Removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions using iron-oxide-coated modified activated carbon.

Removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions was evaluated with the following three different sorption materials: coal-based activated carbon 12 x 40 (activated carbon), iron(II) oxide (FeO)/activated carbon-H, and iron oxide. The apparent characteristics and physical chemistry performances of these adsorbents were investigated by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, and scanning electronic microscope. Also, batch experiments for arsenic removal were performed, and the effects of pH value on arsenic(V) removal were studied. The results suggest that the main phases of the iron oxide surface are magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and goethite; fine and uniform iron oxide particles can cover activated carbon surfaces and affect the surface area or pore structures of activated carbon; adsorption kinetics obey a pseudo-first-order rate equation; and adsorption capacities of adsorbents are affected by the values of pH. The optimum value of pH for iron oxide lies in a narrow range between 4.0 and 5.5, and arsenic(V) removal by FeO/activated carbon-H is ideal and stable in the pH range 3 to 7, while activated carbon has the lowest adsorption capacity in the entire pH range. Also, the adsorption characteristics of FeO/activated carbon-H composites and virgin activated carbon match well the Langmuir adsorption model, while those of iron oxide fit well the Freundlich adsorption model.     

Kinetic, equilibrium isotherm and thermodynamic studies of Cr(VI) adsorption onto low-cost adsorbent developed from peanut shell activated with phosphoric acid

A particular agricultural waste, peanut shell, has been used as precursor for activated carbon production by chemical activation with H₃PO₄. Unoxidized activated carbon was prepared in nitrogen atmosphere which was then heated in air at a desired temperature to get oxidized activated carbon. The prepared carbons were characterized for surface area, surface morphology, and pore volume and utilized for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, particle size, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of adsorbate, and temperature on the adsorption of Cr(VI). Cr(VI) adsorption was significantly dependent on solution pH, and the optimum adsorption was observed at pH 2. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyze the kinetic data obtained at different initial Cr(VI) concentrations. The adsorption kinetic data were described very well by the pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium isotherm data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The results showed that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted the data better in the temperature range studied. The adsorption capacity which was found to increase with temperature showed the endothermic nature of Cr(VI) adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibb’s Free energy change (ΔG°), standard enthalpy change (ΔH°), and standard entropy change (ΔS°) were evaluated.     

活性炭吸附处理电镀废水中的EDTA

采用颗粒活性炭对模拟废水中EDTA进行批式吸附实验，在实验中考察了恒温振荡器的振荡速度、温度、pH值等因素对吸附的影响，同时探讨了吸附等温线模型和吸附动力学模型。实验结果表明，在25％时活性炭对EDTA的吸附平衡时间为40h。在pH值为5．0、温度为25℃、振荡器振荡速度为200r／min、活性炭粒径为1～2mm、活性炭加入量为10g／L的情况下，EDTA的浓度在48h内由368．8mg／L降低至76．34mg／L，对应的COD值从305．9mg／L降低为67．21mg／L，去除率达到了79．3％。活性炭对EDTA的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型，其吸附行为可以用准二级吸附动力学模型来描述。     

Adsorption characteristics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solution on powdered activated carbon

The removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), one of the most commonly used phenoxy acid herbicides, from aqueous solution was studied by using acid-washed powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an adsorbent in a batch system. Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics were investigated as a function of initial pH, temperature, and initial 2,4-D concentration. Powdered activated carbon exhibited the highest 2,4-D uptake capacity of 333.3 mg g(-1) at 25 degrees C and an initial pH value of 2.0. Freundlich, Langmuir, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models were used to express the equilibrium data of 2,4-D depending on temperature. Equilibrium data fitted very well to the Freundlich equilibrium model in the studied concentration range of 2,4-D at all the temperatures studied. Three simplified models including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and saturation-type kinetic models were used to test the adsorption kinetics. It was shown that the adsorption of 2,4-D on PAC at 25, 35, and 45 degrees C could be best fitted by the saturation-type kinetic model with film and intraparticle diffusions being the essential rate-controlling steps. The activation energy of adsorption (EA) was determined as--1.69 kJ mole(-1). Using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients obtained at different temperatures, the thermodynamic constants of adsorption (deltaG degrees, deltaH degrees, and deltaS degrees) were also evaluated.     

