列车引发地面振动的现场测试及数值分析

通过现场测试,对提速列车引发的铁路线附近地面振动的时域特性、频域特性、传播规律及其影响因素进行了研究,并利用有限元软件ANSYS建立了大地振动三维有限元模型对提速列车引发的地面振动进行了数值分析.结果表明,列车引发的地面振动属于低频振动,地面对高频振动具有衰减作用;地面振动随距轨道中心线距离的增大呈递减分布,并且与车速和机车牵引类型有关,地面的竖向振动大于横向振动l地面振动随列车速度的提高而增大,随列车轴重的增加而增大.     

苏州轨道交通1号线地面振动测试与分析

为分析苏州轨道交通1号线的开通运行对线路周边的振动环境产生的影响,采用高灵敏度加速度传感器,测试了各种工况下特征断面的地面振动响应。在时域和频域内,比较分析了列车速度、轨道埋深、距离及周边环境对轨道交通引起的地面振动的影响。结果表明,列车通过时传递到地面振动能量主要集中在50~80Hz,在1/3倍频程分析中,63Hz频段的振动最为明显;随着测点距轨道中心线距离的增加,列车通过引起的地面振动逐渐衰减,本次测试中,不同工况的测量断面下,地面振动平均振级均低于《城市区域环境振动标准》(GB 10070—88)规定的限值。     

振动频率与龄期对河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土动力特性影响及机理

利用室内动三轴实验研究了振动频率与龄期对河道淤泥气泡混合轻质土(FMLSS)动力特性的影响。结果表明,振动频率和龄期对FMLSS的动力特性有明显影响。振动频率越小,轴向动应变和阻尼比越大,动模量越小。随着养护龄期的增长,动模量增大而阻尼比减小。动模量曲线在振动频率大、养护龄期长和水泥含量高时更加陡峭。当动应变较小时,不同龄期的FMLSS阻尼比很接近,随着动应变不断发展,阻尼比差异增大。FMLSS的动模量曲线都呈平缓衰减型,阻尼比在0.01~0.03之间,体现出FMLSS是良好的弹性材料。最后,探讨了振动频率和龄期对FMLSS动力特性的影响机理。     

房地产开发地铁振动达标距离研究

已建和待建的多条地铁线路穿过某房地产开发地块,为了防治地铁运行对建筑造成振动环境影响,需要设定建筑靠近地铁的最小达标距离,包括采取减振措施后的距离。通过现场系统实验监测结合数值模型分析,从工程实践的角度提出了上述距离。对于实验中观察到随距离出现振动局部放大以及进口与国产仪器监测结果不同的现象,佐证了有关学者的理论与实验分析,提出:(1)现有地铁环境影响评价报告常用的60m评价范围偏小,推荐可扩大至80~100m;(2)迫切需要新的振动环境标准发布,避免有关项目的环境管理要求偏低。     

纳米线新发现

像琴弦一样，每根纳米线能按某种频率振动。振动的频率因纳米线的质量、长度、结构和松紧程度不同而有所差别，这种差别人们听力无法分辩。美国波士顿大学研究人员成功地利用激光束拨动了4～10mm、φ250nm的纳米线。因纳米线的振动频率可随质量等因素而改变，因此可利用仪器监控和测量。     

pH值、离子强度和重金属离子对腐殖酸紫外谱图的影响

研究pH值、溶液离子强度和金属离子对腐殖酸紫外光谱的影响,分析腐殖酸的结构特征,探讨E3/E4与pH值和溶液离子强度的关系。结果表明,腐殖酸的紫外光谱吸收带,随pH值增大主要发生蓝移。但随溶液离子强度增大,pH值对腐殖酸紫外吸收带的影响逐渐降低直至不影响。随溶液离子强度增大,腐殖酸的紫外光谱吸收带都发生红移、吸收强度增大。且腐殖酸的E3/E4值与溶液离子强度具有显著的正相关性。腐殖酸的紫外光谱中的吸收带,随投加Cu2+或Cd2+浓度增大而发生红移。     

烧结机尾电改袋除尘器脉冲喷吹数值模拟

在电改袋除尘器中,为更好地利用原静电除尘器的内部空间,可采用长袋及脉冲喷吹清灰方式。利用CFX软件对脉冲喷吹系统进行模拟优化,结果表明,通过在喷嘴侧壁开设20 mm小孔,可有效增大喷吹气体流量,且以开设2个或者3个为佳。在喷嘴侧壁开孔数量、喷吹压力、喷吹距离、喷吹孔直径和滤袋长度等因素中,喷吹压力和喷吹孔直径对清灰的影响较大,增大喷吹压力和喷吹孔直径均有利于改善清灰效果,喷嘴侧壁开孔数量对清灰的影响较喷吹压力和喷吹孔直径小,喷吹距离仅对滤袋上部清灰效果有影响,而滤袋长度主要影响滤袋中下部的清灰效果,且影响较小,选择长袋具有可行性。     

