2 and/or O 3 in relation to stomatal conductance ( gs), water potential, intercellular [CO 2], leaf temperature and vapour-pressure difference between leaf and air (VPD L) were studied at the Aspen FACE site. Two aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in their sensitivity to ozone were measured. The depression in Pn was found after 10:00 h. The midday decline in Pn corresponded with both decreased gs and decreased Rubisco carboxylation efficiency, Vc max. As a result of increasing VPD L, gs decreased. Elevated [CO 2] resulted in more pronounced midday decline in Pn compared to ambient concentrations. Moreover, this decline was more pronounced under combined treatment compared to elevated CO 2 treatment.The positive impact of CO 2 on Pn was relatively more pronounced in days with environmental stress but relatively less pronounced during midday depression. The negative impact of ozone tended to decrease in both cases. 相似文献
8.
To assess the effects of tropospheric O 3 on rice cultivated in Bangladesh, four Bangladeshi cultivars (BR11, BR14, BR28 and BR29) of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) were exposed daily to charcoal-filtered air or O 3 at 60 and 100 nl l −1 (10:00-17:00) from 1 July to 28 November 2008. The whole-plant dry mass and grain yield per plant of the four cultivars were significantly reduced by the exposure to O 3. The exposure to O 3 significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate of the 12th and flag leaves of the four cultivars. The sensitivity to O 3 of growth, yield and leaf gas exchange rates was not significantly different among the four cultivars. The present study suggests that the sensitivity to O 3 of yield of the four Bangladeshi rice cultivars is greater than that of American rice cultivars and is similar to that of Japanese rice cultivars and that O 3 may detrimentally affect rice production in Bangladesh. 相似文献
9.
The emissions of VOC from freshly cut and shredded Grevillea robusta (Australian Silky Oak) leaves and wood have been measured. The VOC emissions from fresh leaf mulch and wood chips lasted typically for 30 and 20 h respectively, and consisted primarily of ethanol, ( E)-2-hexenal, ( Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and acetaldehyde. The integrated emissions of the VOCs were 0.38±0.04 g kg −1 from leaf mulch, and 0.022±0.003 g kg −1 from wood chips. These emissions represent a source of VOCs in urban and rural air that has previously been unquantified and is currently unaccounted for. These VOCs from leaf mulch and wood chips will contribute to both urban photochemistry and secondary organic aerosol formation. Any CH 4 emissions from leaf mulch and wood chips were <1×10 −11 g g dry mass −1 s −1. 相似文献
10.
Ammonia-nitrogen flux (NH 3-N=(14/17)NH 3) was determined from six anaerobic swine waste storage and treatment lagoons (primary, secondary, and tertiary) using the dynamic chamber system. Measurements occurred during the fall of 1998 through the early spring of 1999, and each lagoon was examined for approximately one week. Analysis of flux variation was made with respect to lagoon surface water temperature (∼15 cm below the surface), lagoon water pH, total aqueous phase NH x(=NH 3+NH 4+) concentration, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Average lagoon temperatures (across all six lagoons) ranged from approximately 10.3 to 23.3 °C. The pH ranged in value from 6.8 to 8.1. Aqueous NH x concentration ranged from 37 to 909 mg N l −1, and TKN varied from 87 to 950 mg N l −1. Fluxes were the largest at the primary lagoon in Kenansville, NC (March 1999) with an average value of 120.3 μg N m −2 min −1, and smallest at the tertiary lagoon in Rocky Mount, NC (November 1998) at 40.7 μg N m −2 min −1. Emission rates were found to be correlated with both surface lagoon water temperature and aqueous NH x concentration. The NH 3-N flux may be modeled as ln(NH 3-N flux)=1.0788+0.0406 TL+0.0015([NH x]) ( R2=0.74), where NH 3-N flux is the ammonia flux from the lagoon surface in μg N m −2 min −1, TL is the lagoon surface water temperature in °C, and [NH x] is the total ammonia-nitrogen concentration in mg N l −1. 相似文献
11.
Betula papyrifera trees were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO 2 (1.4 × ambient), O 3 (1.2 × ambient) or CO 2 + O 3 at the Aspen Free-air CO 2 Enrichment Experiment. The treatment effects on leaf surface characteristics were studied after nine years of tree exposure. CO 2 and O 3 increased epidermal cell size and reduced epidermal cell density but leaf size was not altered. Stomatal density remained unaffected, but stomatal index increased under elevated CO 2. Cuticular ridges and epicuticular wax crystallites were less evident under CO 2 and CO 2 + O 3. The increase in amorphous deposits, particularly under CO 2 + O 3, was associated with the appearance of elongated plate crystallites in stomatal chambers. Increased proportions of alkyl esters resulted from increased esterification of fatty acids and alcohols under elevated CO 2 + O 3. The combination of elevated CO 2 and O 3 resulted in different responses than expected under exposure to CO 2 or O 3 alone. 相似文献
12.
