洱海沉水植物空间分布及生物量估算

为研究洱海沉水植物空间分布特征并估算全湖沉水植物的生物量,于2009年8—9月采用回声测深仪和RTK-GPS定位仪测定了洱海沉水植物分布区面积,通过样方调查研究了不同基底高程下沉水植物的平均生物量. 结果表明,洱海沉水植物分布区的面积为19.40km2,占整个湖泊面积的7.7%;其中东区、南区、西区和北区水生植物分布面积分别占25.1%、7.4%、41.0%和26.5%. 沉水植物分布的基底高程范围为1959.0~1965.0m,最深分布线水深的平均值为4.9m,最大值为6.2m. 其中水深2.0~3.0m处平均生物量最大. 从各区域看,北区沉水植物最深分布线水深平均值(5.2m)最大,西区(5.0m)和南区(4.8m)其次,东部(4.6m)最小;沉水植物平均分布宽度表现为北区(399.2m)>南区(213.6m)>西区(175.0m)>东区(86.4m). 沉水植物生物量在8—9月达到最大值,为1.60×105t.      

川维厂一般工业固废填埋场渗滤液泄漏对长江水质的影响

以中国石化集团四川维尼纶厂一般固废填埋场为对象,计算了填埋场渗滤液泄漏对长江长寿段水质COD、NH3-N和Zn指标的影响。计算结果表明:平水期COD影响范围为纵向240m,横向3m,NH3-N影响范围为纵向120m,横向2m;枯水期COD影响范围为纵向300m,横向7m,NH3-N影响范围为纵向150m,横向5m。枯水期和平水期,贮存池中渗滤液泄漏不会导致其长江长寿段水质Zn超标。     

洱海沉水植物空间分布及生物量估算

为研究洱海沉水植物空间分布特征并估算全湖沉水植物的生物量,于2009年8—9月采用回声测深仪和RTK-GPS定位仪测定了洱海沉水植物分布区面积,通过样方调查研究了不同基底高程下沉水植物的平均生物量.结果表明,洱海沉水植物分布区的面积为19.40 km2,占整个湖泊面积的7.7%;其中东区、南区、西区和北区水生植物分布面积分别占25.1%、7.4%、41.0%和26.5%.沉水植物分布的基底高程范围为1 959.0～1 965.0 m,最深分布线水深的平均值为4.9 m,最大值为6.2 m.其中水深2.0～3.0 m处平均生物量最大.从各区域看,北区沉水植物最深分布线水深平均值(5.2 m)最大,西区(5.0 m)和南区(4.8 m)其次,东部(4.6 m)最小;沉水植物平均分布宽度表现为北区(399.2 m)南区(213.6 m)西区(175.0 m)东区(86.4 m).沉水植物生物量在8—9月达到最大值,为1.60×105t.     

川维厂一般工业固废填埋场渗滤液泄漏对长江水质的影响

以中国石化集团四川维尼纶厂一般固废填埋场为对象,计算了填埋场渗滤液泄漏对长江长寿段水质COD、NH3-N和Zn指标的影响。计算结果表明：平水期COD影响范围为纵向240m,横向3m,NH3-N影响范围为纵向120m,横向2m;枯水期COD影响范围为纵向300m,横向7m,NH3-N影响范围为纵向150m,横向5m。枯水期和平水期,贮存池中渗滤液泄漏不会导致其长江长寿段水质Zn超标。     

郑汴路不同运营路段路旁土壤重金属分布及污染分析

选择运营时间不同的杏花营和圃田路段分别布设1800 m长的采样断面,按距离路基远近不同布设土壤采样点38个,对照采样点2个,在距路基25 m处挖掘土壤剖面2个,共采集土壤样品50个.在室内试验的基础上,对路旁土壤重金属(Pb、Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr)空间分布特征与污染状况进行了研究.结果表明,公路两侧300 m范围内的土壤重金属含量明显高于对照区和中国潮土背景值,尤其土壤中Cd、Cr和Pb积累明显.路北土壤重金属含量高于路南.对于运营时间长的杏花营断面,土壤重金属含量高于圃田断面.大多数重金属在土壤中的含量随离公路距离的增加在距路基10～50 m处出现积累峰值,然后逐渐下降,在300 m附近接近于对照值.重金属主要累积在土壤深0～40 cm范围内.杏花营路段两侧200 m范围内为重金属轻度污染带,200～300 m之间为警戒带.圃田路段北侧30 m范围内为轻度污染带,30～200 m为警戒带,200～300 m为清洁带;而其南侧15 m范围内为轻污染带,15～80 m为清洁带,80～300 m为警戒带.     

