国家环保“十三五”规划编制思路

"十三五"时期是我国改革和发展的重要时期,也是我国环保工作的重要推进时期。本文对环境保护"十三五"规划编制的整体情况进行了详细的介绍,分析了"十三五"规划编制开展的背景、基本思路,指出其具体工作包括质量改善、治污减排、生态保护、风险管控四方面,并提出了规划编制的下一步安排。     

《“十三五”生态环境保护规划》的特点分析——基于与《国家环境保护“十二五”规划》的对比

《"十三五"生态环境保护规划》(以下简称《"十三五"规划》)提出到2020年实现生态环境质量总体改善的总体目标,为未来几年我国生态环境保护工作提供路线指引。通过与《国家环境保护"十二五"规划》对比分析发现,《"十三五"规划》呈现新特征,标题由"环境保护"发展为"生态环境保护",工作目标发生纲领性的变化;横、纵、深三大维度体现三大特征,横向上提出空间管控的概念,纵向上提出绿色科技和制度两大创新,深度上与国家重大发展规划相结合。文章认为,落实《"十三五"规划》要求,要通过具体制度的建设对目标进行分解、细化,围绕空间管控、绿色科技创新、社会共治等与实际对接。     

“十二五”全面消灭劣Ⅴ类水体

周生贤部长在2012年全国环保工作会议上指出,要坚持让江河湖泊休养生息,改善水环境质量.要推进重点流域水污染防治,完善考核机制.记者日前从黑龙江省环保厅获悉,2012年,黑龙江省将在全面实施松花江新一轮治污规划基础上,向松花江支流倾斜,通过实施"一河一策"治污新模式,力争"十二五"期间全省消灭劣Ⅴ类水体.     

工业行业治污减排的研究与思考

自实施总量控制制度以来,工业行业治污减排一直是我国环保工作的重点。通过对工业行业治污减排现状以及未来工业发展态势和治污形势进行深入分析,指出"十三五"是环境负重爬坡的关键时期,仍须把握工业治污减排这一主战场,加大资金投入力度,强化行业总量控制,深化基于环境质量的总量控制精细化管理,以结构调整为主要手段,兼顾工程治理和管理减排,深挖减排潜力。最后,从淘汰落后产能力度、工业行业污染治理设施建设和运行、清洁生产、产业园区集中处理设施建设等方面对国家"十三五"工业治污减排所需的投入进行了预测。     

安徽省绘就“十三五”环境保护蓝图

<正>4月25日,《安徽省"十三五"环境保护规划》正式出台。根据规划目标,到2020年,全省主要污染物排放总量大幅减少,污染物排放强度持续下降,生态环境质量总体改善。规划将强化调控、治污减排、防控风险、保护生态、提升能力作为主要任务,在由15项指标组成的体系中,约束性指标占大头,共11项。如以2015年数据为基期值,到2020年,设区市城市空气质量优良     

坚持以提高环境质量为核心的“十三五”生态环境保护规划逻辑主线

《"十三五"生态环境保护规划》的出台标志着以改善质量为核心的环境管理转型又迈出了全新的一步,对新阶段我国生态环境保护的重点、方向做出了新的系统安排。文章从改善质量核心这一主线入手,按照内在逻辑跨规划章节对规划内容进行了解构解读,分析了其背景原因、形象标志、指标体系、基本路径、着力方式、管理转型、制度改革等7个方面的部署。     

昌平区"十三五"环境保护发展思路与对策研究

对昌平区环境质量现状及"十三五"时期环境保护形势进行了剖析,综合考虑昌平区现存主要环境问题,提出了"十三五"环境保护发展思路及对策建议,为昌平区"十三五"环境保护规划的编制提供前瞻性、针对性和导向性指导建议.具体发展思路及对策建议包括:(1)以控制PM2.5为重点,大力开展大气污染治理;(2)以整治恶臭水体为重点,持续改善水环境质量;(3)进一步推进总量控制与减排;(4)加快制度建设和政策创新;(5)全面推进生态文明建设;(6)加强环保能力建设.     

国家“十二五”环境保护规划体系与重点任务

环境保护规划体系是指包含环境保护规划的分类体系、内容体系、法规体系、方法体系、能力保障体系、实施评估体系等在内的总称.经过20多年的发展,我国环境保护规划体系逐步完善,我国环境保护规划的地位和作用也日益提升,为环境质量改善做出了重要贡献.特别是"十一五"环保规划实施以来,主要污染物排放总量持续下降,局部地区环境质量有了较大改善.做好"十二五"环保规划,必须站在新的历史起点上,不断完善环境保护规划体系,以提高环境民生质量和水平为出发点,加快推进环境保护历史性转变,优化经济社会发展,为生态文明建设做出更大贡献.     

