大穗型杂交水稻父本材料的抗旱性筛选与鉴定

培育大穗型品种是我国超级杂交稻主要育种目标之一,但大穗型水稻品种常存在结实率过低或结实不稳定等严重问题,而旱害常成为上述问题产生的直接原因。以21份大穗型水稻父本品种为供试材料,采用盆栽法,从花粉母细胞减数分裂期开始进行连续10 d的干旱处理（控制土壤相对含水量至40%~50%）,研究了结实率和每穗总粒数的变化。结果表明,干旱处理后品种的结实率和每穗总粒数降低,敏感品种降低幅度显著大于强耐旱品种。试验共筛选出8个大穗型强耐旱父本材料,10个耐旱型父本材料,3个敏感型父本材料。其中R527和9 311选的结实率和总粒数在干旱条件下都表现良好。2个耐旱性差异品种的授粉生物特性分析发现,干旱处理后各品种的花药长度、每柱头花粉总数和萌发数及萌发率均降低,强耐旱型品种R527降低幅度较小;而敏感型品种BL006降低幅度较大,花药长度、每柱头花粉萌发数及萌发率对照和处理间存在极显著差异。研究表明,结实率和每穗总粒数可以作为大穗型品种耐旱性筛选与鉴定的联合指标,花药长度和每柱头花粉萌发率可作为重要的参考指标,大穗型水稻品种耐旱性差异与其在干旱条件下雄性配子的形成及其活力密切相关     

Variability of biochemical parameters and radiation resistance of the seed progeny of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Descurainia sophia</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepidium apetalum</Emphasis> under exposure to various factors

The physiological and biochemical characteristics of seedlings of Descurainia sophia (Fisch.) and Lepidium apetalum Wild. have been used as examples to demonstrate that long-term exposure of plant populations to environmental stress factors causes adaptive changes in antioxidant and genomic systems that may considerably affect the radioresistance of seed progeny. The resistance to additional acute irradiation of seed progeny of wild plants adapted to different environmental conditions has been found to be determined not only by the combination of antioxidant and DNA-repair protection systems and the vulnerability of the functioning genome, but also by their variability. The data on the relationship of the radioresistance of wild plant populations with physiological and biochemical characteristics and their variability may be used for expert environmental assessment of the state of the biota and prediction of its viability under exposure to abiotic environmental factors.     

The role of interactions between individual animals in the response to heat stress in the freshwater crustacean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis>

The thermal resistance of Daphnia magna Straus is a trait depending on the interaction between individuals. The group effect is expressed in D. magna as both a decrease in thermal resistance and a marked individual differentiation with respect to thermal resistance. Two types of interactions between individual D. magna have been found: (1) the release of an unidentified factor decreasing thermal resistance (without noticeably changing the phenotypic variability of this trait) into the medium and (2) a decrease in the thermal resistance of individuals poorly adapted to heat stress, with the thermal resistance of well-adapted individuals (determined by the dependence of thermal resistance on interactions between individuals) remaining the same or even slightly increasing.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 126–131.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kalinnikova, Krasnoperova, T. Gainutdinov, Sadykova, M. Gainutdinov.     

Simulating spatial pattern of urban growth using GIS-based SLEUTH model: a case study of eastern corridor of Tehran metropolitan region,Iran

Tehran metropolitan region (TMR) has experienced rapid urbanization in the last few decades. This accelerating urbanization trend mainly arising from high natural population growth and rural–urban migration along with rapid socioeconomic changes formed unplanned and uncontrolled urban expansion in peri-urban areas and resulted in degrading environmental quality and considerable changes in the urban landscapes of the TMR. Thus, the main objective of this research is to model spatial pattern of urban growth in eastern corridor of TMR using GIS-based SLEUTH model and the prediction of future developments of the region from 2014 to 2060. The SLEUTH is one of the most powerful models for urban growth modeling. This model analyzes the spatial pattern of urban growth based on historical data obtained from satellite images of 1987, 2003, 2011, and 2014. The results indicate that the most important factors affecting the urban growth are slope resistance and road gravity. The slope resistance is the highest coefficients value, which illustrates the limiting influence of the slopes on general trend of urban growth in eastern corridor of the TMR. The road gravity stands in second place where it displaces orientation of linear form of outlying pattern alongside the transportation network; it represents that the main pattern of urban growth in peri-urban areas of the region have a linear nature and edge expansion due to slope resistance and road-influenced growth, while spread, diffusion, and breed coefficients display low probability of new spreading center and spontaneous growth in the study area. In addition, the prediction of urban growth for 2020–2060 revealed that urban expansion which was 41,500 ha in 2014 will increase to 179,400 ha in 2060 with noticeable growth rate of 145.6 %. Comparing study area and other researches indicate that the urban growth happens in high rate in eastern corridor. One of the main reasons of this growth goes back to the formation of the second homes for residents of Tehran metropolitan city.     

