我国赤潮的预测与控制研究现状

近年来,我国沿海地区赤潮越来越频繁,对水域环境、海水养殖业和人体健康等造成了很大的威胁。本文结合我国现阶段赤潮的研究现状,在分析赤潮的危害和发生条件的基础上,提出了赤潮的预测方法及相应的防治对策。     

浙江苍南海域发生260km^2赤潮

近日，浙江苍南县大渔湾和沿浦湾海域发生了大面积赤潮现象，共涉及9个乡镇，面积达到260km^2。当地海洋渔业局的有关负责人说，往年发生赤潮现象多在6月，2008年由于天气原因，发生得比往年早。目前，当地已采取相应措施，尽量减少养殖户的损失。     

烟台市赤潮多发海域主要环境因子的变化趋势

利用2002-2007年5～10月烟台市四十里湾赤潮多发海域的实际监测数据,采用spearman秩相关系数法对海域主要环境因子的变化趋势及与海域赤潮发生的关系进行了分析.分析结果表明,2002-2007年海域水质透明度、盐度、无机氮呈下降趋势,表层水温、磷酸盐、表层DO、pH、叶绿素a及COD呈上升趋势;发生赤潮年份表层水温较高,透明度较低,盐度较低,无机氮与磷酸盐比值(DIN/DIP)发生变化,海水pH偏高,COD升高;赤潮前期DO较高,赤潮间DO降低;叶绿素a与赤潮呈明显的正相关.     

浙江省沿海赤潮灾害的初步分析

通过较详细的历史资料和多年来的海洋环境监测数据,对近年来浙江省沿海的赤潮灾害及特征进行了阐述和分析,提出了赤潮灾害调查中遇到的新问题,并讨论了解决问题的方向.     

赤泥复合剂絮凝处理太湖水华藻与海洋赤潮藻

研究了一种新型赤泥复合剂对太湖夏季水华原水、实验室培养海洋赤潮藻及模拟海水的絮凝除藻降浊性能。结果表明,赤泥复合剂具有良好的除藻降浊效果,对太湖水华藻去除率为97.3%,原水浊度去除率为95%;对海洋小球藻和三角褐指藻2种赤潮藻去除率分别高达99.1%和98.9%;对2种模拟海水的最高除浊率分别为96.3%和95.3%,其剩余浊度均低于4 NTU,从而为治理淡水水华与海洋赤潮提供一种新技术,同时为赤泥综合利用提供一种新途径。     

孔石莼的6种溶剂提取物对3种赤潮微藻生长的影响

通过测定藻细胞密度,观察藻细胞形态,分析藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖等生理指标含量的变化,研究了孔石莼的6种溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇和蒸馏水)提取物对米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响.结果表明,6种溶剂提取物中,甲醇提取物对3种赤潮微藻的抑制作用最为明显.当甲醇提取物为15 mg/L,培养进行到第12天时,其对米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制率分别为76.67％、65.65％、56.52％.从对藻细胞形态的影响看,除蒸馏水提取物外,其余5种有机溶剂提取物均使赤潮微藻细胞出现不同程度的空洞、破碎和细胞色素减褪现象.甲醇提取物可明显降低3种赤潮微藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖的含量,乙酸乙酯和丙酮提取物对3种生理指标的含量也有一定影响.     

基于Mann-Kendall法的中国海洋环境质量变化趋势分析

海洋环境质量是海洋资源可持续开发利用不可忽视的重要因素,对长时间序列数据的变化趋势分析可提高对海洋环境演变的认识。基于《中国海洋环境质量公报》(2001—2015年),采用Mann-Kendall法对中国管辖的近海海域不同水质等级海域面积、赤潮发现次数、赤潮发现面积以及河流入海污染物排放量时间序列数据进行变化趋势分析。结果表明:中国近海第二类海域(依据《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)分类)面积呈下降趋势,劣四类海域面积呈上升趋势,近海海洋环境污染的形势依然严峻。近海海域赤潮发现次数和面积均呈下降趋势,尤其是东海,下降趋势明显。河流入海排放主要污染物中,COD与营养盐排放量均呈上升趋势,其中COD排放量上升趋势明显;石油类排放量呈明显下降趋势。沿海人口、海洋生产总值与劣四类海域面积均呈强正相关。沿海人口的增加、海洋生产总值的增长可能会对中国近海环境造成一定压力。     

