沛沿河流域土壤施肥后氮、磷释放规律的模拟研究

为有效控制农业面源污染,改善沛沿河流域水质状况,通过对稻田、林地、果园的土壤分别施用不同化肥后,模拟研究了土壤在受雨水短期浸泡及连续降雨情况下氮、磷的释放规律.结果表明,稻田土壤对氮、磷的释放能力最差,施肥时应以基肥为主；林地、果园土壤的保肥能力均劣于稻田土壤,应采用“少量多次追肥”的方法.尿素与碳铵宜作为基肥施用,而...     

海泡石及其复配原位修复镉污染稻田

以天然黏土海泡石作为钝化材料,并分别与磷肥、生物炭和硅肥复配,在湖南某镉污染的酸性水稻田进行原位修复示范实验,考察海泡石及其复配对稻谷产量、糙米镉含量及土壤中镉的有效态含量及形态分布变化用以表征修复效果;研究了海泡石及其复配对土壤pH、土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量以表征其对土壤环境质量的影响,并对各项理化指标之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,田间示范条件下海泡石及其复配均降低了土壤中镉的生物有效性,明显降低了糙米中镉含量。其中海泡石磷肥复配和海泡石硅肥复配处理后,糙米镉含量最大降幅约为72.7%,分别降低至0.33和0.34 mg/kg。海泡石及其复配处理均能不同程度增加土壤中碱解氮及有效磷含量,对于作物生长有益。综合总体表现,海泡石磷肥复配、海泡石硅肥复配可被推荐作为镉污染酸性稻田的原位钝化修复材料,具有推广应用的潜力。     

芘高效降解菌ZQ_5的培养条件及无机元素对其降解效率的影响

以从我国最大的石油污水灌区之一——沈抚灌区污染土壤分离到的以芘为惟一碳源、能源生长的高效降解菌株ZQ5为实验材料,通过对菌株ZQ5培养条件的优化,以及采用摇瓶振荡培养方法测定菌株ZQ5对不同浓度芘的降解率,表明：菌株ZQ5在30℃振荡培养16 d后对150 mg/L芘的降解率为90.31%。通过模拟稻田施用N、P和K肥等的土壤环境,探索了无机营养元素对降解菌ZQ5降解能力的影响,发现土壤中混合加入N、P和K无机营养元素的降解率能达到82%以上,比单加某种营养元素对降解菌ZQ5的降解效果好。本研究结果可以指导稻田PAHs的原位生物修复。     

芘高效降解菌ZQ5的培养条件及无机元素对其降解效率的影响

以从我国最大的石油污水灌区之一——沈抚灌区污染土壤分离到的以芘为惟一碳源、能源生长的高效降解菌株ZQ5为实验材料,通过对菌株ZQ5培养条件的优化,以及采用摇瓶振荡培养方法测定菌株ZQ5对不同浓度芘的降解率,表明:菌株ZQ5在30℃振荡培养16 d后对150 mg/L芘的降解率为90.31%。通过模拟稻田施用N、P和K肥等的土壤环境,探索了无机营养元素对降解菌ZQ5降解能力的影响,发现土壤中混合加入N、P和K无机营养元素的降解率能达到82%以上,比单加某种营养元素对降解菌ZQ5的降解效果好。本研究结果可以指导稻田PAHs的原位生物修复。     

云南个旧矿区Pb污染稻田土壤钝化修复

针对云南个旧矿区铅污染稻田土壤,研究了复合钝化剂S1(纳米活性炭+硅钾钙镁肥)、S2(火山石+钙镁磷肥+有机肥)和叶面硅肥F单一及联合施用共5种不同调控处理(S1、S2、F、S1+F、S2+F)的田间修复效果及对稻米铅累积的影响。结果表明,5种调控措施对水稻均能产生增产效应,其中两种联合处理(S1+F、S2+F)水稻的增产效果明显优于单一处理(S1、S2、F);经过1个水稻生长周期,5种调控处理土壤pH值较对照均有上升,土壤酸可提取态Pb含量均有降低。与对照相比,S2+F处理水稻增产29.7%,土壤pH上升0.48个单位,土壤酸可提取态Pb降低45.5%,糙米Pb含量降低80.4%、且远低于国家食品卫生标准(GB 2762-2012)。采用复合钝化剂S2(火山石+钙镁磷肥)基施与水稻灌浆期和抽穗期分别喷施叶面硅肥F的土壤钝化-农艺联合调控措施能有效阻控个旧矿区污染土壤中Pb的迁移,降低糙米中Pb的含量,提高矿区稻米安全质量,可在Pb污染农田推广应用。     