以提高环境质量为核心将“三大行动计划”路线图转变为施工图——“十三五”生态环境保护规划与“三大行动计划”之关系分析

《"十三五"生态环境保护规划》与大气、水、土壤三大污染防治行动计划同步实施,规划是"十三五"期间生态环境保护行动的总纲,实施三大行动计划也是规划的关键任务,二者相互促进。规划以提高环境质量为核心,以空间分区分类、差异化管理为重点,对"三大行动计划"的目标任务进行了系统整合。规划在目标上进行了系统化、定量化延伸,系统设计了源头防控、质量管理、重点领域治理、风险防范、生态保护和治理能力建设等战略任务,在重点任务上突出了分区施策与协同控制,大幅度提升了政策机制的系统性与保障能力,将"三大行动计划"路线图转变为分区分类、精准治理的施工图。     

《“十三五”生态环境保护规划》内涵分析

《“十三五”生态环境保护规划》(以下简称《规划》)是“十三五”时期我国生态环境保护的纲领性文件,文章对《规划》的内涵和实质进行了系统分析,认为“十三五”时期环境质量改善应牢抓环境质量改善的核心,深化环境治理、生态保护与修复两大领域两大领域,打好水气土三大战役,把握绿色发展等四个坚持,推进向全社会共治等五个转变,建立污染防治区域联动等六项制度.     

环保记者为丹麦环保童话鼓与呼

<正>丹麦能源与环境记者协会(FEM)是一个什么样的组织,是如何运作的?环境记者如何进行报道?笔者最近见到了该组织的前任会长斯汀·哈德维格·雅克布森(Steen Hartvig Jacobsen)和现任会长耶斯博·彤彪(Jesper Tornbjerg)。前会长雅克布森1986年毕业于丹麦新闻学院,曾在《工程师》和丹麦有名的大报《政治报》等多家报刊工作,现任《丹麦能源报》主编。除了当主编,他还经常     

Evidence for intra-colonial genetic variance in resistance to American foulbrood of honey bees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>): further support for the parasite/pathogen hypothesis for the evolution of polyandry

Explanations for the evolution of multiple mating by social insect (particularly honey bee) queens have been frequently sought. An important hypothesis is that multiple mating is adaptive because it increases intracolonial genetic diversity and thereby reduces the likelihood that parasites or pathogens will catastrophically infect a colony. We tested one assumption of this model: that honey bee worker patrilines should differ in disease resistance. We used American foulbrood (caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae) as a model pathogen. We found that patrilines within colonies do indeed vary in their resistance to this disease.     

SAFE—A hierarchical framework for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems

Sustainable development and the definition of indicators to assess progress towards sustainability have become a high priority in scientific research and on policy agendas. In this paper, we propose a consistent and comprehensive framework of principles, criteria and indicators (PC&I) for sustainability assessment of agricultural systems, referred to as the Sustainability Assessment of Farming and the Environment (SAFE) framework. In addition we formulate consistent and objective approaches for indicator identification and selection. The framework is designed for three spatial levels: the parcel level, the farm level and a higher spatial level that can be the landscape, the region or the state. The SAFE framework is hierarchical as it is composed of principles, criteria, indicators and reference values in a structured way. Principles are related to the multiple functions of the agro-ecosystem, which go clearly beyond the production function alone. The multifunctional character of the agro-ecosystem encompasses the three pillars of sustainability: the environmental, economic and social pillars. Indicators and reference values are the end-products of the framework. They are the operational tools that are used for evaluating the sustainability of the agro-ecosystems. The proposed analytical framework is not intended to find a common solution for sustainability in agriculture as a whole, but to serve as an assessment tool for the identification, the development and the evaluation of agricultural production systems, techniques and policies.     

Framing the Long-Term <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Liability Issue for Geologic Carbon Storage in the United States

This paper examines how legal standards of liability may apply to geologic carbon storage. The liability regime governing geologic carbon storage will shape the technology's cost-effectiveness and overall attractiveness. We classify potential sources of liability into operational, in situ, and climate liability. As a first step, we explore in situ liability in the United States. After summarizing legal standards of liability including negligence, breach of implied warranty, strict liability, and product liability, we discuss how liability may be addressed at the level of the federal government, state government, industry, and the firm. Finally, we address the implications of judicial treatment of liability for carbon storage, including the apportionment of liability and the adequacy of current regulations.     