环渤海湾诸河口水质现状的分析

根据对环渤海湾诸河口实地采集的12个水样进行的重金属、砷、总氮和总磷含量分析，发现环渤海湾诸河口水污染严重，多超过地表水V类标准，主要污染物质为Hg、N和P，其他污染物含量均在地表水H类标准以内。其中海河口处的Hg含量在20年间增加了10倍左右。诸河口水体中N和P含量均达到水体富营养化危险负荷，可见陆源污染是渤海湾富营养化日趋严重、赤潮日趋增多的主要原因。     

试论滨海火电厂温排水对水体富营养化的影响

本文通过对汕头、湛江二大筹建中电厂厂址附近海域水质富营养化的调查,从水体富营养化的形成条件和影响因素入手,分析了河口医水质富营养化特征、成因和滨海火电厂温排水排放对水域富营养化的影响。文章通过分析认为,电厂大量温排水的排放,促进了水域中水生物的增殖;水中溶解氧减少和水体自净能力的下降,促进底泥中磷素的释放,使水中氮磷比例更趋于适合富营养化特征藻类的增殖需要,在某种程度上加速了富营养化的发生。最后提出了滨海火电厂海区防止“赤潮”发生的途径和新电厂选址的意见。     

江门市近岸海域春季环境质量评价

2016年4月对江门市近岸海域水质、表层沉积物、浮游动植物和底栖生物进行了调查研究。水质调查结果表明:除COD、BOD5、SS、无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、铅、铜和镍外,其他项目均符合《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)第二类标准;其中,COD、SS、DIN和DIP超出GB 3097—1997第四类标准。水体富营养化指数和有机污染评价指数显示,近期江门市近岸海域总体呈重度富营养状态,部分海域甚至呈严重富营养状态,有机污染严重。表层沉积物调查结果表明,依据《海洋沉积物质量》(GB18668—2002)第一类标准,调查海域表层沉积物中铜和有机质超标严重,超标率达100.0%;表层沉积物已经受到重金属污染。浮游植物共有55种,以硅藻门占绝对优势;浮游动物共有42种,优势种仅有夜光虫(Noctiluca);底栖生物有16种,绝对优势种为小头虫(Capitella capitata)。研究发现,调查海域在春季存在甲藻赤潮和夜光虫赤潮暴发的风险。底栖生物的丰度和生物量与表层沉积物中污染物的相关性分析表明:丰度与铬呈显著正相关;生物量与锌呈显著正相关,与铜接近显著正相关。     

HPLC pigment analysis of marine phytoplankton during a red tide occurrence in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong

A red tide was detected in the inner parts of Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong, in November 2000. Water samples were collected from a fixed station at the centre of the red tide patch for microscopic analysis of phytoplankton community composition and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phytoplankton pigments. At the peak of the red tide on 24 November 2000, phytoplankton was dominated by the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea. The red tide began to decline at the end of November and, by 1 December 2000, the phytoplankton was dominated by diatoms. Chlorophylls and carotenoids in water samples were analysed using HPLC pigment separation technique. Dinoflagellates were indicated by the signature pigment peridinin. Significant correlation (r=0.999) was found between the peridinin concentration and dinoflagellate density. A decrease in peridinin and an increase in fucoxanthin, a major carotenoid in diatoms, marked the shift in phytoplankton composition at the end of the red tide. HPLC analysis also revealed the occurrence of minor phytoplankton groups that are difficult to identify by light microscopy. Red tide monitoring and study of red tide dynamics in Hong Kong have been based on cell counting and spectrophotometric or fluorometric measurement of chlorophyll a. HPLC pigment analysis provides an effective alternative for investigating phytoplankton dynamics during red tide and other algal blooms.     

不同土壤重金属复合污染的有效态离子冲量表征

选择红壤、黄棕壤和潮土为对象，依据中国土壤环境质量二级和三级标准确定土壤重金属铜、锌、镉的污染浓度，通过生物盆裁试验研究在重金属Cu、Zn、Cd复合污染条件下牧草（黑麦草、紫花苜蓿）体内重金属含量和土壤中重金属有效态含量的相关性，结果表明，在3种不同性质的污染土壤上，牧草体内重金属的离子冲量与其对应土壤中重金属有效态的离子冲量之间均存在明显的相关性。校正土壤pH、牧草品种等因素后，土壤有效态离子冲量可以有效表征不同土壤-牧草系统的重金属复合污染。     

