Combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on Cd and Zn accumulation dynamics in Triticum aestivum L.

A simulated climate warming experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO_2 concentration on the bioaccumulation,translocation and subcellular distributions of Cd and Zn in wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.) at Dingxi,Gansu Province,China.The objective was to find evidence that global climate change is affecting the bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in T.aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.The results showed that compared to control A,elevated temperature and CO_2 increased Cd bioaccumulation in the shoots by 1.4–2.5 times,and increased that in the roots by 1.2–1.5times,but decreased Zn levels in wheat shoots by 1.4–2.0 times,while decreased that in the roots by 1.6–1.9 times.Moreover,temperature and CO_2 concentration increase also led to increased Cd concentration,and decreased Zn concentration in subcellular compartments of wheat seedlings.The largest Cd concentration increase(174.4%) was observed in the cell wall and debris fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the highest CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC3).The largest Zn concentration decrease(53.1%) was observed in the soluble(F3) fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the medium CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC2).The temperature and CO_2 increase had no significant effect on the proportional distribution of Cd and Zn in the subcellular fractions.The root-to-shoot translocation of Cd increased with the increasing temperature and CO_2 concentration.However,the Zn distributions only fluctuated within a small range.     

大气中CO2体积分数升高对污染土壤中Cu、Cd形态分布及其生物活性的影响

采用OTC-1型开顶式培养箱,模拟研究了CO2体积分数升高对2种小麦的生长以及根际、非根际中Cu和Cd形态分布的影响.结果表明,CO2体积分数的升高显著提高了小麦地上部和地下部生物量,降低了小麦根际和非根际的pH值.临麦2号和宁麦8号小麦地上部干重分别增加了36.9%和25.2%,地下部干重则分别增加了55.1%和59.7%.此外,CO2体积分数升高对不同重金属形态分布的影响随小麦品种和重金属种类的不同而异.在高CO2体积分数条件下,可交换态(F1)Cu和Cd含量显著提高,其中临麦2号根际土壤可交换态Cu和Cd含量分别较对照增加10.6%和29.6%,宁麦8号根际土壤可交换态Cu和Cd分别较对照增加11.0%和20.3%;碳酸盐结合态(F2)Cu和Cd均有所降低,其中宁麦8号和临麦2号根际Cu降低均达极显著(分别降低73.6%和50.0%);铁锰氧化物结合态(F3),有机结合态(F4)和残渣态(F5)Cu和Cd在CO2体积分数升高情况下变化较小.同时CO2体积分数升高还显著增加了2种小麦地上部和地下部铜累积量,增加了临麦2号地上部和地下部镉累积量和宁麦8号地上部镉累积量,但对宁麦8号地下部镉累积量无显著影响.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice–wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments: ambient conditions (CKs), CO₂ concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol (FACE), temperature elevated by ca. 2°C (T) and combined elevation of CO₂ concentration and temperature (FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season (p < 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m²·hr) in the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem (p < 0.05).     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

CO2 capture performance of bi-functional activated bleaching earth modified with basic-alcoholic solution and functionalization with monoethanolamine: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics

CO_2 capture performance of bifunctional activated bleaching earth(ABE) was investigated at atmospheric pressure. The sorbents were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), Caron-Hydrogen-Nitrogen analysis(CHN), Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA). The CO_2 capacity was enhanced via basic-modification and monoethanolamine(MEA) loading of the ABE sorbent to obtain a bifunctional surface property. Here, basic-modified calcined ABE with a 30 wt.%MEA loading(SAB-30) showed the highest CO_2 capture capacity, but this was decreased with excess MEA loading( 30 wt.%). At a 10%(V/V) initial CO_2 concentration feed, the maximum capacity of SAB-30 increased from 2.71 mmol/g at 30℃(without adding moisture to the feed) to 3.3 mmol/g at 50℃ when adding 10%(V/V) moisture to the feed. Increasing the moisture concentration further reduced the maximum CO_2 capacity due to the blocking effect of the excess moisture on the sorbent surface. However, SAB-30 could completely capture CO_2 even in a 100%(V/V) initial CO_2 concentration feed. A maximum CO_2 capacity of5.7 mmol/g for SAB-30 was achieved at 30℃. Varying the ratio of sorbent weight to total flow rate of the gas stream had no discernible effect on the equilibrium CO_2 capture capacity. Avrami's equation and Toth's isotherm model provided a good fitting for the data and suggested the presence of more than one reaction pathway in the CO_2 capture process and the heterogeneous adsorption surface of SAB-30. Thermodynamics studies revealed that CO_2 capture on the bifunctional SAB-30 is feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

