镍/铁和铜/铁双金属降解四氯乙烯的研究

选用镍 /铁和铜 /铁双金属对四氯乙烯 (PCE)进行脱氯试验 .结果表明 ,双金属系统对四氯乙烯有明显的脱氯作用 ,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程 ,双金属在降解PCE的过程中 ,无三氯乙烯 (TCE)、二氯乙烯 (DCE)和氯乙烯 (VC)等中间产物形成 ,与零价铁系统相比 ,双金属系统对PCE的降解速率有明显提高 ,尤其是Ni/Fe双金属 ,反应速率常数kSA从 0 1 2 89ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 提高到 0 3697ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,Cu/Fe双金属的反应速率常数kSA为 0 2 2 79ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 .无论是哪种反应介质 ,在制备过程中干燥与否对脱氯速率都有很大的影响     

零价锌降解四氯乙烯的反应动力学模型研究

对零价锌(Zn(0))降解四氯乙烯(PCE)进行批实验,在假设各化学反应符合准一级反应的前提下,建立了多级链式平行反应数学模型,并使用混合函数遗传算法进行了动力学参数的反演.结果表明,在106h后残留物基本上为C2H4和C2H2.计算显示,氯代烃的反应活性大小为C2Cl2＞C2HCl＞t-DCE(反二氯乙烯)＞1,1-DCE(1,1-二氯乙烯)＞TCE(三氯乙烯)＞c-DCE(顺二氯乙烯)＞PCE;在4条重要的反应路径中,最重要的是PCE→TCE→t-DCE→C2H2→C2H4和PCE→C2Cl2→t-DCE→C2H2→C2H4;最终94.77%的PCE转化为C2H4,5.23%的PCE转换成了氯乙烯(VC).     

气溶胶水溶性有机物(WSOC)中二元羧酸的测定

提出了BF3 /丁醇酯化衍生反应 GC/MS分析大气气溶胶水溶性有机物 (WSOC)中二元羧酸 (乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸 )的测定方法 .其相应酯化产物乙二酸二丁酯、丙二酸二丁酯和丁二酸二丁酯的线性范围为 1× 1 0 - 5mol·l- 1— 1× 1 0 - 2 mol·l- 1,精密度分别为 1 6 7% ,3 0 4 %和 5 2 8% ;最低检测限分别为 1 9× 1 0 - 7mol·l- 1,1 1×1 0 - 7mol·l- 1和 1 2 5× 1 0 - 6mol·l- 1.并实测了北京市秋、冬两季乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸的平均浓度水平 ,分别为 4 44ng·m- 3 ,4 0ng·m- 3 ,30 2ng·m- 3 .     

可可西里马兰冰川冰芯中Cd和Pb的浓度

对可可西里马兰冰川冰芯利用ElementICP MS测定了其中Cd和Pb的浓度 .样品中Cd的浓度 ,除了四个样品未检出外 ,其余样品的浓度在 0 399— 1 4 735ng·l- 1之间 ,平均值为 4 6ng·l- 1.Pb的浓度在 8 9— 5 1ng·l- 1之间 ,平均值为 2 0ng·l- 1.Cd和Pb在深度上没有明显的变化趋势 ,Cd和Pb的浓度基本上代表了该地区雪冰中的背景值 .     

饮用原水中微量NH_3-N的生物膜脱除

针对NH3-N浓度为1mg.l-1的饮用原水,分别以硅锰砂石和聚胺脂海绵作为硝化生物膜载体,考察了自制固定床生物膜反应器的脱氨效果.30d的连续运行结果表明,砂石载体系统达到95%—100%的NH3-N去除率,出水NH3-N浓度接近0,出水NO2--N浓度在0—0.02mg.l-1之间;而海绵载体系统虽然挂膜快,但运行阶段NH3-N去除率仅为10%—35%,出水NH3-N不能达标,且具有生物可降解性,反硝化过程优先导致NO2--N的积累.进一步考察了硅锰砂石生物膜系统稳定运行的最优参数,得出试验条件下,水力停留时间为6min,气水比为1:1,反冲洗周期为6d.硅锰砂石因其良好的孔隙率、粒径分布和密度等物理特性,以及化学稳定性和生物安全性,是含低浓度NH3-N原水生物膜净化的良好载体选择.     