An outline of the theory of the genetic divergence of dry-land and bog populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.

The thesis of the genetic divergence of Pinus sylvestris L. populations that have spread to bogs from the original dry-land populations has been deduced from the concept of the cyclicity of helio- and geophysical processes, derivative postulates on climatic cycles, formation of Holocene high bogs, contrasting differentiation between their environment and that of dry meadows, and the resultant changes in the vectors of microevolutionary factors and strong reproductive isolation between these populations. Logical genetic, ecological-phenotypical, and geographic consequences of this theory have been verified by factual data and general laws known to date. The interpolational and predictive roles of the new theory are demonstrated.     

环杭州湾“葡萄串”式组合城市研究

环杭州湾上海、杭州、宁波等六城市 ,城市之间社会、经济相互联系密切 ,交通等基础设施日益完善 ,特别是杭州湾大桥的建设 ,形成了沪、杭、甬之间的两小时交通“金三角”区。当今世界城市群、城市带、城市圈在各地兴起 ,杭州湾地区完全有可能形成环杭州湾“葡萄串”式组合城市。本文在分析杭州湾城市发展现状和城市组合重要作用的基础上 ,提出了环杭州湾组合城市空间布局的设想。     

长江上游地区协调发展的文化生态学思考

长江流域协调发展的重点之一是调协长江流域的人地矛盾，而人地矛盾协调的关键是上游地区的人地矛盾。长江上游地区人地矛盾的协调要充分考虑上游各少数民族与地理环境长期适用过程中所形成的文化生态体系，建立文化，经济，生态相互协调一致的文化经济生态园。     

Long-term dynamics of summer bird communities in the Arkaim reserve

Nesting bird communities of individual habitat types in the Arkaim reserve are formed every year under the influence of nonrandom factors. Their qualitative and quantitative composition may gradually shift in a certain direction, but more often it remains relatively stable over several years and then makes an abrupt transition into a different state. The strongest effect on the dynamics of these communities has been exerted by progressive succession following the assignment of special protection status to the Arkaim area. The effects of fires and other elemental factors are also significant.     

Ecoagrochemical Approaches to the Problem of Nitrate Pollution in Agroecosystems

On the basis of long-term studies, the role of agricultural chemicals in enhancing the production process and the rate of nitrate accumulation in plants is shown. Their influence on the state of plants is evaluated from physiological and agrochemical standpoints. The possibility of improving the resistance of agroecosystems to various adverse factors is considered.     

崇南水陆交错带景观整体适应性评价与提升

水陆交错带存在自然和人文要素复合影响作用，其景观系统整体适应能力亟需提升。以崇明南部水陆交错带为研究对象，基于景观系统本底评价，借鉴景观特征评价（LCA）方法，探讨岛屿水陆交错景观整体适应性评价方法。从自然资源保护重要程度、土地资源利用适宜状况、环境安全压力显著特性3个子目标层，构建12个指标因子的评价体系；并进行要素层面和目标层面的适应性评价分析；确定研究区6类适应性特征分区，提出其景观资源适应性发展提升策略。研究为水陆交错带景观系统整合发展提供保护性开发的评价方法和决策支持路径。     

Population model of fluctuations in organophosphate resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis>: Roles of a mutated acetylcholinesterase and a cytochrome P450

The dynamics of genetic variation in susceptibility to insecticides within a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was examined using model systems and experimental data published previously. In a recent study, two resistance factors for three organophosphate insecticides (OPs) were suggested to be involved within the Katsunuma population (Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan): a resistant-type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (cytochrome P450). Within this natural population, the relative contributions of the resistanttype AChE to genetic variation in resistance to the three OPs were larger than those of the cytochrome P450. The simulation analysis by means of the model, based on genotypic density-independent population projection trajectories, suggested that seasonal fluctuations of genetic variation in resistance to the three OPs were mainly caused by the change in the frequency of the resistant-type acetylcholinesterase (Ace) gene within the population.     