Ozone concentrations, flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China

Ozone (O₃) concentration and flux (F_o) were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O₃-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O₃ exposure-response models. The results showed that: (1) During the growing season (7 March to 7 June, 2012), the minimum (16.1 ppbV) and maximum (53.3 ppbV) mean O₃ concentrations occurred at approximately 6:30 and 16:00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O₃ concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppbV, respectively. The variation of O₃ concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature. (2) The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity (V_d) can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon (12:00). Averaged V_d during daytime (6:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–6:00) were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V_d was about 1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V_d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity. (3) The maximum mean F_o appeared at 14:00, and the maximum measured F_o was − 33.5 nmol/(m²·sec). Averaged F_o during daytime and nighttime were − 6.9 and − 1.5 nmol/(m²·sec), respectively. (4) Using O₃ exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O₃-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average (5.5%–23.3%). Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions.     

Impact of elevated O3 and CO2 exposure on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje) tuber macronutrients (N,P, K,Mg, Ca)

It was investigated whether exposure of elevated ozone (O₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations affected the macronutrient (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) concentrations in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers in three open-top chamber experiments from Sweden and Finland. The tuber concentrations of N, P, K and Mg correlated positively with O₃ exposure (although not significantly in the case of N and P) but the O₃ exposure had no effect on the tuber concentration of Ca. A likely mechanism behind the observed O₃ effects was suggested to be that the more progressed senescence of O₃ exposed plants was associated with a larger extent of reallocation of mobile nutrients from the haulm to the tubers. In addition, the uptake of macronutrients may have been less negatively affected by O₃ exposure than the assimilation of carbon. O₃ tended to reduce the total tuber contents of all investigated nutrients, which imply a reduced fertilizer need per unit field area. This was not associated with a decreased fertilizer need per tonnage of yield, as the tuber nutrient concentrations were increased by O₃ exposure. The increased CO₂ concentration did not significantly affect any of the investigated macronutrients in the present dataset but did generally prevent the O₃ induced increases in nutrient concentrations to be expressed (only significant in the case of N and Mg). The O₃ induced increase in tuber K concentration, may mediate earlier observed O₃ effects on potato tuber concentrations of citric and malic acids. To conclude, anticipated future (and even presently occurring) O₃ exposure has a negative impact on the total tuber contents of K and Ca and probably also on the total tuber contents of N, P and Mg. O₃ exposure causes increased tuber concentrations of N, P, K and Mg at an early harvest. The O₃ induced increase in tuber concentration tended to diminish by a CO₂ elevation.     

Yield formation of CO2-enriched inter-subspecific hybrid rice cultivar Liangyoupeijiu under fully open-air field condition in a warm sub-tropical climate

Hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars play an important role in rice production due to its heterosis, resistance to environmental stress and high yield potential. However, no attention has been given to its yield responses to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]). To address this need, we conducted a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) experiment at Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, in 2004–2006. A two-line inter-subspecific hybrid rice variety Liangyoupeijiu, recently bred in China, was grown at ambient or elevated (c. 570 μmol mol^?1) [CO₂] under two levels of nitrogen (N) application (12.5 and 25 g N m^?2). Elevated [CO₂] slightly accelerated phenological development (1–2 days), and substantially enhanced grain yield (+30%). The magnitude of yield response to [CO₂] was independent of N fertilization, but greatly varied among years. On average, elevated [CO₂] increased panicle number per unit land area by 8%, due to an increase in maximum tiller number under FACE, while productive tiller ratio remained unaffected. Spikelet number per panicle showed an average increase of 10% due to elevated [CO₂], which was also supported by increased plant height and dry weight per stem. Meanwhile, Elevated [CO₂] caused a significant enhancement in both filled spikelet percentage (+5%) and individual grain mass (+4%). Compared with previous rice FACE studies, this hybrid cultivar appears to profit much more from elevated [CO₂] than inbred japonica cultivars (c. +13%), not only due to its stronger sink generation, but also enhanced capacity to utilize the carbon sources in a high [CO₂] environment. As sufficient intraspecific variation in yield response exists under field conditions, there is a pressing need to identify genotypes which would produce maximum grain yield under projected future [CO₂] levels.     

