汽车排气催化净化用金属载体的生产工艺与设备

针对目前我国汽车排气净化催化剂用金属载体的生产现状和发展趋势进行了研究，简述了国内外汽车排气净化用金属载体的生产概况，对金属载体的工艺性能要求与陶瓷载体进行了比较；对金属载体的生产工艺与设备参数以及金属蜂窝载体的产品技术条件进行了分析和介绍。     

汽车排气污染与治理的发展和动向

简介了汽车排气污染对人类健康和生态环境的影响；描述了世界汽车增长与排气污染的现状和发展趋势；综述了汽车排气催化净化技术所面临的挑战和最新研究动向。     

我国汽车排气污染净化研究

本文在调研１９８３年来我国有关汽车排气净化研究的文献基础上，综述了机内净化，机外净化和燃料处理三方面的研究水平与成果，着重探讨了汽车尾气催化净化技术和催化剂的研究。结合我国目前汽车工业和城市机动车污染现状，借鉴国外机动车污染控制的发展道路，提出了我国机动车污染控制技术的发展方向，并对进一步开展汽车排气净化研究提出了建议。     

新型的汽车尾气净化催化剂效能的测试

在东风ＥＱ１４０型发动机的台架试验中，用涂覆天然沸石粉的堇青石蜂窝贵金属（Ｐｔ，Ｐｄ）催化剂进行了排气净化试验及动力性能试验，在发动机的功率及负荷特性试验条件下，测试了催化箱对发动机功率、油耗、排气阻力及噪音等的影响，测试了气中ＨＣ和ＣＯ的净化效果，结果表明，催化箱的结构是可行的，排气的净化效果良好，制作了催化箱，在新东风型和跃进１３１型货车上初步测试了其实际跑车性能。     

纳米钙钛矿型LaMnO3的制备与汽车尾气处理

用PEG法制备了钙钛矿LaMnO3纳米材料,并将其负载在涂有γ-Al2O3的堇青石载体上作为净化尾气的催化剂.用xRD、TEM对产物的结构及表面性能进行了分析.在依维柯汽车上进行了怠速、正常行驶及倒拖时催化剂三效性能的测试.发现纳米晶活性组分的催化效率比溶液浸渍法制得的催化剂好.     

纳米钙钛矿型LaMnO3的制备与汽车尾气处理

用PEG法制备了钙钛矿LaMnO3纳米材料,并将其负载在涂有γ－Al2O3的堇青石载体上作为净化尾气的催化剂。用XRD、TEM对产物的结构及表面性能进行了分析。在依维柯汽车上进行了怠速、正常行驶及倒拖时催化剂三效性能的测试。发现纳米晶活性组分的催化效率比溶液浸渍法制得的催化剂好。     

新型柴油机尾气净化载体及其再生性能研究

用三维贯通网络结构的SiC多孔陶瓷作为柴油机尾气微粒净化用载体材料,研究了SiC多孔陶瓷的性能及其对柴油机尾气微粒净化效率及再生性能.结果表明,所制备的SiC多孔陶瓷以α-SiC、β-SiC和Si等为主晶相,具有宏孔(主孔)和微孔相结合的孔结构和良好的导电性能; SiC多孔陶瓷用作柴油机尾气净化载体材料,在通电和不通电...     

低温等离子体技术及其在柴油机排气处理中的应用

概述了等离子体特点及分类 ,介绍了低温等离子体的产生及其净化柴油机排气的应用进展 ,分析了低温等离子体技术有效处理柴油机排气的机理 ,阐述了未来低温等离子体处理柴油机排气的主要方向与应用前景。     

XLC—1001型稀土尾气催化剂

内燃机排出的废气,在大气的污染物中占很大比重,世界上现有二亿多辆汽车,每年排出的有害气体:CO二亿吨,碳氢化合物四百万吨,氮氧化物二千万吨。为防止公害,国外对内燃机废气净化技术做了大量的研究工作,制定了废气排放标准,并有催化剂公司生产、销售铂系催化剂,供内燃机尾气净化用。 国外使用的尾气净化催化剂,以贵金属铂催化剂为主,因为它的活性高,使用     

新型排气净化催化剂—稀土钙钛矿型复合氧化物/合金蜂窝体

前言 在我国,工业尾气和汽车排气约占大气污染负荷的30％。这些污染物除一次直接危害人体和生态外(如多环芳烃致癌),还生成危害很大的二次污染物(如碳氢化合物和氮氧化物在阳光作用下发生的光化学烟雾)。始于1949年的催化净化工艺可以使排气中浓度较低或组分复杂而不能回收的有害成分:一氧化碳、碳氢化合物等转化为无害的二氧化碳和水汽。     