The effects of elevated O 3 on photosynthetic properties in adult beech trees ( Fagus sylvatica) were investigated in relation to leaf mass per area as a measure of the gradually changing, within-canopy light availability. Leaves under elevated O 3 showed decreased stomatal conductance at unchanged carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, which was consistent with enhanced δ 13C of leaf organic matter, regardless of the light environment during growth. In parallel, increased energy demand for O 3 detoxification and repair was suggested under elevated O 3 owing to enhanced dark respiration. Only in shade-grown leaves, light-limited photosynthesis was reduced under elevated O 3, this effect being accompanied by lowered Fv/ Fm. These results suggest that chronic O 3 exposure primarily caused stomatal closure to adult beech trees in the field regardless of the within-canopy light gradient. However, light limitation apparently raised the O 3 sensitivity of photosynthesis and accelerated senescence in shade leaves. 相似文献
13.
Two silver birch clones were exposed to ambient and elevated concentrations of CO 2 and O 3, and their combination for 3 years, using open-top chambers. We evaluated the effects of elevated CO 2 and O 3 on stomatal conductance ( gs), density (SD) and index (SI), length of the guard cells, and epidermal cell size and number, with respect to crown position and leaf type. The relationship between the infection biology of the fungus ( Pyrenopeziza betulicola) causing leaf spot disease and stomatal characteristics was also studied. Leaf type was an important determinant of O 3 response in silver birch, while crown position and clone played only a minor role. Elevated CO 2 reduced the gs, but had otherwise no significant effect on the parameters studied. No significant interactions between elevated CO 2 and O 3 were found. The infection biology of P. betulicola was not correlated with SD or gs, but it did occasionally correlate positively with the length of the guard cells. 相似文献
14.
Cutleaf coneflower ( Rudbeckia laciniata L.) seedlings were placed into open-top chambers in May, 2004 and fumigated for 12 wks. Nine chambers were fumigated with either carbon-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) or twice-ambient (2×) ozone (O 3). Ethylenediurea (EDU) was applied as a foliar spray weekly at 0 (control), 200, 400 or 600 ppm. Foliar injury occurred at ambient (30%) and elevated O 3 (100%). Elevated O 3 resulted in significant decreases in biomass and nutritive quality. Ethylenediurea reduced percent of leaves injured, but decreased root and total biomass. Foliar concentrations of cell-wall constituents were not affected by EDU alone; however, EDU × O 3 interactions were observed for total cell-wall constituents and lignocellulose fraction. Our results demonstrated that O 3 altered the physiology and productivity of cutleaf coneflower, and although reducing visible injury EDU may be phytotoxic at higher concentrations. 相似文献
15.
Stomatal ozone uptake, determined with the Jarvis' approach, was related to photosynthetic efficiency assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance measurements in open-top chamber experiments on Phaseolus vulgaris. The effects of O 3 exposure were also evaluated in terms of visible and microscopical leaf injury and plant productivity. Results showed that microscopical leaf symptoms, assessed as cell death and H 2O 2 accumulation, preceded by 3-4 days the appearance of visible symptoms. An effective dose of ozone stomatal flux for visible leaf damages was found around 1.33 mmol O 3 m −2. Significant linear dose-response relationships were obtained between accumulated fluxes and optical indices (PRI, NDI, Δ F/ Fm′). The negative effects on photosynthesis reduced plant productivity, affecting the number of pods and seeds, but not seed weight. These results, besides contributing to the development of a flux-based ozone risk assessment for crops in Europe, highlight the potentiality of reflectance measurements for the early detection of ozone stress. 相似文献
16.
This paper summarises some of the main results of a two-year experiment carried out in an Open-Top Chambers facility in Northern Italy. Seedlings of Populus nigra, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior have been subjected to different ozone treatments (charcoal-filtered and non-filtered air) and soil moisture regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated plots). Stomatal conductance models were applied and parameterised under South Alpine environmental conditions and stomatal ozone fluxes have been calculated.The flux-based approach provided a better performance than AOT40 in predicting the onset of foliar visible injuries. Critical flux levels, related to visible leaf injury, are proposed for P. nigra and F. sylvatica (ranging between 30 and 33 mmol O 3 m −2). Soil water stress delayed visible injury appearance and development by limiting ozone uptake. Data from charcoal-filtered treatments suggest the existence of an hourly flux threshold, below which may occur a complete ozone detoxification. 相似文献
17.
