光助-过碳酸钠体系降解2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮

有机防晒剂在废水、海水和地表水中经常检出,亟需发展新型高效的去除技术.本研究构建了以过碳酸钠(SPC)代替H_2O_2的光助均相氧化体系,并选取水体中广泛检出的2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(BP-3)为模型化合物,研究了该体系中的降解动力学和常见溶解性组分的影响.结果表明,相对于单独SPC、单独UV体系,BP-3在SPC+UV体系中呈现更好的降解效率.自由基淬灭和电子自旋共振实验证实·OH是SPC+UV体系中降解BP-3的最主要活性物种.水中常见溶解性组分DOM和Br~-可淬灭体系中的·OH进而对BP-3的降解表现为抑制效应;而Cl~-在低浓度下促进BP-3降解,高浓度则抑制其降解,这和BP-3与Cl·、Cl_2·~-的反应活性差异相关.     

除草剂绿草定-2-丁氧基乙酯的土壤降解特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了绿草定-2-丁氧基乙酯在不同土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,绿草定-2-丁氧基乙酯在土壤中迅速降解,酸性土壤中其降解趋势遵循一级动力学模型,中性和碱性土壤中其降解动态不能用一级动力学模型进行简单的拟合;绿草定-2-丁氧基乙酯在土壤中的降解机制主要为化学水解作用,降解生成绿草定和丁氧基乙醇;土壤pH和土壤有机质含量是影响其土壤降解速率的主要因素,pH值越高,有机质含量越高,其土壤降解速率越快.     

光电协同催化降解2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚

以2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚作为模型物,以TiO2为催化剂,低压汞灯作为光源,采用外循环悬浮态多相光催化反应体系,考察紫外光与电场协同催化降解的影响因素,实验结果表明,2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚初始浓度为0.0125mmol·l-1,TiO2用量250mg·l-1,循环流量20L·h-1,pH值为10,外加偏压3V,曝气,反应时间270min时,2-氯-4-甲氧基苯酚降解率可达到98.7%.     

液相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法快速分析血清中有机磷酸酯类三（2,4-二叔丁基苯基）-磷酸酯（AO168O）和2,4-二叔丁基苯基（2,4DtBP）

本研究建立了液相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法快速测定血清中三(2,4-二叔丁基苯基)-磷酸酯(tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)-phosphate, AO168O)和2,4-二叔丁基苯基(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl, 2,4DtBP).血清样品经乙腈提取,离心分离,浓缩定容后进行仪器分析.采用DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25μm)色谱柱进行分离,多重反应监测模式(MRM)进行测定.结果表明,AO168O在0.8—100 ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,2,4DtBP在0.6—100 ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R2分别为0.9992和0.9995;方法检出限分别为0.4 ng·mL^-1和0.2 ng·mL^-1;加标回收率分别为103%和95%,相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为8.9%和4.7%.采用本方法对天津市青年人群的66份血清样品进行检测,AO168O的检出率为33%, 2,4DtBP的检出率为98%,浓度范围分别为ND(未...     

气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)测定复合食品包装袋中的2,4-二氨基甲苯

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱法测定复合食品包装袋中2,4-二氨基甲苯的方法.样品中2,4-二氨基甲苯经沸水提取后,加入氯化钠并用二氯甲烷进行液-液萃取,再经三氟乙酸酐衍生化并通过氮吹去除多余三氟乙酸酐,最后将衍生物进行GC-MS/MS定性定量分析.结果表明,仪器在0.0040—1.0 mg.L-1线性范围内,其线性方程为y=256128.7879x+147.5758,相关系数为0.9997;方法检出限为0.08μg.L-1;平均回收率为81.7%—97.2%;相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.5%—4.6%.该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于复合食品包装袋中2,4-二氨基甲苯的分析.     

环境内分泌干扰物低剂量-效应研究进展

环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的低剂量-效应已成为生态毒理学界的研究热点.环境内分泌干扰物在接近或低于无可见不良效应浓度水平(NOAEL)时仍可诱发生物效应并存在非单调剂量-效应关系,这对现行的动物繁殖和发育毒理学检测规程以及环境内分泌干扰物风险评价的理论和方法提出了挑战.此外,由于环境中内分泌干扰物呈低剂量长期暴露的特征,研究低剂量-效应对正确进行生态风险评价具有重大的科学意义.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,对当前环境内分泌干扰物低剂量-效应的研究进展进行了综述.     

聚乙烯醇缩-5-甲酰基-2,4-二羟基苯偶氮安替比林液-固萃取和光度测定镍的研究

本文报道了2,4-二羟基-5-安替比林偶氮苯甲醛(DAP)及DAP与聚乙烯醇(PVA)的缩合产物(PV·DAP)的合成.并利用PV·DAP做萃取剂,析相萃取和光度测定了铝合金和环境水样中的镍.实验结果还表明,高分子显色剂与相应的小分子试剂相比,在液-固萃取方面表现为易获得高萃取率且不受萃合物电性的影响,在光度测定方面则表现出较高的灵敏度和稳定性.从而说明试剂的高分子化可改善其性能.     