石墨电极-低压脉冲电解含油废水影响因素研究

采用石墨电极-低压脉冲电解方法,对含油废水去油影响因素进行了单因子实验研究。结果表明:该方法对浓度为95 mg/L的含油废水中油的去除率超过75%。油去除率随电解时间、电压增加而增大,达到一定值后受油分子扩散浓度影响而增加缓慢;适宜占空比、脉冲频率即可发挥脉冲作用,消除钝化效果,又可增强电解效果;体系pH值对电解影响较大,酸性和中性电解效果好于碱性条件;适当调整电极直径、电极间距可改善电解效果。     

隔振沟对强夯振动衰减的影响研究

研究了某海堤公路采用夯击法加固公路路基对海堤的振动影响。探讨了不同距离、不同夯击能量、有无隔振沟、不同隔振沟深度情况下夯击振动对海堤坝体的影响和传播规律。结果表明,隔振沟对于表面波的振动加速度有较大的衰减作用,而对于垂直方向的振动衰减不大,复打振动影响较大,隔振沟的深度对隔振效果有明显影响。最后,给出了不同夯击能量下的距离-振幅经验公式。     

基于环境规制中国对“一带一路”火电投资实证分析

以火电行业为例,通过2010—2016年"一带一路"沿线64国的面板数据回归及灰色关联度分析,探究基于环境规制条件下,各因素对中国火电对外投资的拉动差异,判别不同国别对中国火电投资主要吸引力。分析结果表明:中国火电对外投资的影响因素具有多样性,环境规制因素具有重要但非决定性作用;"一带一路"沿线国家对火电投资的吸纳能力存在差异,可划分为8大类型驱动因素(环境规制强度、经济开放程度、劳动力数量、基础设施完善程度、资源能源禀赋、政治环境、经济发展差异、地理距离)。最后,根据分析结果提出了相应的对策建议。     

铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3^--N的条件研究

采用了铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3^--N,探讨了实验条件对修复效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值近中性条件（初始pH 6.42）下,反应时间为1 h时NO3^--N修复率达到60.85%;Fe/C=1∶1时介质最佳用量分别为45 g;Fe/C=1/1.5时修复率为72.80%;反应速率在高振荡强度下大于低振荡强度;氧化铜的催化效果最好,可使修复率提高7.5个百分点。铁炭复配介质修复地下水中NO3^--N是有效可行的,修复率随反应时间的增加而提高,在Fe/C=1∶1时修复率与介质用量呈正相关,无限减小Fe/C比并不能无限提高修复率,振荡强度对修复具有显著影响,低振荡强度下的修复过程较高强度存在滞后现象,并非所有金属氧化物催化剂对铁炭修复NO3--N均有促进作用。     

地铁轨道结构减振效果的实测分析

通过现场实测,研究地铁运行时不同轨道结构的振动特性及减振效果.通过频域分析得到地铁轨道结构的振动情况.结果表明,地铁诱发的振动的垂向加速度总振级比横向加速度总振级大很多,不同的轨道结构从道床到隧道壁的振动衰减有很大不同,因此评价轨道结构的减振效果应主要以隧道壁的垂向振动为主；浮置板轨道的固有频率约为10 Hz,属于低频...     

铁炭复配修复地下水中NO_3~--N的条件研究

采用了铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3--N,探讨了实验条件对修复效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值近中性条件(初始pH 6.42)下,反应时间为1 h时NO3--N修复率达到60.85%;Fe/C=1∶1时介质最佳用量分别为4~5 g;Fe/C=1/1.5时修复率为72.80%;反应速率在高振荡强度下大于低振荡强度;氧化铜的催化效果最好,可使修复率提高7.5个百分点。铁炭复配介质修复地下水中NO3--N是有效可行的,修复率随反应时间的增加而提高,在Fe/C=1∶1时修复率与介质用量呈正相关,无限减小Fe/C比并不能无限提高修复率,振荡强度对修复具有显著影响,低振荡强度下的修复过程较高强度存在滞后现象,并非所有金属氧化物催化剂对铁炭修复NO3--N均有促进作用。     

高邮市城区污染强度与北澄子河环境容量的相关性

根据2004年度高邮市主要纳污河流北澄子河流经城区后，污染物增加量、城区段河流的自净量及河流剩余环境容量，计算出城区段河流的总环境容量，再通过各年度河流流经城区后污染物增加量及自净量，计算出各年度城区段河流的剩余环境容量，分析城区污染强度与北澄子河环境容量的相关性，得到线性公式，从而可以根据城区污染强度推算环境容量的变化，或根据环境容量的变化推算城区污染强度。     