不同钝化剂对降低水稻糙米Cd积累及土壤性状的影响

为探索降低重金属食物链污染风险的有效途径,在广东地区Cd污染稻田进行了4种钝化剂(腐殖酸钾、硅素调理剂、营养型阻控剂和复混钝化剂)田间小区试验,研究其对稻田土壤性状及水稻糙米Cd积累的影响。结果表明,与不加钝化剂的对照相比,钝化剂处理的水稻糙米Cd降低了19.7%(质量分数,下同)~60.5%,稻壳Cd降低了12.4%~52.1%,营养型阻控剂和腐殖酸钾降低糙米及稻壳Cd的效果较好。4种钝化剂对土壤pH、有效态Cd均无显著影响。相关分析和综合评价结果表明,水稻糙米Cd与土壤有效Ca和有效Mg呈显著负相关;4种钝化剂中,营养型阻控剂对Cd污染稻田的综合修复效果最好。     

典型生境中氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的分布和丰度

运用分子生物学方法研究了某富营养化湖泊污泥(以下简称湖泊污泥)、某长期施肥的稻田土壤(以下简称稻田土壤)和某污水处理厂硝化污泥(以下简称硝化污泥)中氨氧化古菌(AOA)和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)细菌的分布及丰度。结果表明,湖泊污泥、稻田土壤和硝化污泥中AOA的amoA基因Shannon指数分别为1.64、2.14、0.57,稻田土壤的生物多样性最丰富;但以上3种生境中AOA的amoA基因丰度分别为(1.45±0.13)×10~7、(7.24±0.25)×10~5、(3.46±0.22)×10~5拷贝数/g(以干质量计,下同),湖泊污泥中最大。湖泊污泥和稻田土壤中的AOA与水/沉积物中的古菌亲缘关系相近,既有来自水/沉积物分支,又有来自土壤/沉积物分支;硝化污泥中的AOA与土壤/沉积物中的古菌亲缘关系相近,全部来自土壤/沉积物分支。湖泊污泥、稻田土壤和硝化污泥中ANAMMOX细菌的16SrRNA基因Shannon指数都较小,生物多样性不丰富,但hzsB基因的丰度分别达到(1.32±0.17)×10~8、(2.88±0.28)×10~8、(7.76±0.25)×10~8拷贝数/g。湖泊污泥、稻田土壤中ANAMMOX细菌的优势种属于Brocadia属;硝化污泥中ANAMMOX细菌的Brocadia和Kuenenia几乎各占一半。     

污泥果肥利用中重金属迁移特征研究

为了厦门城市污泥的安全利用，将石渭头污水处理厂污泥经过好氧堆肥后施用于柚子树，对重金属元素在土壤、树叶及果肉中的迁移特征进行了研究。结果表明：Cd在土壤中的富集能力强；重金属元素从土壤向树叶迁移累积能力比向果肉的大得多，污泥肥料不能用于叶类食用植物的施用；Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移累积能力强；泥肥的施用加重了土壤中Cd的污染，提高了Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移能力；污泥果肥利用需降低Ni的浓度，对污泥中含量较高的Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Cd需进行跟踪检测。     

煤矿酸性废水对喀斯特稻田环境污染的实验研究

为系统评价煤矿酸性废水(AMD)污染对喀斯特稻田环境的影响,分析了不同程度AMD污染作用下稻田水-土体系中pH、电导率(EC)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、铁、锰、铜、锌、SO_4~(2-)等特征污染组分及土壤微生物量、脲酶活性、磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性等生物特性的变化。结果表明:(1)在污染前期较低污染倍数下,喀斯特稻田水-土系统对AMD污染有较好的缓冲性能,但高浓度持续污染1周以上可导致稻田田面水及土壤的明显酸化,增加体系的EC和Eh。(2)AMD的污染程度增加可提高田面水中铁、锰、铜、锌和SO_4~(2-);稻田土壤可通过吸附及自身的缓冲体系使得田面水中铁、锰、铜、锌较低,但在明显较高的污染程度下,又会通过土壤已有组分的溶出,明显增加田面水中锰、铜、锌。(3)AMD污染可降低稻田土壤微生物量、脲酶活性,但对磷酸酶活性的影响不明显;由于AMD引入大量H~+及丰富的铁离子将会促进H_2O_2的分解,进而造成过氧化氢酶活性总体升高的假阳性趋势。     

