浙江省农业清洁生产技术体系构建的探讨

通过对农业清洁生产的内涵特征以及农业清洁生产对技术需求的全面分析,阐明了农业清洁生产技术体系的构建思路,提出了以标准化生产技术、农产品质量安全监测技术、农业投入品替代及农业资源高效利用技术、产地环境修复和地力恢复技术、农业废弃物资源化及其清洁化生产链接技术、农业信息技术等为主要内容的农业清洁生产技术体系框架.通过稻田清洁生产实施案例,验证了农业清洁生产技术在实际中的成功应用.     

推行清洁生产促进经济可持续发展

论述了清洁生产的含义及推行清洁生产的重要性 ,并与传统的污染防治战略进行了比较分析 ,提出了在实施污染治理过程中 ,将污染物的治理过程作为特殊的生产过程 ,也必须以清洁生产的概念和理论进行指导     

日用陶瓷实施清洁生产技术的评价

清洁生产是一个系统工程 ,是对生产全过程以及产品的整个生命周期采取污染预防的综合措施。采用LCA的方法对日用陶瓷生产过程进行全面分析与评价 ,并提出了实施清洁生产的途径。     

清洁生产方法与实践

概述了清洁生产的概念，形成与发展历程，以及清洁生产的实施方法，最后以某中药产品生产过程的污染审计为实例，以其明显的环境、经济效益来说明清洁生产的推广价值。     

日用陶瓷实施清洁生产技术的评价

清洁生产是一个系统工程，是对生产全过程以及产品的整个生命周期采取污染预防的综合措施。采用LCA的方法对日用陶瓷生产过程进行全面分析与评价，并提出了实施清洁生产的途径。     

浙江省清洁生产现状及发展对策

叙述了清洁生产的背景、意义及浙江省实施清洁生产的情况。从组织落实、宣传培训、完善政策、建立市场运行机制和队伍建设等方面提出了促进浙江省清洁生产的对策。     

开展清洁生产的几个关键因素

通过总结徐州矿务集团各单位开展首轮清洁生产工作的经验，认识到要使清洁生产在企业中生存下去，必须做好三方面的工作：一是取得领导支持；二是全员参与；三是积极有效地实施无/低费方案，并讨论了这三者之间的关系。     

清洁生产的宏观管理与推进

我国主要是以企业为单位来开展清洁生产实施的。以企业为单位实施清洁生产存在内在动力的不足、难以从更广泛和更系统性方面考虑问题、难以承担费用较高的改善、成果难以复制和推广等问题。针对这些问题，提出管理部门应从宏观上对清洁生产进行更多的管理与推进，应制定和推行相关法律法规和管理制度，推行清洁生产认证制度，推进产业和区域清洁生产，对企业提供政策、资金、技术和管理支持，加强清洁生产成果的总结和推广，建立和维护清洁生产的信息渠道。通过管理部门实施这些必要的规范、管理、扶持以及鼓励，保障和促进企业清洁生产的开展及全社会清洁生产的顺利推进。     

中国推行清洁生产的现状与对策研究

阐述了企业实施可持续发展的必由之路是推行清洁生产，这需要借鉴发达国家的经验和教训，同时结合本国实施清洁生产的现状和推广的条件，提出了利用市场经济手段推行清洁生产的对策和建议。     

技术性清洁生产在保温材料制造业的实践

现阶段,在工业企业推行清洁生产的过程中十分有必要重视技术性清洁生产.技术性清洁生产对工业生产过程中污染物的减产甚至彻底消除某种污染物具有直接面快速的效果.此外,技术性清洁生产以改进企业主体生产工艺及装备技术水平和实现废弃物回收利用为主要切入点,具有提高产品质量、降低能耗、提高利润及全面优化生产过程等多方面的综合效益,这对工艺设备未达到较先进水平的企业尤为重要.分析了技术性清洁生产在现阶段工业企业推行清洁生产过程中的重要作用,并以某保温材料制造企业为例,介绍了该企业进行清洁生产技术改造的具体实施方案和取得的效益.     

