经济发展,碳排放和经济演化

本文用计量经济学的方法通过对中国、日本、美国的时间序列分析和１９９０年的全球截面数据分析,探讨了经济增长与ＣＯ２排放的关系。并重点分析了人口增长、能源消费强度变化的人均碳排放的影响。分析表明从政策角度而言,人均碳排放与人均ＧＤＰ之间不存在Ｋｕｚｎｅｔｓ曲线。人口增长和人均ＧＤＰ的增加是人均碳排放增加的主要来源,而ＧＤＰ能源消费强度的下降则是碳排放减少的重要来源。     

Industrialization,urbanization, and carbon emission efficiency of Yangtze River Economic Belt—empirical analysis based on stochastic frontier model

Carbon emission efficiency directly determines the level of green economic development. Based on the panel data of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) from 2008 to 2017, this paper uses the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model to analyze the overall carbon emission efficiency level, influencing factors, and changing trends, with a view to discussing the relationship between economic development and carbon emission efficiency. The results suggest, first, the overall carbon emission efficiency of the YEB is on an upward trend, but there is still much room for improvement. Second, the impact of industrialization and urbanization on carbon emission efficiency follows a U-shaped. As industrialization and urbanization progress, the impact on carbon emission efficiency shows a downward and then upward trend. Third, due to the rebound effect, technological progress has a slight negative impact on carbon emission efficiency. Energy consumption structure, government intervention, and foreign trade are all negative incentive factors. Therefore, efforts to improve carbon emission efficiency in the YEB should focus on transforming the economic growth model, adjusting the industrial structure, improving the energy consumption structure, and innovating green technology. The research results can provide a reference for the government policymakers to develop a green economy.

     

A New Approach to Setting Vehicle Emission Standards

Urban ambient air quality trend analysis was evaluated as an alternative to rollback analysis to estimate vehicle emission standards needed to achieve national ambient air quality standards. Examination of the trends of monthly maximum 8 hour average carbon monoxide concentrations, central business district traffic activity, and emission rates from vehicles on the road suggests that the automotive exhaust emission standard for carbon monoxide derived in response to the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 may be ten times too severe. The excessive stringency of the vehicle emission standard for carbon monoxide was confirmed by two different analyses of the correlation between annual mean carbon monoxide concentration and frequency of occurrence of carbon monoxide concentrations above the level of the 8-hour standard. One correlation analysis using all available CAMP data involved an empirical approach and the other assumed that carbon monoxide concentrations are described by the lognormal distribution. Based on the analysis of CAMP air quality data, a vehicle carbon monoxide emission standard of approximately 29 grams per mile appears adequate to meet the ambient air quality standard. The large difference between the results of this analysis and the 1976 Federal vehicle carbon monoxide emission standard indicates the advisability of applying this methodology to verification of the standards for hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen.     

The impact of the establishment of carbon emission trade exchange on carbon emission efficiency

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The China government focuses on changes in carbon emission efficiency with establishing carbon emission trade exchange (CETE). It is meaningful to...     

Individual Measurements of the Emission Factor of Aerosol Black Carbon in Automobile Plumes

As automobiles passed a measuring point, we recorded the concentrations of carbon dioxide and aerosol black carbon (BC) in their dispersing exhaust plumes. After subtraction of background levels, the ratio of the increments of these species allows us to calculate the emission factor of BC per unit mass of fuel from each individual vehicle. These factors spanned a range of greater than two orders of magnitude, representing the emission of from 4 × 10^?6 to 10^?3 grams of aerosol black carbon per gram of carbon consumed in the fuel. Their distribution showed that 20 percent of the vehicles accounted for 65 percent of the emissions. The real-time measurement methodology allows for a determination of the distribution of emission factors across the actual population of sources. These results are similar to the wide range of carbon monoxide emission factors reported recently.     

Carbon mitigation by the construction industry in China: a perspective of efficiency and costs

Evaluating carbon emission performance of the construction industry is a significant prerequisite for developing regional carbon mitigation plans. Taking environmental and technical heterogeneities into account, this paper employed a meta-frontier method to measure the carbon emission efficiency, carbon mitigation potential, and costs of the construction sector in different regions of China from 2005 to 2016. The empirical results show that substantial disparities in carbon emission efficiency exist in the construction industry. The total carbon mitigation potential of this sector was 206.76 million tons, with the Lower Yellow river area accounting for the largest proportion at 27%. Meanwhile, the carbon mitigation costs of this sector increased from 584.94 to 1273.30 yuan/ton during 2005–2016. The highest mitigation costs occur in the Lower Yangtze River area and the South Coastal area, indicating it was more costly in these areas to conduct additional carbon emissions mitigation. The results could facilitate the policy formulation on regional-oriented carbon emissions mitigation of the construction industry in China.

