协同—络合萃取法回收含酚废水中的酚类

在现有的各种收处理高浓度含酚废水的方法中，溶剂萃取法最为有效，但现有常用脱酚萃取剂分别存在着萃取效能低等诸多缺点，萃残液中一般尚存有几十至几百ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１的酚类，本文提出了协同－络合萃取法，并按该法原理研制ＨＣ－１－ＨＣ－４四类新型协同－络合萃取剂，其中ＨＣ－３和ＨＣ－４对苯酚稀溶液的萃取平衡常数分别为ＫＨＣ－３＝６１２．４和ＫＨＣ４＝４８３．７，单级萃取可将两组中高浓度的含酚废水中酚浓度降至１     

煤气化废水萃取脱酚工艺研究

采用溶剂萃取对煤气化废水进行酚回收处理.确定烷基酮类物质(M105)作为煤气化废水的脱酚萃取剂,并对脱酚工艺参数进行优化.工艺参数为:萃取温度40-60℃,pH＝9-10,相比=1∶ 6-1∶ 4.经四级逆流萃取,废水的总酚浓度从5410mg·l-1降至350mg·l-1,挥发酚降至50 mg·l-1以下.     

磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚的络合萃取

基于可逆络合反应的萃取分离方法对极性有机物稀溶液具有高效性和高选择性.本文系统进行了磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚稀溶液的络合萃取的实验研.负载有机相的红外谱图分析表明,TBP与苯酚通过氢键缔合形成萃合物.以TBP-煤油为萃取剂对工业含酚废水进行了萃取平衡和错流萃取实验.讨论了其应用的可能性及开发新的有效的络合萃取剂的途径.     

N1923络合萃取丙酸的研究

分别以模拟和实际丙酸发酵废水体系为研究对象,采用络合萃取法回收稀溶液中的丙酸,结果表明,对含2%丙酸的水溶液,以45%(体积比)的N1923为萃取剂,以煤油和正辛醇为稀释剂进行萃取,在油水相比1∶4的情况下,单级萃取率可达97%.对实际发酵废水中丙酸的萃取,在二级错流萃取的情况下,也能达到同样的分离效果.有机溶剂循环使用实验表明,经过10次重复利用后其萃取能力基本不变.     

1-硝基芘与苯衍生物共存对斜生栅藻的联合毒性

本文研究了1-硝基芘和硝基苯、苯酚、苯胺、甲苯四种苯的衍生物对斜生栅藻生长抑制的EC_(50)(96h)分别为0.1824mg·l~(-1),36.5164mg·l~(-1),219.0027mg·l~(-1),45.1689mg.l~(-1)和72.3172mg·l~(-1);并进一步研究了它们的联合毒性效应,得出硝基苯、苯酚、苯胺、甲苯和1-硝基的联合效应相加指数AI分别为0.3776,-1.0792,1.5523,-0.7481.相应的效应增加系数依次为1.3776,1/2.0792,2.5523,1/1.7481,硝基苯、苯胺与1-硝基芘混合显示协同作用.而苯酚、甲苯与1-硝基芘混合则显示拮抗作用.     

极限精密差示紫外光度法测定工业含酚废水中高含量油的初步研究

本文用两个参比溶液的极限精密差示紫外光度法,测定工业含酚废水中的高含量油。选择二氯甲烷为溶剂,λmax=272nm,参比油浓度C_1和C_2分别为45(mg·1~(-1))和350(mg·1~(-1))左右,工作曲线测量范围为45—300(mg·1~(-1))。废水样含油量测定的相对标准偏差小于4％(n=8),回收率高于95％,与普通紫外光度法对比,准确度可提高10倍。     

含酚废水中有机酸的气相色谱测定

本文报导从复杂的高浓度废水,特别是含高浓度酚的废水中分离测定有机酸的气相色谱分析方法。利用有机酸和酚在酸性上的差别,在水溶滚中加入适量的碳酸氢钠,用二氧甲烷萃取,有机酸留在水相,而酚类进入有机相.在水相中的羧酸用乙醚萃取,或经甲醇-硫酸甲酯化处理,得到羧酸酯类化合物,再用乙醚萃取.然后将萃取液进行气相色谱或色-质谱测定。 采用正交设计试验选择了最佳衍生化条件.一元羧酸和二元羧酸衍生化的收率分别为64—98%和60—91％.用本方法检出煤气化废水中的羧酸类化合物四十余种,并进行了定量测定.     

微电解-生物膜法处理含Cr3+有机废水

采用微电解 生物膜复合工艺处理含重金属离子的有机废水 ,在实验过程中 ,废水中的有机物由生物膜中的好氧微生物与厌氧微生物菌群作为营养源而消耗 ;重金属离子 (Cr3 +)则通过电沉积去除一部分 ,同时被生物膜吸收而去除 .实验结果表明 :在好氧条件下 ,培养、驯化后的复合微生物菌种分别经 4h与 1 2h可将废水中的葡萄糖从 1 0 0 0mg·l- 1降解到 2 0— 4 0mg·l- 1.对C6 H12 O6 含量为 5 0 0mg·l- 1,Cr3 +含量为1 0mg·l- 1的废水 ,经处理后 ,C6 H12 O6 含量为 1 5— 2 5mg·l- 1,Cr3 +含量为 1mg·l- 1以下 ,分别比单一的电沉积工艺与生物膜工艺Cr3 +去除率提高 2 5 %和 5 % .     

CU2#重金属离子捕集剂去除废水中Cu2+的研究

研究了CU2#重金属离子捕集剂处理含铜废水的效果,结果表明:在pH1-14范围内,搅拌时间为5min,不加絮凝剂时,CU2#重金属离子捕集剂对含铜废水处理后,其上清液中铜含量可低于0.3mg·l-1,对铜的去除率达到99.7%,一次性处理后的含铜废水即达到国家排放标准.另外,用CU2#重金属离子捕集剂对EDTA络合铜离子的处理效果进行了初步探讨.     

共价三嗪有机框架材料对水中氯酚类污染物的光催化脱氯降解

利用共价三嗪有机框架材料(CTF-1)对4-氯酚(4-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)等4种不同氯原子取代数目的氯酚类污染物进行光催化降解研究,探讨了底物结构对氯酚脱氯降解效率的影响及机制.结果表明,氯酚脱氯降解过程明显受苯环氯原子取代数目的影响,氯原子数目越多,脱氯降解效率越高,氯原子数目与表观速率常数呈显著正相关,氯酚降解及脱氯速率均为：PCP>2,4,6-TCP>2,4-DCP>4-CP.对CTF-1光催化降解氯酚机制研究表明,活性物种在反应中不起作用,体系反应机制为针对氯酚上取代氯位点进行水解脱氯过程.本研究结果为深入揭示氯酚脱氯降解机制提供了理论依据,也为光催化技术处理卤代酚类废水提供了技术参考.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.