Salt glands in the Jurassic metriorhynchid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geosaurus</Emphasis>: implications for the evolution of osmoregulation in Mesozoic marine crocodyliforms

The presence of salt-excreting glands in extinct marine sauropsids has been long suspected based on skull morphology. Previously, we described for the first time the natural casts of salt-excreting glands in the head of the Jurassic metriorhynchid crocodyliform Geosaurus araucanensis from the Tithonian of the Vaca Muerta Formation in the Neuquén Basin (Argentina). In the present study, salt-excreting glands are identified in three new individuals (adult, a sub-adult and a juvenile) referable to the same species. New material provides significant information on the salt glands form and function and permit integration of evolutionary scenarios proposed on a physiological basis in extant taxa with evidence from the fossil record. G. araucanensis represents an advanced stage of the basic physiological model to marine adaptations in reptiles. G. araucanensis salt glands were hypertrophied. On this basis, it can be hypothesized that these glands had a high excretory capability. This stage implies that G. araucanensis (like extant pelagic reptiles, e.g. cheloniids) could have maintained constant plasma osmolality even when seawater or osmoconforming prey were ingested. A gradual model of marine adaptation in crocodyliforms based on physiology (freshwater to coastal/estuarine to estuarine /marine to pelagic life) is congruent with the phylogeny of crocodyliforms based on skeletal morphology. The fossil record suggests that the stage of marine pelagic adaptation was achieved by the Early Middle Jurassic. Salt gland size in the juvenile suggests that juveniles were, like adults, pelagic.     

First-trimester screening for Down syndrome; the role of nasal bone assessment in the Korean population

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nasal bone assessment in first-trimester screening for Down syndrome (DS) in the Korean population. Methods From July 2004 to March 2006, we prospectively evaluated the fetal nasal bones at 11–14 weeks' gestation in the Korean population. Results A successful evaluation was possible in 6490 of 6787 fetuses (95.6%). Absent, hypoechoic, and short nasal bones were seen in 4 (26.7%), 4 (26.7%), and 1 (6.7%) of 15 fetuses with DS, respectively, whereas in 5 (0.1%), 11 (0.2%), and 246 (3.8%) of 6456 normal fetuses. The incidence of absent and hypoechoic nasal bone showed significant differences between normal fetuses and fetuses with DS (P < 0.0005, both). Screening for DS using an absent or hypoechoic nasal bone resulted in a sensitivity of 53.3%, a specificity of 99.8%, a positive likelihood ratio of 215.2, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.5. Conclusion Our study showed that nasal bone abnormality at 11–14 weeks of gestation had a high association with DS in the Korean population. This suggests that nasal bone assessment can be used to supplement the current first-trimester screening for DS in the Korean population. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conspecific flowers of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinapis arvensis</Emphasis> are stronger competitors for pollinators than those of the invasive weed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bunias orientalis</Emphasis>

Biological invasions can affect the structure and function of ecosystems and threaten native plant species. Since most weeds rely on mutualistic relationships in their new environment, they may act as new competitors for pollinators. Pollinator competition is likely to be density dependent, but it is often difficult to disentangle competition caused by flower quality from effects caused by flower quantity. In order to test the effects of the presence and number of flowers of the invasive weed Bunias orientalis on the insect visitation rates in a native species (Sinapis arvensis), we performed two replacement experiments using plants with standardised flower numbers. The visitation rates in S. arvensis were significantly higher than in B. orientalis and the number of insect visits dropped significantly with increasing density of S. arvensis flowers. These results suggest that intraspecific competition among flowers of S. arvensis is stronger than the competitive effect of alien flowers. As flowers of B. orientalis do not seem to distract visitors from S. arvensis, it is unlikely that pollinator competition between these two plant species plays a crucial role. However, it cannot be excluded that mass blossom stands of B. orientalis may distract flower visitors from native species.     

The evolution of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions in international trade for major economies: a perspective from the global supply chain

Employing global multi-regional input–output models, this paper revisits the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission trade (including exports and imports) and assesses their positions in the national emissions of 14 major countries with large national emissions or large emission trades during 1995–2009. It especially explores the evolution of the emission trades of these countries from both continuous time series and comparative perspectives, in order to provide an explanation for CO₂ emission spillovers across countries. The main findings obtained were as follows: (1) China was the largest CO₂ exporter to other countries, accounting for over 20 % of global exports since 2005; the CO₂ exports of the United States of America (USA), Germany, and Japan varied slightly over this time period, but overall, their proportions had decreased. (2) The CO₂ imports of the USA were the largest, occupying around 20 % of the global CO₂ imports; meanwhile, China’s CO₂ imports increased rapidly and ranked the second largest. (3) For Chinese Taiwan, its proportion of CO₂ exports in production-based emissions ranked the highest while that of the USA ranked the lowest; highly CO₂ import-dependent countries with an over 40 % proportion of CO₂ imports in its consumption-based emissions included France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, while China, India, and Russia remained the lowest, distinguished from their physical energy imports. These results suggested that the global policy makers should take the CO₂ emissions in trade into consideration when carefully accounting for national emissions inventories.