壳聚糖双冠醚的合成及其对金属离子的吸附性能研究

将二苯并16－冠－5氯代乙酸酯冠醚分别接枝到西佛碱型壳聚糖冠醚CT－15C和CT－18C上,制备了1,4－壳聚糖双冠醚CT－15CAC和CT－18CAC,经元素分析、FT－IR红外光谱分析和X－射线粉末衍射分析表征了结构。研究了CT－15CAC和CT－18CAC对Pd^2 、Ag^ 、Pt^4 、Au^3 、Cu^2 、Hg^2 的静态吸附性能,并与CT－15C和CT－18C进行了比较。结果表明,这4种吸附剂对贵金属离子如Au^3 、Ag^ 、Pt^4 、Pd^2 都具有较好的吸附性能,并能在Cu^2 和Hg^2 共存的条件下选择吸附Pd^2 ,而且壳聚糖双冠醚CT－15CAC和CT－18CAC比壳聚糖单冠醚CT－15C和CT－18C具有更好的选择性。     

Shellfish culture in Chile

The present situation and future projections regarding shellfish culture in Chile are analysed. Production has increased exponentially, mainly of the 'Chilean mussel' Mytilus chilensis (Hupe) and the 'northern scallop' Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck). At present, seven species are cultured, two of which were introduced. The total invertebrate production corresponding to cultures has increased from 1.6% to 38% over the last 15 years. The effects of the following factors on present and future levels of shellfish culture in Chile are discussed: disease, fouling, borers, red tide and environmental variations caused by the cultures themselves. Potential culture of approximately 70 commercially endemic species not only constitutes an economic option, but also favours their conservation.     

超声波及其联用技术降解废水中的氯苯

研究了在降解含氯苯废水的过程中，超声波分别与H2O2、O2、空气联用对氯苯降解效率的影响。结果表明，超声波分别与H2O2、O2、空气联用比单独使用超声波降解效率分别提高40、30、18个百分点。并且随H2O2用量的增加，降解效率明显升高。对于O2、空气，当气体流量小于0．3754mL／s时，降解效率随O2、空气流量的增大而明显升高。     

冬季垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌水量平衡的实验研究

渗滤液回灌的水量平衡是垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌处理法工程应用的关键问题之一。着重研究了冬季渗滤水回灌的水量平衡状况。结果表明,冬季回灌水量仍可通过土壤蒸发得到大量削减,径流量、土壤渗出 水与下渗水的比值大于春夏秋三季,平均蒸发量小于些三季。回灌条件下,土壤湿润度提高,蒸发量增大。     

The application of satellite remote sensing to coastal management in Singapore

This paper reviews the application of satellite remote sensing to management of Singapore's coastal environment. Remotely sensed data have been used for marine habitat mapping, water quality monitoring, ship and ship-wake detection, oil spill detection, red tide monitoring, and mapping of reclamation activities. While these applications clearly cover most of the range of opportunities for use of remotely sensed data in the coastal zone, there is still a need for more complete baseline studies of natural resources and habitats, and monitoring of the impacts of development on the coastal and marine environment. There is also a requirement for more management-oriented research and continued development and revision of the available datasets. Integration and exchange of information between management agencies and research groups is also an important aspect of sustainable management of Singapore's coastal environment and marine resources.     

不同类型水产养殖对水环境影响的差异及清洁生产探讨

概述了水产养殖的发展现状，系统地介绍了不同类型水产养殖所产生的污染物在种类和数量上存在的差异，并对清洁生产在水产养殖中的应用进行了广泛的探讨。     

Effect of shore position and environmental metal levels on body metal burdens in the barnacle, Elminius modestus

Body (thorax and prosoma) weight, shell growth, and Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ca levels were measured in artificially settled Elminius modestus over a 14-month period following transfer to high, mid and low tide positions in the uncontaminated Menai Strait and two mid tide sites within a Zn and Cu polluted bay on the North West coast of Anglesey. Barnacles showed higher mortality and slower growth at the upper shore position than at any other site. There was no evidence of Zn and Cu regulation by the bodies or shells, and both seemed to reflect environmental levels. Body metal levels were lowest in early winter and the highest second year values were found in January (Zn), March (Cu, Fe) or May (Ca). Higher shore barnacles contained larger concentrations of Zn than mid or low tide animals. Differences in feeding activity and the amount of testes may account for these variations. Reciprocal transplants between polluted and 'clean' sites indicate that body Cu and Zn accumulation and loss was very rapid. Spatial and temporal changes in shell metal levels closely mirror that of the body.