CO2倍增条件下不同生育期水稻碳氮磷含量及其计量比特征

生态化学计量比的变化特征在一定程度上可反映植物对环境条件变化适应的本质.本研究利用CO_2连续标记系统模拟大气CO_2体积分数升高(800×10-6)条件,探讨水稻各器官C、N、P含量及其计量比变化的特征.结果表明,CO_2倍增促进水稻各器官生长,并增加了根冠比.在植株生长过程中CO_2倍增可一定程度上降低不同生育期内秸秆全氮(TN)含量,同时使得水稻根系、秸秆和籽粒的C/N比值增大,降低N和提高P的利用效率.多重比较和韦恩图分析表明CO_2体积分数仅对水稻秸秆TN有着显著影响,对水稻养分含量及其计量比特征的变异解释率均为-1. 0%,即几乎不受CO_2倍增影响.在大气CO_2体积分数升高条件下,水稻各器官C、N、P含量及其计量比具有良好的计量学内稳性特征,同时在不同生育期内其计量比变化特征与"生长速率理论"相符.在农田管理措施中,可适当施加氮肥来缓解CO_2体积分数升高带来的养分平衡压力.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on dynamics of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing strains during Microcystis blooms

In an attempt to elucidate the effects of different CO₂ concentrations (270, 380, and 750 μL/L) on the competition of microcystin-producing (MC-producing) and non-MC-producing Microcystis strains during dense cyanobacteria blooms, an in situ simulation experimentwas conducted in the Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in the summer of 2012. The abundance of total Microcystis and MC-producing Microcystis genotypes was quantified based on the 16S rDNA and mcyD gene using real-time PCR. The results showed that atmospheric CO₂ elevation would significantly decrease the pH value and increase the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration. Changes in CO₂ concentration did not show significant influence on the abundance of total Microcystis population. However, CO₂ concentrations may be an important factor in determining the subpopulation structure of Microcystis. The enhancement of CO₂ concentrations could largely increase the competitive ability of non-MC-producing over MC-producing Microcystis, resulting in a higher proportion of non-MC-producing subpopulation in treatments using high CO₂ concentrations. Concurrently, MC concentration in water declined when CO₂ concentrations were elevated. Therefore, we concluded that the increase of CO₂ concentrations might decrease potential health risks of MC for human and animals in the future.     

Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets

We have found that giant hornets (Vespa mandarinia japonica) are killed in less than 10 min when they are trapped in a bee ball created by the Japanese honeybees Apis cerana japonica, but their death cannot be solely accounted for by the elevated temperature in the bee ball. In controlled experiments, hornets can survive for 10 min at the temperature up to 47°C, whereas the temperature inside the bee balls does not rise higher than 45.9°C. We have found here that the CO₂ concentration inside the bee ball also reaches a maximum (3.6 ± 0.2%) in the initial 0–5 min phase after bee ball formation. The lethal temperature of the hornet (45–46°C) under conditions of CO₂ concentration (3.7 ± 0.44%) produced using human expiratory air is almost the same as that in the bee ball. The lethal temperature of the honeybee is 50–51°C under the same air conditions. We concluded that CO₂ produced inside the bee ball by honeybees is a major factor together with the temperature involved in defense against giant hornets.     