Loss of plant species richness and habitat connectivity in grasslands associated with agricultural change in Finland

The drastic loss of seminatural grasslands and the decrease in species diversity in Europe during the 20th century are closely linked to social-economic factors. Development in agricultural production drives land-use changes, and thus controls the capacity of landscapes to maintain biodiversity. In this study, we link agricultural production changes to landscape fragmentation and species diversity. Our results show that the termination of grazing on seminatural grassland caused significant changes in landscape structure and a decline in the number of vascular plant species. The decline of grazed grasslands has been driven mainly by farm-level economic efficiency and profitability interests, which have been connected with agricultural policy measures. Since 1995, when Finland joined the European Union, the area of grazed patches in our study area has again increased as a result of a support scheme for the management of seminatural grasslands.     

High nitrogen costs of dairy production in Europe: worsened by intensification

Intensification of agriculture has been proposed as one way of minimizing emissions per unit of product, apparently legitimizing the ongoing structural changes in agriculture. We have investigated the relationship between the farming intensity and the nitrogen (N) dissipation by calculating the overall N emission factor (E: total N surplus per unit of N in the produce) from several studies of dairy farms, covering a wide range of environments and production intensities. Fundamental steps were (1) the distinction between trophic levels, mineral, plant and animal N; and (2) the inclusion of N losses related to bought feed. The results show that E increases significantly with the production intensity of the dairy farm. The tradition for separate optimization of the animal and crop sectors may be a reason. We suggest that the N pollution can be mitigated by more extensive farming, both by re-coupling crop and animal production side by side, and by keeping land under cultivation when production is reduced.     

Four decades of research on the Swedish large lakes Mälaren, Hjälmaren, Vättern and Vänern: the significance of monitoring and remedial measures for a sustainable society

The large lakes of Sweden, M?laren, Hj?lmaren, V?ttern and V?nern, have been subjected to water-quality monitoring for almost four decades. Physicochemical variables, plankton and benthic invertebrates have been regularly assessed. Hydrological and sediment conditions, macrophytes, fish, primary production, bacteria and attached algae have been periodically investigated. The human impact, including industrial activities, was reflected in excessive amounts of organic matter, nutrients, metals and persistent organic compounds. From the late 1960s all municipal sewage works in the catchments of the lakes were upgraded to the highest technical standard, including chemical precipitation of phosphorus, and phosphorus discharge from the sewage works was thereby reduced by 90-95%. In addition, industries were obliged to restrict discharge of harmful substances. The reactions of the lakes to the remedial measures are discussed as well as the value of various indicators. The studies were instrumental in designing a national lake monitoring program. Additionally, results from large lake monitoring have contributed to the establishment of national water-quality criteria including, physical, chemical, and biological indicators.     

Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates lead-induced morphological, photosynthetic, oxidative damages and biochemical changes in cotton

Poisonous lead (Pb), among heavy metals, is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils and thus adversely affects physiological processes in plants. We have evaluated how exogenous H₂S affects cotton plant physiological attributes and Pb uptake under Pb stress thereby understanding the role of H₂S in physiological processes in plants. Two concentrations (0 and 200 μM) of H₂S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) were experimented on cotton plants under Pb stress (0, 50, and 100 μM). Results have shown that Pb stress decreased plant growth, chlorophyll contents, SPAD value, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity. On the other hand, Pb stress increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and production of H₂O₂ and uptake of Pb contents in all three parts of plant, viz. root, stem, and leaf. Application of H₂S slightly increased plant growth, chlorophyll contents, SPAD value, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity as compared to control. Hydrogen sulfide supply alleviated the toxic effects of lead on plant growth, chlorophyll contents, SPAD value, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity in cotton plants. Hydrogen sulfide also reduced MDA, EL, and production of H₂O₂ and endogenous Pb levels in the three mentioned plant parts. On the basis of our results, we conclude that H₂S has promotive effects which could improve plant survival under Pb stress.     