富氡地热水中δ34SSO42-、δ13CDIC同位素特征及其意义—以息烽温泉为例

贵州息烽温泉被誉为"亚洲第一氡泉",富含多种有益元素.选取息烽地热水和与其有关的地表径流水及岩溶泉水为研究对象,利用水文地球化学、δ34SSO2-、δ13CHco3-同位素等方法对区内富氡地热水中硫、碳元素来源及水-岩作用过程进行研究.结果 显示,地热水水化学类型为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型,pH呈弱碱性,其阴离子...     

气相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱法测定聚醚砜水杯中4,4’-二氯二苯砜迁移量

建立了气相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定聚醚砜(PES)水杯中4,4’-二氯二苯砜迁移量的方法.以水为食品模拟物按一定条件浸泡样品,浸泡液经二氯甲烷液液萃取后进样分析.结果表明,4,4’-二氯二苯砜的平均加标回收率为89.2%—96.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.1%—3.8%,方法检出限为0.4μg·L-1.该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,可用于聚醚砜水杯中4,4’-二氯二苯砜迁移量的测定.     

关中-天水经济区人口-经济-生态协调发展研究

在经济迅速发展的背景下,我国人口、经济和生态的矛盾日益突出。选择关中-天水经济区为研究对象,基于变异系数的协调函数模型对其人口-经济-生态协调度进行了测算。结果表明：1）1999—2008年,关中-天水经济区各地市人口-经济-生态协调度整体呈现上升的趋势,总体由失调状态转向勉强协调,其中天水市呈直线上升趋势,咸阳、宝鸡、铜川3市的协调度在波动中有所增加,西安市变化幅度不大;2）人口、经济、生态3个子系统的变化都会影响到整个系统的变化,西安市生态子系统协调度的下降,制约了整个系统的协调发展;3）协调度在空间上表现为关中-天水经济区中部地市的协调度较高,渭南和天水市的协调度始终处于该地区的较低水平。     

水样中塔崩和磷酸乙酯的气相色谱—质谱测定方法的研究

本文对水样中的塔崩及其降解产物磷酸乙酯的提取方法进行了研究，试验了不同的萃取剂及萃取时溶液的ｐＨ值，优化了萃取条件，在ｐＨ＝９时，二氧甲烷萃取塔崩的回收率较高，三次测定的变异系数小于３．０％，用气相色谱－质谱（ＥＩ方式）法测定了水样中的塔崩和磷酸乙酯。     

Reaction of chlorimuron‐ethyl with diazomethane

Methylation of chlorimuron‐ethyl with etheral solution of diazomethane gave ethyl‐2‐[[[[(4‐chloro‐6‐methoxy‐2‐pyrimidinyl) N‐methylamino] carbonyl] N‐methylamino] sulfonyl] benzoate (dimethyl derivative of chlorimuron‐ethyl) as the major product along with 4‐chloro‐6‐methoxy‐2‐N‐methylamino pyrimidine, 2‐aminomethyl sulfonyl benzoic acid, ethyl‐2‐[(N‐methylamino) sulfonyl] benzoate, ethyl‐2‐[N,N‐dimethylamino) sulfonyl] benzoate and o‐benzoic sulf‐N‐methylimide as the minor products.     

Thimerosal in childhood vaccines contributes to accumulating mercury toxicity in the kidney

Mercury (Hg) is a hazardous chemical that accumulates in many cells and tissues, thereby producing toxicity. The kidney is a key target organ for Hg accumulation and toxicity. The contributing factors to Hg accumulation in humans include: (1) elemental and inorganic Hg exposure, often occurring by inhalation of Hg vapors; (2) exposure to methyl Hg (meHg), for example, through contaminated seafood; and (3) exposure to ethyl mercury (etHg) via thimerosal-containing vaccines. Systematic investigations on the toxic effects of etHg/thimerosal on the nervous system were carried out, and etHg/thimerosal emerged as a possible risk factor for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. There is, however, little known about the mechanisms and molecular interactions underlying toxicity of etHg/thimerosal in the kidney, which is the focus of the current review. Susceptible populations such as infants, pregnant women, and the elderly are exposed to etHg through thimerosal-containing vaccines, and in-depth study of the potential adverse effects on the kidney is needed. In general, toxicity occurring in association with different forms of Hg is related to: intracellular thiol metabolism and oxidative stress reactions; mitochondrial function; intracellular distribution and build-up of calcium; apoptosis; expression of stress proteins; and also interaction with the cytoskeleton. Available evidence for the etHg-induced toxicity in the kidney was examined, and the main mechanisms and molecular interactions of cytotoxicity of etHg/thimerosal exposure in kidney described. Such accumulating knowledge may help to indicate molecular pathways that, if modulated, may better handle Hg-mediated toxicity.     