Prediction of the adsorption capacity for volatile organic compounds onto activated carbons by the Dubinin-Radushkevich-Langmuir model

Prediction of the adsorption capacity for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto activated carbons is elucidated in this study. The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) equation was first used to predict the adsorption capacity of nine aromatic and chlorinated VOCs onto two different activated carbons. The two key parameters of the D-R equation were estimated simply from the properties of the VOCs using quantitative structure-activity relationship and from the pore size distribution of the adsorbent. The approach based on the D-R equation predicted well the adsorption capacity at high relative pressures. However, at the relative pressures lower than -1.5 x 10(-3), the D-R approach may significantly overestimate adsorption capacity. To extrapolate the approach to lower relative pressures, the integration of the D-R equation and the Langmuir isotherm, called the D-R-L model, was proposed to predict adsorption capacity over a wide range of relative pressures of VOCs. In this model, the Langmuir isotherm parameters were extracted from the predicted D-R isotherm at high relative pressures. Therefore, no experimental effort was needed to obtain the parameters of the D-R-L model. The model successfully predicted the adsorption capacity of aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons tested onto BPL and Sorbonorit B carbons over relative pressures ranging from 7.4 x 10(-5) to 0.03, suggesting that the model is applicable at the low relative pressures of VOCs often observed in many environmental systems. In addition, the molecular size of organic compounds may be an important factor affecting the adsorption capacity of activated carbons. For BPL carbon, an ultramicroporous adsorbent, the limiting pore volume Wo of the D-R equation decreased when the kinetic diameter of the adsorbate was larger than 6 angstroms. However, for Sorbonorit B carbon, no reduction of Wo was found, suggesting that the Wo may be related to the pore size distribution of the adsorbents, as well as to their molecular size. This size exclusion effect may play an important role in predicting the adsorption capacity of VOCs onto microporous adsorbents in the D-R-L model and in the corresponding D-R equation.     

麻质活性炭的制备及其对Cu2＋的吸附研究

以废麻为原料,KOH为活化剂制备粉状活性炭,通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附性能,探讨了溶液起始pH值、活性炭投加量、吸附时间、起始Cu2＋质量浓度等对Cu2＋吸附效果的影响。结果表明,溶液pH和活性炭投加量对吸附效果有较大影响,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附率在60 min内超过50%,初始浓度在10~50 mg/L时,活性炭对Cu2＋的吸附量与起始浓度近似成正比。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Frenudlich模型。采用傅立叶红外光谱法（FT-IR）分析了活性炭的表面官能团,分析表明活性炭表面酸性官能团可能是吸附Cu2＋的活性中心。     

Inhibition of rainbow trout acetylcholinesterase by aqueous and suspended particle-associated organophosphorous insecticides

Cadmium (Cd) adsorption on 14 non-calcareous New Jersey soils was investigated with a batch method. Both adsorption edge and isotherm experiments were conducted covering a wide range of soil composition, e.g. soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration ranging from 0.18% to 7.15%, and varying Cd concentrations and solution pH. The SOC and solution pH were the most important parameters controlling Cd partition equilibrium between soils and solutions in our experimental conditions. The Windermere humic aqueous model (WHAM) was used to calculate Cd adsorption on soils. The effect of solution chemistry (various pH and Cd concentrations) on Cd adsorption can be well accounted for by WHAM. For different soil compositions, SOC concentration is the most important parameter for Cd binding. Only a fraction of SOC, the so-called active organic carbon (AOC), is responsible for Cd binding. We found a linear relationship between SOC and AOC based on the adsorption edge data. The linear relationship was validated by the independent data sets: adsorption isotherm data, which presumably can be used to predict Cd partition equilibrium across a wide range of soil compositions. The modeling approach presented in this study helps to quantitatively predict Cd behavior in the environment.     

煤气发生炉炉渣改性和吸附性能

以工业中生产煤气时产生的煤气炉炉渣为原料,采用手工分选法将炉渣中的炭及残渣分离,再采用酸碱浸渍方法对炉渣残渣进行改性,研究了改性后的炉渣残渣及炉渣中分离出的炭对溶液中苯酚的吸附性能。吸附实验结果表明,分离炭的吸附性能最好,其次为碱改性炉渣残渣和酸改性炉渣残渣,未改性炉渣残渣吸附性能最差。改性的炉渣残渣及分离炭对苯酚吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学模型。吸附等温线研究表明,改性炉渣残渣及分离炭对苯酚的吸附符合Lang-muir吸附等温式。     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K(ow)). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).     