长江中下游河道与岸线演变特点

分析了长江中下游河道岸线变化的主要因素，它们分别是河岸崩塌，泥沙淤积及人类活动等，其中河岸崩塌是河道岸线演变的最主要原因。总的来说长江中下游干流河势是稳定的，但五个河段有各自演变特点和规律，其中宜昌－枝城段河道与河床比较稳定，岸线顺直，但葛洲坝和三峡水利枢纽建成后对河床的冲刷作用较大；荆江段是长江著名的河曲段，其冲淤变化较大；城陵矶至湖口段为节点和分汊河床组成，一般来说节点较为稳定，而分汊河床不太稳定，湖口至江阴河段岸线一般较为稳定，但弯道河床变化较大；河口段不但受江流作用影响，还受潮流与波浪等共同影响，所以河口河床演变迅速，主要表现为汊道主泓迁移摆动。     

资源型产业集群演化的外部环境因素分析

资源型产业集群是以自然资源的开发和加工为主体.以资源产韭为核心的众多相互合作和竞争的企业或组织集聚在资源产地两形成的网络群体.资源型产业集群处于复杂的外部环境当中,本文在综合学者研究和广泛的实地调研的基础上提出了资源型产业集群演化的外部环境因素模型,认为影响资源型产业集群演化的外部环境因素包括:政府行为、金融环境、行业技术进步、相关产业的发展变化、市场需求、对外开放、基础设施、生态环境以及公众意识.本文采用DEMATEL方法对资源型产业集群演化的外部环境因素进行分析,通过对相关专家进行的问卷调查,确定资源型产业集群演化的外部环境因素之闻的直接影响关系,在计算出各因素在资源型产业集群演化的外部环境因素模型中的综合影响关系的基础上,认为政府可以在资源型产业集群演化过程中发挥关键的作用.本文最后提出了相应的政策建议以提高政府对资源型产业集群演化的促进作用.     

西南生态脆弱区类型及其特征分析

对生态脆弱区涵义加以界定,并全面阐述和分析了生态脆弱区具有特征的和性质。根据西南地区各区域生态与环境脆弱特征，结合自然环境特征和人类活动特点，以胁迫源、胁迫因子的交互作用和胁迫过程为主导。确定西南生态脆弱区的类型有5种，即：中度胁迫中度生态脆弱区、重度胁迫高度生态脆弱区、低度胁迫高度生态脆弱区、重度胁迫中度生态脆弱区、中度胁迫高度生态脆弱区。     

长江河口近岸水体自然净化作用及其初步评价

按照水体的净化机理，结合长江口和上海滨岸带近岸水体的物理、化学和生物等因素的实际特征，对近岸水体的自然净化作用进行了阐述和分析。并在历史资料和实测资料基础上，就近岸水体的自然净化作用进行了评价。评价结果表明，因长江河口近岸水体存在较强的自然净化作用机制，近岸水体体的自然净化能力较强，环境容量较大，但由于污染物输入量的不断增加，部分岸段近岸水体的环境质量有逐渐下降的趋势；近岸水体的自然净化作用具有明显的季节性变化，长江口南岸水域洪水季节水体的自然净化作用比估水季节强，而杭州湾北岸水域的自然净化作用表现为相反的变化趋势，因此建议在近岸污水排放过程中应考虑近岸水体的净化能力，遵循水体的自然净化作用规律。     

Abnormal Cranial Variation in the Sable (Martes zibellinaL.) and the State of Environment

An abnormal cranial variation in the sable (Martes zibellinaL.) from the extreme Russian Northeast was studied. In the populations formed as a result of reacclimation, the proportion of animals with morphological cranial anomalies proved to be significantly higher than in the parental populations (from which the animals for reintroduction were taken). Probable factors responsible for this effect are discussed.     