A Study of Catalyst Support Systems for Fume-Abatement of Hydrocarbon Solvents

In a stainless steel pilot plant system, operating with combined thermal incineration and catalytic oxidation, studies have been made of the influence of catalyst-support geometry on abatement efficiency. Catalyst supports tested were ceramic spherical pellets, metal foils, and ceramic honeycomb structures, all with precious metal catalyst. Data obtained cover a range of space velocities from 30,000 to 175,000 scf/hr— cu ft bed and a range of catalytic reactor temperatures from 150 to 450°C. Results show that optimum fume-abatement performance is obtained by combining incineration and catalytic oxidation and that catalyst support geometry has a significant effect on performance.     

污水处理厂污泥的再利用集成技术

将武汉市污水处理厂的剩余活性污泥在不同pH、不同时间下水解,测定水解液的蛋白质含量、重金属离子含量、氨基酸的种类及含量;将水解液制备成蛋白质泡沫灭火剂并测定其灭火参数;将所剩残渣干燥并测定热值,按5%的比例与煤混合压制成蜂窝煤,并测定热值。实验表明,所制备灭火剂的各项指标符合国家标准,所制备蜂窝煤减少了黄泥的使用,增强了蜂窝煤的热值,燃烧试验证明是完全可行的,该集成技术可实现污泥减量化、无害化和资源化利用。     

Experimental exposure to cadmium affects metallothionein-like protein levels but not survival and growth in wolf spiders from polluted and reference populations

Both local adaptation and acclimation in tolerance mechanisms may allow populations to persist under metal pollution. However, both mechanisms are presumed to incur (energetic) costs and to trade-off with other life-history traits. To test this hypothesis, we exposed Pardosa saltans (Lycosidae) spiderlings originating from metal-polluted and unpolluted sites to a controlled cadmium (Cd) treatment, and compared contents of metal-binding metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs), internal metal concentrations, and individual survival and growth rates with a reference treatment. While increased MTLP concentrations in offspring originating from both polluted and unpolluted populations upon exposure indicates a plastic tolerance mechanism, survival and growth rates remain largely unaffected, independent of the population of origin. However, MTLP and Cd concentrations were not significantly correlated. We suggest that MTLP production may be an important mechanism enabling P. saltans populations to persist in ecosystems polluted with heavy metals above a certain level.     

Hazardous Waste Minimization: Part IV Waste Reduction in the Metal Finishing Industry

The metal finishing industry uses over 40 production processes to produce a wide range of metal products. Waste streams generated include wastewater, waste oils, spent solvents, and spent process solutions. Currently a wide variety of techniques which minimize waste are available. Cost-effective methods to reduce electroplating wastewater contamination include water conservation and drag-out reduction, recovery and management. Ways to cost-effectively reduce the generation of spent metal-working fluids include establishing a fluid management program and installing a fluid recovery system. However, before any techniques are selected, a waste reduction survey should first be conducted.     

Deactivation of the Vanadia Catalyst in the Selective Catalytic Reduction Process

Results are summarized of a comprehensive study of the effects on the SCR process of all major possible poisons encountered in the combustion gases from U.S. coals. A general rule evolved from this study Is that the effect of the additive on the catalyst activity Is directly related to the basicity of the additive; poisoning Is caused by the basicity. Quantitative effects are presented, while a qualitative summary is given as follows: strong poisons-alkali metal oxides; weak poisons-oxides of alkaline earth metals, arsenic, lead phosphorus and chlorides of strong alkaline metals. SO₂ is a promoter due to its acidity. HCI, although acidic, reacts with both NH₃ (forming NH₄CI) and V₂O₅ (forming VCI₂ and VCI₃) and consequently strongly deactivates the SCR reaction.