纳米Co/Fe脱氯3,3＇,4,4＇-四氯联苯（BZ#77）

用气-质联用仪（GC-MS）监测厌氧条件下溶液中3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯（BZ#77）被纳米级零价铁、Ni/Fe和Co/Fe双金属脱氯的情况,并尝试了用纳米级Co/Fe脱氯污染沙土中的四氯联苯,GC-MS结果表明：在3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯浓度为10mg·l-1的乙醇/水体系中,纳米级Fe,Ni/Fe,Co/Fe的脱氯率分别为23.4%,68.6%和74.2%,其中,Co/Fe效果最好.溶液初始pH值为酸性时,纳米Co/Fe完全脱氯溶液中的3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯可在几小时内实现,而溶液的离子强度对脱氯反应影响不大.对于模拟污染沙土含量为100mg·kg^-1的3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯,10d后约11%的四氯联苯被纳米Co/Fe脱氯,添加乙醇可使脱氯率增加到25%,但不能完全脱氯.同位素实验证明,纳米Co/Fe脱氯3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯是逐步进行的,氢取代苯环上的氯,氢原子源自反应介质中的水,最终脱氯产物为联苯.     

微电解-生物膜法处理含Cr3+有机废水

采用微电解 生物膜复合工艺处理含重金属离子的有机废水 ,在实验过程中 ,废水中的有机物由生物膜中的好氧微生物与厌氧微生物菌群作为营养源而消耗 ;重金属离子 (Cr3 +)则通过电沉积去除一部分 ,同时被生物膜吸收而去除 .实验结果表明 :在好氧条件下 ,培养、驯化后的复合微生物菌种分别经 4h与 1 2h可将废水中的葡萄糖从 1 0 0 0mg·l- 1降解到 2 0— 4 0mg·l- 1.对C6 H12 O6 含量为 5 0 0mg·l- 1,Cr3 +含量为1 0mg·l- 1的废水 ,经处理后 ,C6 H12 O6 含量为 1 5— 2 5mg·l- 1,Cr3 +含量为 1mg·l- 1以下 ,分别比单一的电沉积工艺与生物膜工艺Cr3 +去除率提高 2 5 %和 5 % .     

水中铁(Ⅲ)-草酸盐配合物光解产生羟基自由基的测定

对铁 (Ⅲ ) 草酸盐配合物光解过程中产生的·OH进行了气相色谱法间接测定 在pH =3 5 ,异丙醇浓度为 1mmol·l- 1的条件下 ,经过 1 2 5W高压汞灯 (λ≥ 31 3nm)光照 80min ,Fe(Ⅲ ) /草酸盐配比为 9 3/1 2 0 7μmol·l- 1的水溶液中 ,·OH的生成量为6 5 9μmol·l- 1,·OH生成反应符合表观零级反应动力学模式 ,其生成速率为 0 72 6μmol·l- 1·min- 1.同时蜒究了溶液pH值、Fe(Ⅲ ) /草酸盐配比对·OH生成量的影响 .     

《环境化学》一九九四年总目录(第13卷)

用过渡应答技术研究人。-TIO。上NO-NHa选择性还原反应的机理………………………周裕之二（）铜锰钻复合氧化物催化剂对环己烷或苯深度氧化的催化活性…,…··尹玲王淑梅胡克源1（l）氧化饰在非贵金属燃烧催化剂中热稳定性的研究…··”·’…··”’…·王幸宜吴善良卢冠忠等见（16）多氯联苯催化转移氢化脱氯的研究…………………………………………………………赵毅4（328）黄磷诱发氧化新技术…………………………………………………………………………王伯中巴（525）聚合氯化铝对水中微量铬（VI）的富集—……………………………     

2种水稻土胶体界面五氯酚的还原脱氯转化

研究了紫泥田和浅脚紫泥田2种水稻土胶体界面五氯酚(PCP)的还原转化效果,以及添加Fe2+或草酸对五氯酚还原转化效果的影响.采用表观一级反应动力学描述土壤胶体界面五氯酚的转化过程.结果表明,紫泥田和浅脚紫泥田土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化动力学常数分别为0.0375d-1和0.0430d-1,半衰期分别为18.5d和16.1d;厌氧条件下水稻土胶体中铁氧化物还原溶解产生的吸附态Fe2+对五氯酚具有一定的还原转化能力.添加1.0mmol·L-1Fe2+或1.0mmol·L-1草酸均能显著促进土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化和氯离子的产生,紫泥田土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化半衰期分别减少到9.6d和6.0d,浅脚紫泥田土壤胶体界面五氯酚的转化半衰期分别减少到7.9d和3.0d.草酸促进作用更加显著的原因是铁-草酸配合物的生成.土壤胶体界面五氯酚的还原转化、脱氯效率与土壤胶体的比表面积、吸附态亚铁离子浓度有一定的正相关关系.促进土壤中吸附态亚铁离子和草酸等低分子量有机酸的产生能显著促进有机氯的还原转化.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.