基层环境执法存在的问题及对策浅析

阐述了环境执法中存在的问题，指出了真正造就一支“来之能战，战之能胜”的高效、廉洁、文明的环境执法队伍，必须加快立法步伐，加大环境法制宣传教育力度，提高环境法制意识，进行行政管理体制创新，改革机构，打破地方政府“供养制”，加强环保执法队伍的建设。     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of the adsorption of pesticide endosulfan on gold nanoparticles

The absorption of pesticide endosulfan on the surface of gold nanoparticles results from the formation of micrometric structures (1–10 μm) with irregular shape because of the aggregation of individual particles. Such aggregation of gold nanoparticles after absorption of pesticide shows a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum, whose intensity depends on the concentration of endosulfan. In addition, the discoloration of the colloidal solution and a diminishing of the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance absorption from individual particles were observed by UV-visible spectroscopy. At the same time, a second band between 638 and 700 nm confirms the formation of aggregates of gold nanoparticles as the concentration of endosulfan increases. Finally, we used the SERS intensity of the S?O stretching vibration at 1239 cm^?1 from the SO₃ group as a measure of concentration of pesticide endosulfan. This method could be used to estimate the level of pollution in water by endosulfan in a simple and practical form.     

Source strength of fungal spore aerosolization from moldy building material

The release of Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium melinii spores from agar and ceiling tile surfaces was tested under different controlled environmental conditions using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. This study revealed that all the investigated parameters, such as fungal species, air velocity above the surface, texture of the surface, and vibration of contaminated material, affected the fungal spore release. It was found that typical indoor air currents can release up to 200 spores cm⁻² from surfaces with fungal spores during 30-min experiments. The release of fungal spores from smooth agar surfaces was found to be inadequate for accurately predicting the emission from rough ceiling tile surfaces because the air turbulence increases the spore release from a rough surface. A vibration at a frequency of 1 Hz at a power level of 14 W resulted in a significant increase in the spore release rate. The release appears to depend on the morphology of the fungal colonies grown on ceiling tile surfaces including the thickness of conidiophores, the length of spore chains, and the shape of spores. The spores were found to be released continuously during each 30-min experiment. However, the release rate was usually highest during the first few minutes of exposure to air currents and mechanical vibration. About 71–88% of the spores released during a 30-min interval became airborne during the first 10 min.     

环境监测在环境影响评价中的作用分析

在新时期，环境保护工作的发展面临着新的机遇和挑战。环境监测贯穿于整个环境影响评价体系之中，即环境影响评价中的评价初期、建设期、运行期以及后评价期，均需环境监测数据来支撑，因此，环境监测是环境影响评价的技术基础，同时还具有较强的监督功能。     

Conjoint analysis for environmental evaluation

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Conjoint analysis and the related choice-modelling methods have been used for many years in marketing research to evaluate consumer behaviour and preferences for different kinds of product attributes. Recently, the number of applications in environmental science and management has started to grow. Conjoint analysis is found in many different forms, and the environmental studies evaluated in this review display the same range of methods as in other fields. The key characteristic of all these methods is that trade-offs are evaluated by jointly considering a number of important attributes. MAIN FEATURES: This paper is a review of the literature on environmental applications of conjoint analysis and assesses in which environmental area conjoint analysis has been most successful. The method and the design of the studies are reviewed as well. RESULTS: A total of 84 studies were found, dealing with environmental issues that were evaluated by conjoint analysis. The studies concern agriculture, ecosystem management, energy, environmental evaluation, forestry, land management, pollution, products, recreation, environmental risk analysis and waste management. DISCUSSION: Choice experiments seem to have a comparatively stronger position in environmental studies than elsewhere. Most of the environmental applications are related to natural resource management. This is somewhat surprising, but a number of reports have appeared also on product evaluation, which could be a key application area in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to marketing and transportation, the number of environmental conjoint studies is rather small but increasing, and the method has proven to work effectively in eliciting preferences on environmental issues. In environmental issues, experimenters often use choice experiments, especially concerning ecosystem management and environmental evaluations. When it comes to evaluating preferences concerning agriculture, forestry, energy and products, a more traditional approach of conjoint analysis is favoured. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Two new areas of application are identified in this review--environmental communication and expert elicitation. Conjoint analysis can thus be developed into a useful instrument for environmental risk analysis and communication, both of which are necessary for an efficient approach to risk governance.     

浙江省地方环境标准制定思考

地方环境标准是对国家环境标准的补充和完善。为加大污染控制力度,适应新形势下环境管理和执法要求,有效改善和保护环境质量,针对浙江省主要环境问题和现行国家环境标准的不足,结合产业发展方向和环境保护目标,制定浙江省地方环境标准十分必要。主要从浓度控制与排放总量控制相结合、敏感或特殊有毒有害污染物控制、行业污染控制和相关环境质量等方面提出了地方环境标准的制定思路。