Thermal behaviors, combustion mechanisms, evolved gasses, and ash analysis of spent potlining for a hazardous waste management

An unavoidable but reusable waste so as to enhance a more circular waste utilization has been spent potlining (SPL) generated by the aluminum industry. The combustion mechanisms, evolved gasses, and ash properties of SPL were characterized dynamically in response to the elevated temperature and heating rates. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results indicated an exothermic reaction behavior probably able to meet the energy needs of various industrial applications. The reaction mechanisms for the SPL combustion were best described using the 1.5-, 3- and 2.5-order reaction models. Fluoride volatilization rate of the flue gas was estimated at 2.24%. The SPL combustion emitted CO₂, HNCO, NO, and NO₂ but SO_x. The joint optimization of remaining mass, derivative thermogravimetry, and derivative DSC was achieved with the optimal temperature and heating rate combination of 783.5°C, and 5 °C/min, respectively. Interaction between temperature and heating rate exerted the strongest and weakest impact on DSC and remaining mass, respectively. The fluorine mainly as the formation of substantial NaF and CaF₂ in the residual ash. Besides, the composition and effect of environment of residual solid were evaluated. The ash slagging tendency and its mineral deposition mechanisms were elucidated in terms of turning SPL waste into a benign input to a circular waste utilization.     

Eutectic mixture promoted CO2 sorption on MgO-TiO2 composite at elevated temperature

The development of carbon dioxide(CO_2) sorbents that can operate at elevated temperatures is significant for the advancement of pre-combustion capture technologies.Recently, promoter-based systems composed of alkali/alkaline earth metal nitrates and/or carbonates have been considered as next-generation solid sorbents due to their improved CO_2 uptake and kinetics. However, obtaining stable MgO sorbents against temperature swing regeneration still remained challenging. Herein, we report MgO-TiO_2 solid sorbents promoted by eutectic mixture(KNO_3 and LiNO_3) for elevated temperature CO_2 sorption. The developed sorbents show improved CO_2 sorption capacity, which may be attributed to the alternative CO_2 sorption pathway provided by the ionization of highly dispersed MgO in the eutectic mixture. The MgO-TiO_2 framework was also shown to assist in retaining the MgO configuration by constraining its interaction with CO_2. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that constructing composite structures is essential to improve the CO_2 sorption characteristics,mainly recyclability, at elevated temperatures. The developed promoter integrated sorbents showed exceptionally high CO_2 sorption capacity of 30 wt.% at an elevated temperature(300°C) with pronounced stability under temperature swing operation.     

Lodging in rice can be alleviated by atmospheric CO2 enrichment

The projected increase of atmospheric CO₂ concentration [CO₂] is expected to increase yield of agricultural C₃ crops, but little is known about effects of [CO₂] on lodging that can reduce yield. This study examined the interaction between [CO₂] and nitrogen (N) fertilization on the lodging of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) systems installed in paddy fields at Shizukuishi, Iwate, Japan (39°38′N, 140°57′E). Rice plants were grown under two levels of [CO₂] (ambient = 365 μmol mol⁻¹; elevated [CO₂] = 548 μmol mol⁻¹) and three N fertilization regimes: a single initial basal application of controlled-release urea (8 g N m⁻², CRN), split fertilization with a standard amount of ammonium sulfate (9 g N m⁻², MN), and ample N (15 g N m⁻², HN). Lodging score (six ranks at 18° intervals, with larger scores indicating greater bending), yield, and yield components were measured at maturity. The lodging score was significantly higher under HN than under CRN and MN, but lodging was alleviated by elevated [CO₂] under HN. This alleviation was associated with the shortened and thickened lower internodes, but was not associated with a change in the plant's mass moment around the culm base. A positively significant correlation between lodging score and ripening percentage indicated that ripening percentage decreased by 4.5% per one-unit increase in lodging score. These findings will be useful to develop functional algorithm that can be incorporated into mechanistic crop models to predict rice production more accurately in a changing climate and with different cultural practices.     

瓦里关大气二氧化碳和甲烷时间变化特征

于2009~2010对瓦里关山大气二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)进行了连续观测.结果表明,瓦里关山夏季频繁受到区域排放的影响,大约17%的CO2浓度标识为污染浓度.2009~2010年CO2平均浓度390.72×10-6,较1995~2008年高17.4×10-6;2009~2010年CH4中位浓度为1851.11×10-9,较2002~2006年高16×10-9,意味着区域内CO2和CH4的排放仍在不断增加.利用遗传算法改进的神经网络模型插补数据获得了完整的空气温度、风速、CO2和CH4浓度时间序列,并对时间序列展开了傅立叶分析.在天时间尺度,由于太阳活动的逐日变化,气象因子、CO2和CH4功率谱在24 h和12 h有着非常明显的谱峰.在月时间尺度,CO2浓度在30 d的周期内有明显的谱隙,意味着气象和物候因素在这个时间尺度上对CO2浓度的影响并不明显.     