ALOHA软件在氯乙烯泄漏事故中的应用与分析

以某化工厂氯乙烯泄漏事故为背景,通过ALOHA软件对事故影响范围进行分析。对有毒气体扩散、蒸气云爆炸以及沸腾液体扩展蒸气云爆炸的事故影响范围进行模拟,利用Google Earth在地图中拟合泄漏事故危害范围。结果表明:有毒气体扩散事故中,一级致毒区域、二级致毒区域和三级致毒区的范围分别为下风侧1 000～2 500 m、483～1 000 m和483 m;蒸气云爆炸事故热辐射影响第1警戒线和第2警戒线区域面积分别约为231 m×200 m、561 m×280 m,第3警戒线内氯乙烯浓度低且爆炸事故概率较小;蒸气云爆炸冲击波红色警戒线、橙色警戒线和黄色警戒线内半径分别约为214 m、298 m、621 m;对于沸腾液体扩展蒸气云爆炸事故,氯乙烯泄漏储罐周围800 m内的人员接触热辐射后有致命危险,可能造成人员烧伤的事故范围为1 100 m,在2 000 m范围内人员接触热辐射60 s会产生疼痛感。     

郑州市环境空气中VOCs的空间分布及源解析

郑州市环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)以芳香烃、醛酮类、烷烃类为主。各类挥发性有机物的年度平均浓度,芳香烃类为131μg/m3、烷烃类为118μg/m3、酮类为84.3μg/m3。年平均浓度最高的化合物为丙酮(66.2μg/m3)、乙醇(27.5μg/m3)、正十一烷(24.4μg/m3)和甲苯(17.2μg/m3)。挥发性有机物浓度在水平方向上的分布特征为城市老区和工业区最高,其他各功能区基本持平,但城市间的挥发性有机物污染分界不明显;高度方向上,40m左右达到浓度峰值;PCA和PMF源解析结果显示,机动车尾气和工业排放为主要污染源,分别占源总量的34%和19%。     

2004年春夏季河北海域叶绿素a分布和初级生产力估算

2004年春季5月和夏季8月进行的河北海洋资源调查研究表明:全海域春季5月表层叶绿素a介于0.34～11,39mg/m3,平均值为3.72 mg/m3,底层叶绿素a介于0.87～7.85 mg/m3,平均值为3.03 mg/m3;夏季8月表层叶绿素a介于1.1～18.3 mg/m3,平均值为4.52 mg/m3,底层叶绿素a介于0.4～7.8 mg/m3,平均值为3.95 mg/m3.初级生产力(以C计)春季5月介于112.26～1323.68 mg/m2·d,平均值为504.79 mg/m2·d,夏季8月介于83.92～4265.73 mg/m2·d,平均值为774.96 mg/m2·d.总体趋势是南部海区(沧州海区)叶绿素a含量高于北部海区(秦皇岛、唐山海区)叶绿素a含量,秦皇岛海区初级生产力估算值最高,唐山海区最低.     

白洋淀湿地不同时空水生植物生态需水规律研究

在对白洋淀典型水生植物的蒸腾量实地监测的基础上,确定了不同时间和空间下水生植物的蒸散系数,对白洋淀湿地基于现状和恢复目标下的植物生态需水量进行了等级划分和计算.研究结果表明,6～9月综合蒸散系数为3.21、6.24、6.02和1.86.水生植物需水量的时间分布规律为7月>8月>6月>9月,空间分布规律为陆地>水陆过渡带>水中.现状条件下,白洋淀水生植物6～9月的最小需水量分别为0.49×108m3、0.80×108m3、0.60×108m3、0.16×108m3,分别占湿地最小生态需水量的44%、56%、49%、50%(未包含湿地土壤需水量),与湿地最小生态需水量对应的最低生态水位为7.50m、7.50m、7.50m、6.30m.基于生态恢复目标,计算得到6～9月的水生植物最小生态需水量分别为0 56×108m3、0.91×108m3、0.69×108m3、0.19×108m3,为湿地最小生态需水量的30%、41%、35%、21%.对比白洋淀水生植物生态需水量的实际值和计算值发现,白洋淀水生植物的生态需水量在6～9月间分别是计算值的5.75倍、6.42倍、5.00倍和2.29倍.     