To clarify the effects of O 3 on crop plants cultivated in Bangladesh, two Bangladeshi wheat cultivars (Sufi and Bijoy) were grown in plastic boxes filled with Andisol and exposed daily to charcoal-filtered air or O 3 at 60 and 100 nl l −1 (10:00-17:00) from 13 March to 4 June 2008. The whole-plant dry mass and grain yield per plant of the two cultivars at the final harvest were significantly reduced by the exposure to O 3. Although there was no significant effect of O 3 on stomatal diffusive conductance to H 2O of flag leaf, net photosynthetic rate of the leaf was significantly reduced by the exposure to O 3. The sensitivity of growth, yield, yield components and leaf gas exchange rates to O 3 was not significantly different between the two cultivars. The results obtained in the present study suggest that ambient levels of O 3 may detrimentally affect wheat production in Bangladesh. 相似文献
18.
The stomatal ammonia compensation point for ammonia (NH 3) of an intensively managed pasture of rye grass ( Lolium perenne L.) was followed from mid January till November 2000. Leaf samples were taken every week. Simultaneously, the ambient NH 3 concentration was measured. Meteorological data (temperature, wind speed, rainfall and radiance) were collected from a nearby field station. The vacuum infiltration technique was used to isolate the apoplastic solution of the leaves. From the determined ammonium (NH 4+) concentration and pH in the apoplast, the gaseous NH 3 concentration inside the leaves was calculated, i.e. the so-called stomatal compensation point ( χs).Temperature appeared to have a predominant effect on χs, partly by affecting the equilibrium between gaseous NH 3 inside the leaf and NH 3 dissolved in the apoplast and partly by affecting physiological processes influencing the NH 4+ concentration in the apoplast. Results of the present study suggest that these temperature effects were counteracting. On one hand temperature increase during early spring stimulated NH 3 volatilisation from the apoplast, on the other hand it led to a decline in apoplastic NH 4+ from 0.9 to 0.2 mM, thereby diminishing the emission potential of the leaf. The low NH 4+ concentrations during spring and summer coincided with a low total leaf N content (<3% dw). However, there was no clear relationship between these two variables. The total N content of the leaf tissue is therefore an inadequate parameter for prediction of the potential NH 3 emission from rye grass leaves. No annual trend was found for the apoplast pH. With a few exceptions, pH varied between 5.9 and 6.5 throughout the experimental period.The calculated values for χs varied between 0.5 and 4 μg m −3. The gaseous NH 3 concentrations inside the grass leaves were, with a few exceptions, always smaller than the measured ambient NH 3 concentrations. The present study indicates that under the current ambient NH 3 concentrations in the Netherlands, the grass canopy is unlikely to be a major source of NH 3 emission. 相似文献
19.
The present work provides an insight into the development of biochemical adaptations in mung beans against ozone (O3) toxicity. The study aims to explore the O3 stress tolerance potential of mung bean genotypes under exogenous application of growth regulators. The seeds of twelve mung bean genotypes were grown in plastic pots under controlled conditions in the glasshouse. Six treatments, control (ambient ozone level 40–45 ppb), ambient O3 with ascorbic acid, ambient ozone with silicic acid, elevated ozone (120 ppb), elevated O3 with ascorbic acid (10 mM), and elevated ozone with silicic acid (0.1 mM) were applied. The O3 fumigation was carried out using an O3 generator. The results revealed that ascorbic acid and silicic acid application decreased the number of plants with foliar O3 injury symptoms in different degrees, i.e., zero, first, second, third, and fourth degrees; whereas 0–4 degree symptoms represent, no symptoms, symptoms occupying?<?1/4, 1/4–1/2, 1/2–3/4, and?>?3/4 of the total foliage area, respectively. Application of ascorbic acid and silicic acid also prevented the plants from the negative effects of O3 in terms of fresh as well as dry matter production, leaf chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble proteins and ascorbic acid, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Overall, silicic acid application proved more effective in reducing the negative effects of O3 on mung bean genotypes as compared to that of the ascorbic acid. Three mung bean genotypes (NM 20–21, NM-2006, and NM-2016) were identified to have a better adaptive mechanism for O3 toxicity tolerance and may be good candidates for future variety development programs. 相似文献
20.
The effect of elevated CO 2 and O 3 on apparent quantum yield ( ?), maximum photosynthesis ( Pmax), carboxylation efficiency ( Vcmax) and electron transport capacity ( Jmax) at different canopy locations was studied in two aspen ( Populus tremuloides) clones of contrasting O 3 tolerance. Local light climate at every leaf was characterized as fraction of above-canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (%PPFD). Elevated CO 2 alone did not affect ? or Pmax, and increased Jmax in the O 3-sensitive, but not in the O 3-tolerant clone. Elevated O 3 decreased leaf chlorophyll content and all photosynthetic parameters, particularly in the lower canopy, and the negative impact of O 3 increased through time. Significant interaction effect, whereby the negative impact of elevated O 3 was exaggerated by elevated CO 2 was seen in Chl, N and Jmax, and occurred in both O 3-tolerant and O 3-sensitive clones. The clonal differences in the level of CO 2 × O 3 interaction suggest a relationship between photosynthetic acclimation and background O 3 concentration. 相似文献
|