     

Exploring the influencing factors of carbon neutralization in Chinese manufacturing enterprises

One of the key issues facing the government in achieving carbon neutrality is what methods can be used to effectively reduce carbon emissions. Taking manufacturing enterprises as an example, this paper studies the carbon emission reduction effects of green technology innovation subsidy (GIS), carbon tax (CT), and carbon emission trading (CET). Under the background of social welfare and carbon emission reduction efficiency, we get the results of optimal carbon emission reduction measures in different environments. The results are as follows: (1) In the initial and mature stage of green technology innovation, GIS is the best choice to improve the degree of green manufacturing and maximize social welfare. CT and CET are the best choice to obtain the highest SE (carbon emission reduction efficiency). (2) In the transitional stage, CET and CT can promote the maturity of green technology. However, with the maturity of green technology, the promotion of green technology has weakened. CT is the best choice to achieve the highest SE. (3) When the carbon tax or carbon trading price is at a high or low level, raising the tax rate or carbon trading price can increase the income of enterprises. Therefore, the government should take measures according to the objectives of different stages. When the goal is to maximize social benefits, GIS is the best choice in the initial stage and transition stage, and CET or CT is the best choice in the transition stage. In the initial stage and fertilization stage, when the highest SE, CT, or CET is the best choice, while in the transition stage, CT is the best choice.

     

Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from Shan-Chu-Ku landfill site in northern Taiwan

To investigate the methane and carbon dioxide emissions from landfill, samples were taken of material up to 5 years old from Shan-Chu-Ku landfill located in the northern part of Taiwan. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide ranged from 310 to 530, 2.64 to 20.16 and 0.358 to 1.516 ppmv with the measurement of gas-type open-path Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy during February 1998 to March 2000, respectively. Average methane emission rate was 13.17, 65.27 and 0.99 mgm(-2)h(-1) measured by the gas chromatography chamber method in 1-2, 2-3 and 5 year-old landfill, respectively. Similarly, average carbon dioxide emission rate was 93.70, 314.60 and 48.46 mgm(-2)h(-1), respectively. About 2-3 year-old landfill had the highest methane and carbon dioxide emission rates among the tested areas, while 5 year-old landfill was the least. Methane emission rate at night in most tested locations was higher than that in the daytime. Total amount of methane and carbon dioxide emission from this landfill was around 171 and 828 ton in 1999, respectively.     

Carbon source/sink function of a subtropical, eutrophic lake determined from an overall mass balance and a gas exchange and carbon burial balance

Although studies on carbon burial in lake sediments have shown that lakes are disproportionately important carbon sinks, many studies on gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface have demonstrated that lakes are supersaturated with CO(2) and CH(4) causing a net release of CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere. In order to more accurately estimate the net carbon source/sink function of lake ecosystems, a more comprehensive carbon budget is needed, especially for gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface. Using two methods, overall mass balance and gas exchange and carbon burial balance, we assessed the carbon source/sink function of Lake Donghu, a subtropical, eutrophic lake, from April 2003 to March 2004. With the overall mass balance calculations, total carbon input was 14 905 t, total carbon output was 4950 t, and net carbon budget was +9955 t, suggesting that Lake Donghu was a great carbon sink. For the gas exchange and carbon burial balance, gaseous carbon (CO(2) and CH(4)) emission across the water-air interface totaled 752 t while carbon burial in the lake sediment was 9477 t. The ratio of carbon emission into the atmosphere to carbon burial into the sediment was only 0.08. This low ratio indicates that Lake Donghu is a great carbon sink. Results showed good agreement between the two methods with both showing Lake Donghu to be a great carbon sink. This results from the high primary production of Lake Donghu, substantive allochthonous carbon inputs and intensive anthropogenic activity. Gaseous carbon emission accounted for about 15% of the total carbon output, indicating that the total output would be underestimated without including gaseous carbon exchange.     

Computer simulations of terrestrial carbon and atmospheric interactions

Terrestrial carbon modelling shows that the Goudriaan and Ketner and Esser simulations fit historical data well, but the results are sensitive to the decomposition rate coefficient of old sediment carbon. Modification of this rate constant over time, weighted by emission increases or linear increases, changes the model results to fit historic ice core data. Very old sediment carbon decomposition has an effect on the model postdictions only when the rate constant is 10 times greater than that predicted from sediment studies. Future estimates show that a maximum change from agriculture to forest has a small effect on abating emission increases. Controlling emission rates at 5.1 x 10(15) g C/a will result in almost a 50% increase in atmospheric CO(2) in 200 years, and reducing emission rates to 1960 levels (approximately 2.5 x 10(15) g C/a) immediately will still result in an increase in atmospheric CO(2).     

Surface fluxes and atmospheric stability obtained from a surface energy balance model with parameters estimated from satellite remote sensing

A linear programming model is proposed to find the energy strategy for reducing carbon dioxide emission in Taiwan. Scenarios that include energy switching and energy conservation under different emission levels are considered, and the corresponding economic impacts are evaluated. Emissions from thirty-nine sectors are reduced by two major mechanisms. Energy switching is assumed to be induced by energy price change, whereas energy conservation is assumed only in the four most energy-intensive sectors. The results show the economic impact on gross domestic product under different energy scenarios. Appropriate energy strategies for carbon dioxide emission reduction could be implemented based on the scenario analysis.     