乌鲁木齐市大气中苯系物主动与被动采样法监测对比研究

2012年采暖期对乌鲁木齐市区21个采样点空气中的苯系物(甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯)进行了主动和被动监测。结果表明:主动采样法得甲苯最大浓度为302.00μg/m3,乙苯最大浓度为44.00μg/m3,二甲苯最大浓度为94.00μg/m3,苯乙烯最大浓度为203.00μg/m3;被动采样法得甲苯最大浓度为28.62μg/m3,乙苯最大浓度为63.35μg/m3,二甲苯最大浓度为133.74μg/m3,苯乙烯最大浓度为31.68μg/m3。被动采样法的数据是一个月的平均浓度,能更客观的反映采样点的污染情况,推荐在大范围采样时采用;主动采样法是瞬时浓度,虽数值较大,但与被动法有一定的相关性,也能在一定程度上反映采样点的污染情况。     

The sensitivity of modeled sulfate wet deposition to the meteorological values used as input

Variations in the wet deposition of sulfate, resulting from uncertainties in key meteorological variables, have been calculated using a scavenging model with a steady-state meteorology and a time-dependent, non-linear chemical mechanism. Input data to initialize this model are representative of data measured during an actual storm event. The results are presented in terms of the deposition uncertainty that would result if the maximum prescribed uncertainty occurred simultaneously in all input meteorological variables. For stratiform clouds, sulfate deposition uncertainties of up to 33% of the computed value were calculated. For convective clouds, the sulfate deposition uncertainties ranged from near 30% at low grid-averaged precipitation rates to near 60% at higher precipitation rates. The largest contributor to deposition uncertainty was the area of convective cloud coverage. For a mixed convective-stratiform cloud system, uncertainties in deposition remained below 40% as long as the convective contribution to total precipitation was less than 75% of the total rainfall amount. In the mixed convective-stratiform system, the uncertainties in deposition were associated principally with uncertain areas of cloud coverage and uncertain precipitation contributions by each cloud type. Uncertainties in precipitation rate, cloud top height, and cloud base height were of secondary importance for the mixed cloud system and contributed roughly equally to the remaining deposition uncertainty. In all simulations, uncertainties calculated as the standard deviation from the known value are about half of the maximum value.     

The role of non-precipitating clouds in producing ambient sulfate during summer: Results from simulations with the Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM)

A comprehensive acid deposition model was used to investigate the importance of non-precipitating stratus clouds for the production of ambient sulfate. A comparison of model estimates of ambient sulfate and SO₂ concentrations with corresponding observations for an episode in the summer of 1988 showed that the model underestimated ambient sulfate concentrations and overestimated ambient SO₂ concentrations when non-precipitating stratus clouds were ignored in the model formulation. When the model was modified to include non-precipitating stratus clouds, a distinct improvement in model performance was obtained.     

Sternentstehung und interstellare Materie

In recent years several hitherto unknown types of celestial objects related to star formation and early stellar evolution have been discovered by infrared and radio observations. New stars are born within large and massive interstellar molecular clouds. The onset of star formation in these clouds seems to be triggered by external forces.     

热带人工橡胶林异戊二烯排放通量的模式研究

2 0 0 2年 7月中旬 (湿季 ) ,我们利用快速异戊二烯系统对云南热带森林异戊二烯的排放通量进行了连续测量 ,同时对其影响因子光合有效辐射、气温、湿度、风等参数进行了观测 .研究表明 ,该地区人工橡胶林异戊二烯的排放有明显的日变化 ,云和降水可以明显减小异戊二烯的排放 .利用光合有效辐射守恒的观点处理与植物异戊二烯排放有关的过程 ,建立了一个计算异戊二烯排放的经验模式 ,计算值与观测值比较接近 .因此 ,以一定的物理原理和对实际大气状况观测资料的分析为基础 ,建立异戊二烯排放模式的方法是可行的 .     

The impact of the gulf war on the Arabian environment—I. Particulate pollution and reduction of solar irradiance

This paper investigates some of the air pollution problems which have been created as a result of the Gulf war in early 1991. Temporary periods of increased dust storm activity have been observed in Saudi Arabia. This is presumably due to disturbance of the desert surface by the extremely large number of tanks and other war machines before and during the war. The concentrations of inhalable dust particles (<15 μm) increased during the months just after the war by a factor of about 1.5 of their values during the same months of the previous year, 1990.The total horizontal solar energy flux in Riyadh has been significantly reduced during dry days with no clouds. This is attributed to the presence of soot particles, which have been generated at an extremely high rate from the fired oil fields in Kuwait.The direct normal solar insolation were also measured at the photovoltaic solar power plant in Riyadh during these days and significant reductions were observed due to the effective absorption of solar radiation by soot particles. The generated power from the plant has been reduced during days with a polluted atmosphere by about 50–80% of the expected value for such days, if the atmosphere were dry and clear.     