5种钝化剂对镉砷污染稻田的田间修复效果对比

为选取费效比高的镉砷复合污染稻田土壤修复材料,比较了黏土矿物和调理剂不同投加组合对稻田土壤中镉砷的田间修复效果,并且针对种植水稻进行了修复效果的验证;研究了修复前后稻田土壤镉砷的有效形态变化、镉砷的形态分布变化、土壤理化性质变化、成熟期水稻产量和水稻各部分镉砷的含量。结果表明,修复100 d后,不同修复材料的二乙烯三胺五乙酸提取态Cd浓度与空白对照组相比均有明显下降;各修复材料均能提高土壤中Cd的残余态(RS)和As的有机结合态(OM)。修复材料处理后,土壤pH均有所提升,其他理化性质初期虽有所变化,但最终会恢复到空白对照组的水平附近;除1 kg·m~(-2)的膨润土处理外,其他材料处理后水稻干谷产量均有所提升;农田调理剂处理后水稻的可食用部分Cd含量最低,修复率达到72.0%。水稻的可食用部分As含量无显著差异,籽粒中Cd和As平均含量符合食用标准。调理剂在田间修复镉砷复合污染稻田土壤中有明显优势,黏土矿物仅适用于镉污染农稻田土壤的修复。     

The input-output balance of cadmium in a paddy field of Tokyo

Field monitoring was practiced from 2001 to 2003 to evaluate the input (irrigation, atmospheric deposition, and fertilizer application) and the output (uptake and accumulation into the above-ground biomass of rice plants and leaching) of cadmium (Cd) in a contaminated paddy field in Tokyo. The cadmium concentrations of irrigated water, open-bulk precipitation, soil solution (leaching water), rice plants collected at the harvesting stage and the chemical fertilizer and the cow manure compost applied were determined. The Cd flux of each factor was calculated by multiplying the Cd concentration by the volume or mass of the media. The annual input-output balance of Cd in the paddy field in 2001 and 2002 was estimated to be -5.44 [corrected] g ha(-1) and -2.01 [corrected] g ha(-1), respectively, indicating the loss of Cd from the paddy field, although the losses accounted for only 0.24% [corrected] and 0.089% [corrected] of the total amount of Cd in the ploughed layer soil in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Among the factors involved, the input from fertilizers (including manure compost) and the output due to the uptake by rice plants played a major role in the balance. The former largely depended on the types and amounts of fertilizers applied, and the latter on the water management practices in the paddy field, such as flooding and drainage of the surface water.     

Model Development for Nutrient Loading Estimates from Paddy Rice Fields in Korea

Abstract

A field experiment was performed to evaluate water and nutrient balances in paddy rice culture operations during 2001–2002. The water balance analysis indicated that about half (50–60%) of the total outflow was lost by surface drainage, with the remainder occurring by evapotranspiration (490–530 mm). The surface drainage from paddy fields was mainly caused by rainfall and forced-drainage, and in particular, the runoff during early rice culture periods depends more on the forced-drainage due to fertilization practices. Most of the total phosphorus (T-P) inflow was supplied by fertilization at transplanting, while the total nitrogen (T-N) inflow was supplied by the three fertilizations, precipitation, and from the upper paddy field, which comprised 13–33% of the total inflow. Although most of the nutrient outflow was attributed to plant uptake, nutrient loss by surface drainage was substantial, comprising 20% for T-N and 10% for T-P. Water and nutrient balances indicate that reduction of surface drainage from paddy rice fields is imperative for nonpoint source pollution control. The simplified computer model, PADDIMOD, was developed to simulate water and nutrient (T-N and T-P) behavior in the paddy rice field. The model predicts daily ponded water depth, surface drainage, and nutrient concentrations. It was formulated with a few equations and simplified assumptions, but its application and a model fitness test indicated that the simulation results reasonably matched the observed data. It is a simple and convenient planning model that could be used to evaluate BMPs of paddy rice fields alone or in combination with other complex watershed models. Application of the PADDIMOD to other paddy rice fields with different agricultural environments might require further calibration and validation.     