Research on influencing factors of carbon information disclosure quality in China’s power industry

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - High-quality carbon information disclosure is required with the development of China’s national carbon emission trading market. It is still...     

How to improve the function of government carbon tax in promoting enterprise carbon emission reduction: from the perspective of three-stage dynamic game

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Flexible strategy of carbon tax is an important chip for the government to promote the implementation of carbon emission reduction. However,...     

How green technology innovation affects carbon emission efficiency: evidence from developed countries proposing carbon neutrality targets

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - With the introduction of national carbon neutrality targets, carbon emission reduction actions in developed countries have become a hot topic as part...     

Who avoids being involved in personal carbon trading? An investigation based on the urban residents in eastern China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Personal carbon trading scheme has been pulled into the public eye with the increasing urgency of downstream carbon emission reduction, and its...     

“Environmental Quality — Energy Quantity”

Source resolution of the organic component of the fine fraction of the ambient aerosol (dp < 3.5 fim) has been carried out by combining source information from the inorganic component with thermal analysis and local emission inventories. The primary and secondary carbon containing components were identified using a source fingerprint thermogram. The primary carbon emitted from automobiles was calculated using the ambient lead concentration and a recent estimate of the lead to carbon ratio for this source. The remaining primary carbon was apportioned to the other sources according to the local emission inventory. Source apportionment of the secondary component was performed by scaling the secondary carbon to a recent emission inventory for reactive organic gases (ROG) neglecting biogenic contributions and assuming equal potential for aerosol formation for the various ROG. The method was applied to data collected at Lennox and Duarte on 10/23/80. The major source at both sites was automobiles which were responsible for 68% and 36% of the carbon containing component of the fine aerosol at Lennox and Duarte respectively. Industrial sources made a relatively higher contribution at Duarte, 26%, than at Lennox 12%. Good correlation was found between ozone and secondary carbon. However, a weaker correlation was found between sulfates and secondary carbon. Contributions to the visibility budget by various chemical species were calculated at Lennox and Duarte on 10/23/80 using an appropriate regression model. It was found that the carbon containing component was responsible for 27% and 44% of the incident light extinction at Lennox and Duarte, respectively.     

Cooperative carbon emission reduction through the Belt and Road Initiative

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Carbon emission reduction under the Belt and Road Initiative has great significance on China’s goal of carbon peak. To better promote carbon...     

Can the carbon emission trading scheme promote corporate environmental protection investment in China?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since 2013, a pilot market of carbon emission trading scheme (ETS) has operated in China, with results showing a reduction in the carbon intensity of...     

Bacteria additives to the changes in gaseous mass transfer from stored swine manure

Abstract

A bacteria additives treatment experiment in assessing the changes in gaseous mass transfer from stored swine manure is presented. The experiment is tested for ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide emission data sampled from pilot swine manure columns and analyzed by GC/MS. The result shows that bacteria additives slightly reduce the methane and carbon dioxide releases, while the same additives do not show any effect on the reduction of ammonia. The hydrogen sulfide contents of stored swine manure continued to be low. Gas concentrations emitted from treated and untreated stored swine manure were: 3.76 and 2.2 ppm for methane, 0.35 and 0.11 ppm for ammonia, and 1000 and 470 ppm for carbon dioxide, respectively. A simple model to estimate gas emission rates is also developed from the viewpoint of two‐film resistance theory. The average emission rates calculated from the model for methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide are respectively: 0.01, 0.0005, and 13.98 g/min from untreated stored manure; while 0.07, 0.096, and 0.55 g/min from treated manure. The emission model also indicates that for most gaseous pollutants of environmental concern, liquid phase transfer coefficient controls the rate of volatile compounds emitted from stored swine manure and gas phase transfer coefficient has insignificant effect in the calculation of overall mass transfer coefficient.     

An investigation on the physical,chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of particulate matter emitted from light-duty vehicles

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from three light-duty vehicles was studied in terms of its physicochemical and ecotoxicological character using Microtox^® bioassay tests. A diesel vehicle equipped with an oxidation catalyst emitted PM which consisted of carbon species at over 97%. PM from a diesel vehicle with a particle filter (DPF) consisted of almost equal amounts of carbon species and ions, while a gasoline vehicle emitted PM consisting of ～90% carbon and ～10% ions. Both the DPF and the gasoline vehicles produced a distinct nucleation mode at 120 km/h. The PM emitted from the DPF and the gasoline vehicles was less ecotoxic than that of conventional diesel, but not in direct proportion to the emission levels of the different vehicles. These results indicate that PM emission reductions are not equally translated into ecotoxicity reductions, implying some deficiencies on the actual environmental impact of emission control technologies and regulations.