Simulation of ozone intrusion caused by a tropopause fold and cut-off low

A tropopause fold and cut-off low developed over Europe at the end of April 1982 and enhanced the exchange of air between the stratosphere and troposphere. The episode has been simulated using the EURAD model which has been designed for long-range transport simulation for European conditions. Applying a linear relationship between potential vorticity and ozone, concentration fields of the tracer and their changes due to outflow of ozone-rich air from the stratosphere could be simulated. A considerable decrease of stratospheric ozone was also obtained. This indicates noticeable mixing of tropospheric air with reduced ozone content into the stratosphere during the episode. Strong downward fluxes more than an order of magnitude larger than normal when averaged over the model domain show up around levels close to the tropopause. Obviously, dynamical processes fovern teh ozone budget o the upper troposphere during the vigorous intrusion event. Drastic increases of ozone also occur in the lower troposphere but are probably underestimated since vertical mixing by clouds is not taken into account in the simulation experiments. It is intended to explore the interaction of ozone of stratospheric and tropospheric (anthropogenic) origin in further experiments.     

Mathematical modeling of cloud chemistry in the Los Angeles basin

A mathematical model of cloud chemistry was evaluated with the cloud chemistry data collected by Richardset al. (1983,Atmospheric Environment17, 911–914) from 1981 to 1985 in stratus clouds in the Los Angeles Basin. The model simulates atmospheric chemistry including gas-phase chemistry, aqueous-phase chemistry and droplet mass transfer, vertical transport, rainfall and turbulent diffusion.Evaluation of the model entailed two major part. First, the equilibrium chemistry is evaluated with a total of 52 case studies. Then, the model with treatment of cloud chemistry, vertical transport and diffusion is evaluated with two case studies. The results of the model simulations show the importance of vertical transport in determining the chemical composition of stratiform clouds.The sensitivity of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and hydrogen ion concentrations to precursor levels, various chemical kinetic and cloud microphysical parameters and various environmental conditions is discussed.     

Parameterization of episodical cloud and rainout events in large-scale atmospheric chemistry models

A parameterization scheme taking into account the episodical nature of rainout and incloud chemical transformation has been tested in a 2-D channel model. In the liquid phase many soluble gases are observed in concentrations never experienced in the gas phase. The effects on the trace gases SO₂ and hydrogen peroxide, when they are modified by clouds and precipitation, are studied. When incloud interaction of SO₂ and hydrogen peroxide is taken into consideration, calculated hydrogen peroxide profiles are brought closer to observed distributions. The effect of varying the time periods between cloud and rain events is tested. The impact on the formation and destruction of tropospheric ozone is also discussed.     

A semi-empirical approach to estimate vertical transport by nonprecipitating convective clouds on a regional scale

A semi-empirical approach to estimate the vertical flux of mass between the boundary layer and the cloud layer by an ensemble of nonprecipitating cumulus clouds has been developed. The model determines the existence of the cloud ensemble, estimates the cloud amount at cloud base, and establishes the vertical distribution of the convective cloud amount attributed to a cloud population, having a continuous spectrum of cloud depth, using standard meteorological data. The mass flux is then estimated for the ensemble or for a ‘processor’ cloud, a single cloud which, on the average, can be used to represent the ensemble, using a modified version of the cloud model developed by Ritter and Stedman (1985, Coop. Agreement No. CR 807485-01, 02). Results of a sensitivity analysis are presented. The analysis examined the behavior of the model as the vertical distribution of temperature and dew point changed from one atmospheric state to another.     

基于“情景-应对”的三维应急推演方法研究

针对石油化工行业事故应急现场环境三维快速模拟需求,研究基于石化模型库的无人机倾斜摄影三维建模的技术方法。利用无人机快速获取预定区域的遥感影像、完成场景的影像标定、建立场景的稠密点云,基于石化模型库对点云进行曲面拟合和纹理映射生成实时三维可视化模型。利用三维事故桌面推演平台,让应急指挥人员在全面掌握事故现场信息情况下,充分研判事故演变过程,开展基于"情景-应对"的事故应急推演。