Influence of resorcinol chemical oxidation on the removal of resulting organic carbon by activated carbon adsorption

Activated carbon adsorption and chemical oxidation followed by activated carbon adsorption of resorcinol in water has been studied. Three chemical oxidants have been used: hypochlorite, permanganate and Fenton's reagent. The influence of concentrations of resorcinol and activated carbon on adsorption removal rates has been investigated. Both isotherm and adsorption kinetics have been studied. Results are fit well by Freundlich isotherms and adsorption rates of resorcinol were found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. However, pyrogallol, an intermediate of resorcinol oxidation with permanganate and Fenton's reagent, showed an unfavourable isotherm type. At the conditions investigated, chemical oxidation allows slight reductions of TOC and intermediates formed were found to inhibit the adsorption rate of TOC in the case of permanganate and Fenton's reagent oxidation, likely due to formation of some polymer pyrogallol product. The adsorption process was found to be controlled by pore internal diffusion, which justifies the poor affinity of oxidation intermediates toward activated carbon since molecules of larger size should diffuse rapidly for the adsorption to be effective.     

三氯生在碳纳米管上的吸附

药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)已成为一个引起广泛关注的新的环境问题。采用碳纳米管（CNTs）对水溶液中的三氯生进行吸附处理，考察了碳纳米管粒径及用量、温度、pH、振荡时间等因素对三氯生去除率的影响。研究结果表明，碳纳米管能快速吸附水中的三氯生，粒径较小的碳纳米管可获得较高的三氯生去除率；低温有利于吸附反应的进行；pH在6.5～7.0时，三氯生的去除率可达97%。三氯生在碳纳米管上的吸附可以很好地用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程进行描述。     

ZnCl_2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl2化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征,并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物,实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用,以物理吸附作用为主;随着Hg0入口浓度的提高,污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg0饱和吸附容量增大;随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg0的吸附作用减弱;在吸附反应温度125℃,Hg0入口浓度60.4 ug/m3,污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg0的吸附容量分别为81.2 ug/g和53.8 ug/g,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附作用好于选定的活性炭.     

双氯芬酸的吸附去除过程与机制

研究了非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸的吸附去除过程与机制。对吸附处理效果较好的活性炭与纳米羟基氧化铁（α-FeOOH）进行了比表面积、Zeta电位等表面特性的表征，研究比较了双氯芬酸在活性炭与α—FeOOH2种材料上的吸附去除效果与吸附机制。结果表明，在相同的实验条件下，活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸吸附去除率可分别达到97．9％和84．3％；双氯芬酸在活性炭上的吸附主要是由于活性炭较大的比表面积与疏水分配作用，在α-FeOOH上的吸附主要是由于静电引力作用；活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸的吸附去除效果均随pH的升高而降低；在pH=6时，活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸钠的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir方程，单位饱和吸附量分别为109．98mg／g和58．96mg／g；活性炭对双氯芬酸具有更强的吸附能力。     

Characterization of metal adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors

Copper adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors were studied in this paper. The isothermal adsorption experiments showed that the copper adsorption capacity of a granular activated carbon (Filtrasorb 200) increased when ionic strength was higher. The presence of EDTA diminished the adsorption. An intraparticle diffusion model and a fixed-bed model were successfully used to describe the batch kinetic and fixed-bed operation behaviors. The kinetics became faster when the solution pH was not controlled, implying that the surface precipitation caused some metal uptake. The external mass transfer coefficient, the diffusivity and the dispersion coefficient were obtained from the modeling. It was found that both external mass transfer and dispersion coefficients increased when the flow rate was higher. Finally effects of kinetic parameters on simulation of fixed-bed operation were conducted.     

微型舱模拟室内环境中活性炭净化甲醛的能力

利用微型实验舱(0.04 m3)模拟室内甲醛环境进行活性炭吸附实验,研究吸附后甲醛浓度随时间的变化趋势,计算活性炭对甲醛的净化效率、吸附速率和饱和吸附量,探索活性炭对室内甲醛的吸附规律.研究发现,当甲醛含量为0 ～0.40 mg,活性炭用量为0.5g时,舱内甲醛浓度随时间延长呈指数递减变化趋势,吸附后0～0.5 h甲醛浓度递减得最快,0.5～2h递减速度变缓,2～4h甲醛浓度基本上保持不变;研究E0A1、E1A4曲线斜率K及活性炭甲醛净化效率发现,每次吸附过程活性炭吸附2h可达到吸附平衡,活性炭进行3次吸附平衡即可达到吸附饱和,每次实验第一次吸附过程、每次吸附过程前半小时活性炭对甲醛的吸附能力最强;活性炭的吸附速率在吸附初期迅速降低,最后趋近于0;等量椰壳活性炭在一定浓度的污染物环境中饱和吸附量是个定值.说明使用活性炭净化室内甲醛有一定的规律可循.     