Photolysis of chlorimuron‐ethyl

To examine the photostability of the herbicide chlorimuron‐ethyl (ethyl‐2‐[[[[(4‐methoxy‐6‐chloro‐pyrimidin‐2‐yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate) in the field, model experiment with organic solvent was performed. Photolysis of chlorimuron‐ethyl in methanol solution resulted in the formation of seven major and five minor photoproducts, isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. Major photoproducts reported were formed by the cleavage of sulfonylurea bridge, contraction of sulfonylurea bridge, methylation of urea nitrogen and cyclisation, whereas minor products by dechlorination.     

Relative yields of monomeric and dimeric adducts induced by sulphur mustard in isolated and cellular DNA as determined by HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry

Sulphur mustard (SM) is known as an efficient vesicating agent as well as a carcinogenic chemical. This warfare agent remains a threat for both civilians and militaries. DNA alkylation is one of the critical molecular pathways at the origin of the symptoms associated with SM exposure. SM forms monoadducts with guanine and adenine as well as a biadduct between two guanine bases. The aim of the present work is to determine the relative yields of these three lesions in DNA samples after SM exposure without using radiolabeled SM as in earlier works. For this purpose, we have developed a high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method to simultaneously quantify the SM monoadducts and biadduct in the same DNA sample. We observed in isolated and cellular DNA that the guanine monoadduct was the predominant lesion, while the biadduct was present in twofold lower yield. The adenine monoadduct was generated in lowest amounts. The analytical approach was extended to 2?chloroethyl ethyl sulphide, a widely used SM analog. Again, the adenine adduct was much less frequent than the guanine derivative. The developed assay will allow performing studies involving large numbers of samples.     

Evidences showing 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron-induced DNA damage in cyanobacteria and detection by PCR

The impact of 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in inducing DNA damage in three species of cyanobacteria-Anabaena fertilissima, Aulosira fertilissima, and Westiellopsis prolifica as evidenced by PCR-based assays: RAPD and 16S rRNA amplification was examined. Exposure of genomic DNA (in vitro) to pencycuron for 4 days did not produce severe damage in DNA fragments of all three cyanobacterial species whereas exposure to 2,4-D ethyl ester markedly inhibited the template activity of genomic DNA compared to untreated cultures of A. fertilissima. In A. fertilissima a single band of approximately 1000?bp was observed even after 16 days of exposure to 60?ppm pencycuron which suggests that certain segments of DNA are resistant to pencycuron DNA damaging effects. However, a significant effect was observed in the case of W. prolifica for 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron where complete disappearance of fragments was not recorded even after 16 days of incubation and interestingly some new DNA bands were induced. Similar to the effects with RAPD profile, amplification of rRNA was significantly inhibited following exposure of genomic DNA to 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron. Our findings clearly demonstrate that pesticide concentrations affected cyanobacterial DNA and lethality of these microbes might be due to irreversible DNA damage. Thus, it is postulated that PCR assays may be conveniently used for screening DNA damage produced by 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in all three cyanobacteria examined in this study.     

气态有机物组成对生物过滤及菌体密度的影响

以堆肥-火山灰为填料的生物过滤器连续处理含甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的气体,观测生物过滤效果和填料的菌系状态变化.结果表明:在甲苯和乙酸乙酯共存的条件下,生物过滤器优先去除乙酸乙酯;当进气中同时存在甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇时,优先去除乙酸乙酯和异丙醇.填料中各种微生物的菌体密度与过滤去除的有机物组成和浓度有关.霉菌和酵母菌竞争利用乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的能力较强,放线菌和细菌对甲苯的竞争利用能力较强.进气中高浓度的有机物会使填料中的菌体密度增大.在处理甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的生物过滤器的各段填料中,菌体密度按细菌、霉菌、酵母菌、放线菌的顺序而降低. 图 1表 3参 17     

过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系对2-氯乙基乙基硫醚的降解机理与动力学研究

研究了不同温度下过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系和单一过碳酸钠对芥子气模拟剂2-氯乙基乙基硫醚（2-CEES）降解动力学规律,建立了相应的反应速率方程;利用液质联用技术分析了降解产物,并利用顺磁共振技术检测了过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系产生的活性成分,推测了反应机理.结果表明,两种体系对2-CEES降解反应均为一级反应,过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体...     

无性繁殖常用的方式

无性繁殖常用的方式有三种,扦插、压条和嫁接。本文论述了这三种无性繁殖的具体作法。     

城市污泥不同处理处置方式的成本和效益分析--以北京市为例

以北京市为例,估算不同电价及运输距离下填埋、焚烧及堆肥等方式的城市污泥处理处置成本,在此基础上讨论各种处理处置方案的前景,展望北京市污泥处理处置出路。污泥填埋在一定时期内还将是主要处理处置方式,但所占比例将逐渐下降;堆肥是经济上较为可行的处理处置方式,适合大力推广;随着经济实力与技术水平提高,焚烧法可以适用于个别特殊地点。同时,分析了政府补贴对污泥处理处置效益的影响。