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.     

Trace gas emissions from tropical biomass fires: Yucatan Peninsula,Mexico

Mixing ratios for carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H₂), methane (CH₄) and total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC) were determined from the smoke plumes of two small (∼0.25 ha) prescribed biomass fires conducted on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. In the region of these fires the combination of climate and shallow soils produces a scrubby and stunted forest with species composition similar to the Brazilian rain forest, but at a noticeably reduced size. Aircraft collections of smoke from these fires were analysed and used to determine CO₂-normalized emission ratios (ΔX/ΔCO₂; v/v; where Δ = in-plume specie concentration less background concentration) for CO, H₂, CH₄ and TNMHC produced and released into the atmosphere from these fires. Suprisingly, high mean emission ratios for TNMHCs (∼1.7% of CO₂ release) and H₂ (∼2.5% of CO₂) were determined. Emission ratios for CO (∼7%) and CH₄ (∼0.7%), however, were found to fall within expected bounds.     

模拟大气 CO2水平升高对春季太湖浮游植物生理特性的影响

基于2012年春季在太湖梅梁湾进行为期27 d的不同CO2水平(大气CO2体积分数([CO2,g])梯度为270×10-6、380×10-6、750×10-6)的野外培养实验,揭示了大气CO2水平升高对太湖浮游植物的碳源选择、生长速率、光合作用、净初级生产力和细胞化学元素组成等生理过程的影响,结果表明,大气CO2浓度的升高首先会显著改变太湖水体的pH值和碳化学环境,减弱浮游植物碳浓缩机制(CCM)的必要性.大气CO2浓度加倍后,浮游植物的最大生长速率(Umax)、净初级生产力(NPP)、单位叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量的NPP会分别增加63.1%、69.6%、33.8%.大气CO2浓度的升高会促进太湖绿藻和硅藻的最大光合作用效率并且其对硅藻的促进作用比绿藻更显著,但并没有改变春季蓝藻光合作用活性极低的现状.大气CO2浓度的升高在提高浮游植物细胞中C、N含量的同时,却减少了P的吸收.本研究结果将为预测和揭示太湖浮游植物对未来气候变化的响应提供理论基础.     

Contrasting responses of seed yield to elevated carbon dioxide under field conditions within Phaseolus vulgaris

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide [CO₂] in the atmosphere represents an increase in a growth-limiting resource for C₃ crop species. Identification of lines or characteristics of lines which have superior yield at elevated [CO₂] could aid in adaptation to this global change. While intraspecific variation in responses to elevated [CO₂] has been found in several species, intraspecific differences in crop yield responses to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions have seldom been documented. In this 4-year study, the responses of photosynthesis, growth, pod number, seed number and size, and seed yield to the elevation of [CO₂] to 180 μmol mol⁻¹ above the current ambient concentration were examined in four varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris in the field, using open-top chambers. There was a significant variety by [CO₂] interaction for seed yield, with seed yield at elevated [CO₂] ranging from 0.89 to 1.39 times that at ambient [CO₂] (mean 1.17×) in the different varieties, when averaged over 4 years. The highest yielding variety at elevated [CO₂] was not the highest yielding variety at ambient [CO₂]. The varieties with the largest and smallest yield responses both had an indeterminate growth habit. Down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated [CO₂] only occurred in the two indeterminate varieties, and there was no significant correlation between the response of single leaf photosynthetic rate and the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] among varieties, nor between the responses of stem mass and seed yield. The change in the number of pods at elevated [CO₂] was the primary determinant of the response of seed yield. These results indicate that significant variation in the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions does exist among varieties of P. vulgaris, and that variation in the response of pod and seed number may be more important than variation in photosynthetic response.