污泥活性炭的表征及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性

以城市污水处理厂污泥为原料，采用磷酸活化一微波热解法制备得到污泥活性炭，并将其用于吸附水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）。分别采用元素分析仪（VarioELcube）、比表面积孔径分布测定仪（ASAP2020）、扫描电镜（SEM）和傅里叶红外光谱（FT—IR）等仪器对原污泥及污泥活性炭的表面组成和结构进行表征，探讨污泥活性炭的孔隙结构参数和表面化学性能。通过静态吸附实验，考察了溶液初始pH，接触时间，初始Cr（Ⅵ）浓度对污泥活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）效果的影响，并探讨了污泥活性炭去除Cr（Ⅵ）的机理。实验结果表明，pH越低吸附效果越好，吸附平衡时间为100h。不同温度下吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型，30℃时最大吸附容量为27．55mg／g；吸附动力学过程符合准二级速率方程（R2〉0．99）；污泥活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除是一个吸附-还原耦合的过程。     

Quaternary adsorption equilibria from aqueous systems onto decolourizing activated carbon

An experimental study has been conducted to obtain the adsorption isotherms of four typical pollutants from quaternary aqueous systems onto decolourizing activated carbon. The four materials investigated are: Phenol, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 4-amino-l-naphthalene sulfonic acid-sodium salt and Benzoic acid. The study has concentrated on the dilute region of concentrations which range from 10 to 165 ppm (mg/L) at an operating temperature of 30 °C.

The quaternary adsorption equilibria have been modeled using the extended Langmuir predictive model and the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory. In employing these models for the prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria, the single-solute isotherms are needed. These isotherms have been fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin models and the resulting model parameters, which are needed for the prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria, are reported. Predictions obtained from the extended Langmuir predictive model and the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) model are in agreement, however, they deviate to an appreciable extent from experimental observations.     

Adsorption of Automotive Paint Solvents On Activated Carbon: I. Equilibrium Adsorption of Single Vapors

A bench scale system to measure adsorption of organic vapors on activated carbon is described in this report. The system was used to measure the equilibrium adsorption isotherms of n-heptane, n-butanol, and methyl isobutyl ketone at a concentration range of 50 to 900 ppm on a Columbia JXC activated carbon and the adsorption capacity of eleven additional solvents at a concentration of 365 ppm. It is found that the Polyani–Dubinin correlation describes the results well. Using n-heptane as a reference solvent, the mean error in the prediction of equilibrium adsorption capacity is 1.9% and the maximum error 7.2%.     

ZnCl2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl2学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂，利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征，并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物，实验结果表明，污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg^0吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用，以物理吸附作用为主；随着Hg^0入口浓度的提高，污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg^0饱和吸附容量增大；随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg^0的吸附作用减弱；在吸附反应温度125℃，Hg^0入口浓度60．4μg／m3污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg^0吸附容量分别为81．2gg／g和53．8μg／g，污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg^0吸附作用好于选定的活性炭。     

An adsorption diffusion model for removal of para-chlorophenol by activated carbon derived from bituminous coal

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the adsorptive removal and diffusion mechanism of para-chlorophenol (p-CP) onto Calgon Filtrasorb 400 (F400) activated carbon. The external mass transfer resistance is negligible in the adsorption process carried out under different conditions in batch operation. Intraparticle diffusion model plots were used to correlate the batch p-CP adsorption data; three distinct linear sections were obtained for every batch operation. The textural properties of F400 activated carbon showed that it has a large portion of supermicropores, which is comparable to the size of the p-CP molecules. Due to the stronger interactions between p-CP molecules and F400 micropores, p-CP molecules predominantly diffused and occupied active sites in micropore region by hopping mechanism, and eventually followed by a slow filling of mesopores and micropores. This hypothesis is proven by the excellent agreement of the intraparticle diffusion model plots and the textural properties of F400 activated carbon.