A summary is also given for a theoretical and experimental study of the monolithic honeycomb reactor using both undoped and poison-doped catalysts. The results showed that the reactor performance can be predicted directly from the intrinsic catalyst activity through a model.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Irradiation of sorbents by ions of polymorphic metals for modeling <Superscript>90</Superscript>strontium sedimentation

Background, Aims and Scope Advances in radioecology can support improvements in environmental remediation technologies, especially by illuminating interaction processes between polymorphic metal radionuclides and various materials and their ions in aqueous solutions. This study modeled interaction processes of ⁹⁰Sr with transitive metals to delineate the behavior of polymorphic metal radionuclides. Experimental and modeling results confirmed Sr sedimentation was sensitive to the physical impact of radionuclides on various sorbents and possible chemical reactions occurring between the radionuclides and sorbents. Methods Models were developed to simulate ⁹⁰Sr sedimentation process, and the potential physical and chemical reactions accompanying the process. Models were verified, inorganic salts were used as sorbents to absorb metal cations, activity levels were recorded before and after mixing the inorganic salts while the efficiency of sedimentation using the heavy metals composites was quantified. Results and Discussion This research demonstrates that the process of the sedimentation is complex and occurs in several stages. Micro-structural analysis shows that zones of interaction between the sorbent and source metal are formed during the irradiation of the target’s metal surface. Electrical-microscopic analysis indicates that the composition of the formed zones of interaction of Ti (Sr) with target metals has various structures. Roentgenophase analysis indicates that the interaction of the ions of a precipitable source and a target occurs according to constitution diagrams of equilibrium systems. The results indicate that application of inorganic salts composites based on modeling increases the efficiency of the deactivation of aqueous solutions when compared to standard aluminum sulfate composite. Conclusions Experimental and modeling results confirm ⁹⁰Sr sedimentation is sensitive to the physical impact of radionuclides on various sorbents and possible chemical reactions occurring between the radionuclides and sorbents. The models support estimation of the physical impact of polymorphic metal radionuclides on various components of sorbents and possible chemical reactions occurring between the radionuclides and sorbents during the interaction. Inorganic salt composites deactivate and clear ⁹⁰Sr and Sr⁺² from water. This paper is openly accessible!     

整体蜂窝陶瓷催化剂催化氧化法脱除低浓度VOCs的实验研究

本文讨论了目前有机污染物脱除的各种方法 ,并将催化活性组分担载在经Al2 O3 修饰的整体蜂窝陶瓷支撑体上 ,制备了催化氧化法脱除低浓度有机污染物 (VOCs)ZDL - 1催化剂 ,在固定床反应器进行了连续工艺条件实验。结果表明 ,ZDL 1催化剂具有低温启动性能好、脱除VOCs的效率高、稳定性好的突出优点 ,且床层压降低。为ZDL 1催化剂应用于不同过程脱除VOCs提供基础     

Biomonitoring for metal contamination near two Superfund sites in Woburn, Massachusetts, using phytochelatins

Characterizing the spatial extent of groundwater metal contamination traditionally requires installing sampling wells, an expensive and time-consuming process in urban areas. Moreover, extrapolating biotic effects from metal concentrations alone is problematic, making ecological risk assessment difficult. Our study is the first to examine the use of phytochelatin measurements in tree leaves for delimiting biological metal stress in shallow, metal-contaminated groundwater systems. Three tree species (Rhamnus frangula, Acer platanoides, and Betula populifolia) growing above the shallow groundwater aquifer of the Aberjona River watershed in Woburn, Massachusetts, display a pattern of phytochelatin production consistent with known sources of metal contamination and groundwater flow direction near the Industri-Plex Superfund site. Results also suggest the existence of a second area of contaminated groundwater and elevated metal stress near the Wells G&H Superfund site downstream, in agreement with a recent EPA ecological risk assessment. Possible contamination pathways at this site are discussed.     

A review of the catalysts used in the reduction of NO by CO for gas purification

The reduction of NO by the CO produced by incomplete combustion in the flue gas can remove CO and NO simultaneously and economically. However, there are some problems and challenges in the industrial application which limit the application of this process. In this work, noble metal catalysts and transition metal catalysts used in the reduction of NO by CO in recent years are systematically reviewed, emphasizing the research progress on Ir-based catalysts and Cu-based catalysts with prospective applications. The effects of catalyst support, additives, pretreatment methods, and physicochemical properties of catalysts on catalytic activity are summarized. In addition, the effects of atmosphere conditions on the catalytic activity are discussed. Several kinds of reaction mechanisms are proposed for noble metal catalysts and transition metal catalysts. Ir-based catalysts have an excellent activity for NO reduction by CO in the presence of O₂. Cu-based bimetallic catalysts show better catalytic performance in the absence of O₂, in that the adsorption and dissociation of NO can occur on both oxygen vacancies and metal sites. Finally, the potential problems existing in the application of the reduction of NO by CO in industrial flue gas are analyzed and some promising solutions are put forward through this review.