Model development for nutrient loading estimates from paddy rice fields in Korea

A field experiment was performed to evaluate water and nutrient balances in paddy rice culture operations during 2001-2002. The water balance analysis indicated that about half (50-60%) of the total outflow was lost by surface drainage, with the remainder occurring by evapotranspiration (490-530 mm). The surface drainage from paddy fields was mainly caused by rainfall and forced-drainage, and in particular, the runoff during early rice culture periods depends more on the forced-drainage due to fertilization practices. Most of the total phosphorus (T-P) inflow was supplied by fertilization at transplanting, while the total nitrogen (T-N) inflow was supplied by the three fertilizations, precipitation. and from the upper paddy field, which comprised 13-33% of the total inflow. Although most of the nutrient outflow was attributed to plant uptake. nutrient loss by surface drainage was substantial, comprising 20% for T-N and 10% for T-P. Water and nutrient balances indicate that reduction of surface drainage from paddy rice fields is imperative for nonpoint source pollution control. The simplified computer model, PADDIMOD, was developed to simulate water and nutrient (T-N and T-P) behavior in the paddy rice field. The model predicts daily ponded water depth, surface drainage, and nutrient concentrations. It was formulated with a few equations and simplified assumptions, but its application and a model fitness test indicated that the simulation results reasonably matched the observed data. It is a simple and convenient planning model that could be used to evaluate BMPs of paddy rice fields alone or in combination with other complex watershed models. Application of the PADDIMOD to other paddy rice fields with different agricultural environments might require further calibration and validation.     

Pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen degradation under two irrigation conditions over four years application

A four-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of pluviometric conditions on pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen soil dynamics. Adsorption, dissipation and soil movement were studied in a sandy loam soil from 2003 to 2007. Pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen were applied every year on August at 1.33 and 0.75 kg ha^?1, respectively. Herbicide soil concentrations were determined at 0, 10, 20, 40, 90 and 340 days after application (DAA), under two pluviometric regimens, natural rainfall and irrigated (30 mm every 15 days during the first 90 DAA). More than 74% of the herbicide applied was detected at the top 2.5 cm layer for both herbicides, and none was detected at 10 cm or deeper. Pendimethalin soil half-life ranged from 10.5 to 31.5 days, and was affected mainly by the time interval between application and the first rain event. Pendimethalin soil residues at 90 DAA fluctuated from 2.5 to 13.8% of the initial amount applied, and it decreased to 2.4 and 8.6% at 340 DAA. Oxyfluorfen was more persistent than pendimethalin as indicated by its soil half-life which ranged from 34.3 to 52.3 days, affected primarily by the rain amount at the first rainfall after application. Oxyfluorfen soil residues at 90 DAA ranged from 16.7 to 34.8% and it decreased to 3.3 and 17.9% at 340 DAA. Based on half-life values, herbicide soil residues after one year, and soil depth reached by the herbicides, we conclude that both herbicides should be considered as low risk to contaminate groundwater. However, herbicide concentration at the top 2.5 cm layer should be considered in cases where runoff or soil erosion could occur, because of the potential for surface water contamination.     

上海郊区稻田氮素流失研究

通过测坑和大田小区试验，研究了上海郊区稻田氮素排水流失和渗漏流失的特征、相关因素和流失负荷。结果表明，稻田综合排水TN为6.55mg／L，流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2，以铵态氮为主，稻田氮素的排水流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2。稻田渗漏水氮浓度与前茬作物有关，草莓和蔬菜高，麦茬低，TN为5．73mg／L，渗漏负荷为22．92kg／hm^2，其中硝态氮占50％左右。稻田氮素总流失负荷占稻季化肥用量的13．23％。测坑和大田试验都证明，施用有机肥可较多地减少稻田氮素流失量。     

Mitigation of dimethazone residues in soil and runoff water from agricultural field

Dimethazone, also known as clomazone [2-[(2-chlorophenyl) methyl]- 4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxaolidinone] is a pre-emergent nonionic herbicide commonly used in agriculture. A field study was conducted on a silty-loam soil of 10 % slope to monitor off-site movement and persistence of dimethazone in soil under three management practices. Eighteen plots of 22 x 3.7 m each were separated using stainless steel metal borders and the soil in six plots was mixed with municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and yard waste (YW) compost (MSS+YW) at 15 t acre?1 on dry weight basis, six plots were mixed with MSS at 15 t acre?1, and six unamended plots (NM) were used for comparison purposes. The objectives of this investigation were to: (i) monitor the dissipation and half-life (T?/?) of dimethazone in soil under three management practices; (ii) determine the concentration of dimethazone residues in runoff and infiltration water following natural rainfall events; and (iii) assess the impact of soil amendments on the transport of NO?, NH?, and P into surface and subsurface water. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometery (GC/MS) analyses of soil extracts indicated the presence of ion fragments at m/z 125 and 204 that can be used for identification of dimethazone residues. Intitial deposits of dimethazone varied from 1.3 μg g?1 dry native soil to 3.2 and 11.8 μg g?1 dry soil in MSS and MSS+YW amended soil, respectively. Decline of dimethazone residues in the top 15 cm native soil and soil incorporated with amendments revealed half-life (T?/?) values of 18.8, 25.1, and 43.0 days in MSS+YW, MSS, and NM treatments, respectively. Addition of MSS+YW mix and MSS alone to native soil increased water infiltration, lowering surface runoff water volume and dimethazone residues in runoff following natural rainfall events.     