盐城市沿海的适宜开发空间选择研究

开发空间选择通过辨识适宜开发空间,使得工业发展、城市建设活动尽可能地配置在弱自然生态阻力、强经济引力的空间,实现区域生态、经济效益的最大化。借鉴以往研究,结合案例区特点,建立指标体系,基于乡镇单元,运用GIS工具综合分析盐城市域自然生态阻力和经济引力的空间分异特征,运用矩阵列联分类方法划分空间开发适宜类型,并根据适宜开发空间的地域特点将其分为城市区域和临港区域。研究认为,盐城沿海的适宜开发空间主要分布于204国道沿线的县市城区、部分临近乡镇及沿海陈家港、滨海港、海通镇等地区;临海部分乡镇凭借其资源潜力宜作为临港区域,是未来的主要产业空间载体;其它地区应定位于城市化空间,未来建设用地指标应优先向这些区域投放,引导人口、产业向这些地区的集聚。     

长三角城市群旅游场强时空异质性及演化机理

以长江三角洲城市群26个城市为研究单元，综合运用主成分因子分析、可达性分析、改进的场强模型、地理探测器模型等方法对2000～2016年长江三角洲城市群区域旅游场强时空格局的演化及其形成机理展开研究。结果表明：（1）长三角城市群城市旅游综合规模差异化显著，但趋于均衡化发展态势；（2）区域旅游场强具有明显的时空异质性，交通“轴线”扩散明显，空间结构由最初的“Z”字型发展为“网状”，最后演变为“树枝状”，旅游场强类型呈现稳定的圈层包围结构，不断地由低级向高级演变；（3）旅游场强格局演化主要由交通优势度、旅游产业发展水平、地区经济发展水平、旅游资源禀赋和政策导向等多方面因素共同作用形成的结果。     

Biomarkers and bioindicators of the health condition of Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis (Pisces: Goodeaidae) in the Ameca River, Mexico

Pollution of water bodies causes stress on organisms inhabiting them. Determination of biomarkers and bioindicators on fish populations reflects whether they are subject to stress. We assessed two populations of Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis in a reference site (spring "El Rincon") and De La Vega reservoir, which receives wastewater of a sugar industry, on Ameca River course. We analyzed level of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, acetylcholinesterase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase as biomarkers; we also studied age classes and various body indexes. Environmental factors were recorded and a water quality index was assessed. Water quality was better in the spring than in the reservoir. Organisms inhabiting the reservoir presented higher oxidative stress by the lipid peroxidation levels, and neurotoxic impacts by the acetylcholinesterase and some detoxification mechanisms were evident by the gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities. Integrated Biomarker Response demonstrate that De La Vega reservoir is a more stressing place to organisms living there, particularly for A. splendens. In both species, males were more affected than females. Condition and reproductive parameters in reservoir showed evidences of physiological changes due to xenobiotics exposure and suggest a tactic of the organisms to survive in this site. Both biomarkers and body indexes revealed that A. splendens is a more sensitive species than G. atripinnis to environmental stress.     

2008年低温雨雪冰冻对武汉城市公共交通的影响评估

为了对2008年低温雨雪期间气象条件对城市交通运输的影响给出定量评估，运用天气分析及统计学方法，分析了低温雨雪冰冻期间武汉市主要气候特征，利用2008年初持续低温雨雪期间武汉城市公共交通线路（包括公交车、轮渡、汽渡）逐日停运数据，定义了持续低温雨雪冰冻过程城市公共交通影响度，通过统计分析，找到了关键气象因子、关键期和低温临界指标，建立了气象评估模型。结果表明：在持续低温雨雪冰冻过程中，初发时期是公共交通影响的关键时期之一，影响度与积雪深度关系最密切，在公交车、轮渡、汽渡3种交通工具中，公交车影响度与气象要素的相关最密切，对武汉城市公交车造成明显影响的临界气温是17℃。该结论在实际的气象灾害评估业务工作中进行了运用，效果良好