丙溴磷在稻田环境中的残留动态研究

确立了气相色谱法测定丙溴磷残留量的检测方法.采用该方法,丙溴磷在土壤、植株、糙米、稻壳和田水中的平均添加回收率为87.2％～103.6％,变异系数为3.20％～11.50％,最低检测质量浓度:田水为0.005 mg/kg;土壤、植株、糙米和稻壳为0.050 mg/kg.残留动态研究表明,丙溴磷在田水、植株和土壤中的半衰...     

Characterisation of soil emissions of nitric oxide at field and laboratory scale using high resolution method

Agricultural soils may account for 10% of anthropogenic emissions of NO, a precursor of tropospheric ozone with potential impacts on air quality and global warming. However, the estimation of this biogenic source strength and its relationships to crop management is still challenging because of the spatial and temporal variability of the NO fluxes.Here, we present a combination of new laboratory- and field-scale methods to characterise NO emissions and single out the effects of environmental drivers.First, NO fluxes were continuously monitored over the growing season of a maize-cropped field located near Paris (France), using 6 automatic chambers. Mineral fertilizer nitrogen was applied from May to October 2005. An additional field experiment was carried out in October to test the effects of N fertilizer form on the NO emissions. The automatic chambers were designed to measure simultaneously the NO and N₂O gases. Laboratory measurements were carried out in parallel using soil cores sampled at same site to test the response of NO fluxes to varying soil N–NH₄ and water contents, and temperatures. The effects of soil core thickness were also analysed.The highest NO fluxes occurred during the first 5 weeks following fertilizer application. The cumulative loss of NO–N over the growing season was estimated at 1.5 kg N ha^?1, i.e. 1.1% of the N fertilizer dose (140 kg N ha^?1). All rainfall events induced NO peak fluxes, whose magnitude decreased over time in relation to the decline of soil inorganic N. In October, NO emissions were enhanced with ammonium forms of fertilizer N. Conversely, the application of nitrate-based fertilizers did not significantly increase NO emissions compared to an unfertilized control. The results of the subsequent laboratory experiments were in accordance with the field observations in magnitude and time variations. NO emissions were maximum with a water soil content of 15% (w w^?1), and with a NH₄–N content of 180 mg NH₄–N kg soil^?1. The response of NO fluxes to soil temperature was fitted with two exponential functions, involving a Q₁₀ of 2.0 below 20 °C and a Q₁₀ of 1.4 above. Field and laboratory experiments indicated that most of the NO fluxes originated from the top 10 cm of soil. The characterisation of this layer in terms of mean temperature, NH₄ and water contents is thus paramount to explaining the variations of NO fluxes.     

Methane fluxes from differentially managed grassland study plots: the important role of CH4 oxidation in grassland with a high potential for CH4 production.

Methane oxidation fluxes were monitored with the closed chamber method in eight treatment plots on a semi-wet grassland site near Giessen, Germany. The management regimes differed in the amount of nitrogen (NH4NO3) fertilizer applied and in the height of the in-ground water table. No inhibition of CH4 oxidation occurred, regardless of the amount of annual N fertilizer applied. Instead, the mean CH4 consumption rates were correlated with the mean soil moisture of the plots. However, the correlation between daily soil water content and corresponding CH4 oxidation rate was always weak. During drought period (late summer) water stress was observed to restrict CH4 oxidation rates. The findings led to the question whether methane production with soil depth might modify the CH4 fluxes measured at the surface. Therefore, two new methods were applied: (1) soil air sampling with silicone probes; and (2) anaerobic incubations of soil cores to test for the methane production potential of the grassland soil. The probe measurements revealed that the CH4 sink capacity of a specific site was related to the vertical length of its CH4 oxidizing column, i.e. the depth of the CH4 producing horizon. Anaerobically incubated soil cores produced large amounts of CH4 comparable with tropical rice paddy soil. Under field conditions, heavy autumnal rain in 1998 led to a dramatic increase of soil CH4 concentrations upto 51 microliters l-1 at a depth of 5 cm. Nevertheless, no CH4 was released when soil surface CH4 fluxes were measured simultaneously. The results thus demonstrate the high CH4 oxidation potential of the thin aerobic topsoil horizon in a non-aquatic ecosystem.