Effects of heavy-metal-contaminated soil on growth, phenology and biomass turnover of Hieracium piloselloides

The effects of low levels of heavy metals on plant growth, biomass turnover and reproduction were investigated for Hieracium pilosella. Plants were grown for 12 weeks on substrates with different concentrations of heavy metals obtained by diluting contaminated soils with silica sand. To minimize effects of other soil factors, the substrates were limed, fertilized, and well watered. The more metal-contaminated soil the substrate contained, the lower the leaf production rate and the plant mass were, and the more the phenological development was delayed. Flowering phenology was very sensitive to metals. Leaf life span was reduced at the highest and the lowest metal levels, the latter being a result of advanced seed ripening. Even if the effect of low metal levels on plant growth may be small, the delayed and reduced reproduction may have large effects at population, community and ecosystem level, and contribute to rapid evolution of metal tolerance.     

Waste converting through by-product synergy: an insight from three-echelon supply chain

By-product synergy (BPS) is an innovative method to convert waste into valuable by-products effectively. Based on a three-echelon supply chain composed of an upstream manufacturer, a processing plant with limited processing capacity, and a downstream manufacturer, this study derives the production quantity and waste disposal decisions of the upstream and downstream manufacturers as well as the optimal transfer price decision of the processing plant. Moreover, we assess the environmental performance of BPS. Analytical results suggest that the upstream manufacturer’s production quantity and waste disposal decisions and the processing plant’s transfer price decision are threshold dependent on the processing plant’s capacity, whereas the downstream manufacturer’s production quantity decision is threshold dependent on the processing plant’s capacity and price of raw materials. BPS is beneficial for all members of the supply chain to increase profit. The production promotion and cost-saving effects ensure that the supply chain members maximize their profit. However, BPS does not always have a positive effect on the environment; when the processing plant’s capacity and price of raw materials are below the threshold, implementing BPS results in a win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

     

Growth variation of white oak subjected to historic levels of fluctuating air pollution

Growth of white oak (Quercus alba L.) trees was examined, using tree-ring analysis, at three sites near a small, remote coal-fired power plant in central Pennsylvania, USA. Forests immediately adjacent to the power plant have been subjected to power plant emissions since the power plant initiated operation in 1954. However, localized, ground-level fumigations have been gradually reduced over the years due to a series of construction projects resulting in increased stack heights. Comparisons of growth were made among the white oaks growing at the three close-in sites, as well to the growth of white oak at three control sites located 10-50 km from the power plant, during periods of differing stack heights. White oak exhibited reduced growth at two of the close-in sites during the time period when historical ground-level air pollution exposures were assumed to be greatest due to low stack heights. White oak growth at the third close-in site was not substantially reduced during this time period. In 1976, taller stacks were implemented at the power plant to reduce local, ground-level concentrations of air pollutants. The recovery of tree growth at the two close-in affected sites, and increased synchronous growth responses from 1976-85 among all three close-in sites, indicates that implementation of taller stacks in 1976 reduced ground-level pollutant levels to such dosages that growth was not impaired at any site. Also, growth rates after 1976 were comparable to the growth rates of the white oaks growing on the control sites. A possible interacting factor was a severe drought that occurred in the mid-1960s in central Pennsylvania.     

Interacting effects of sulphate pollution, sulphide toxicity and eutrophication on vegetation development in fens: A mesocosm experiment

Both eutrophication and SO₄ pollution can lead to higher availability of nutrients and potentially toxic compounds in wetlands. To unravel the interaction between the level of eutrophication and toxicity at species and community level, effects of SO₄ were tested in nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich fen mesocosms. Biomass production of aquatic and semi-aquatic macrophytes and colonization of the water layer increased after fertilization, leading to dominance of highly competitive species. SO₄ addition increased alkalinity and sulphide concentrations, leading to decomposition and additional eutrophication. SO₄ pollution and concomitant sulphide production considerably reduced biomass production and colonization, but macrophytes were less vulnerable in fertilized conditions. The experiment shows that competition between species, vegetation succession and terrestrialization are not only influenced by nutrient availability, but also by toxicity, which strongly interacts with the level of eutrophication. This implies that previously neutralized toxicity effects in eutrophied fens may appear after nutrient reduction measures have been taken.     

化工厂环境风险评估方法探讨

对某化工厂事故隐患进行了周密调查及工程分析，筛选出主要风险因子并进行风险预测；运用概率统计法对不同生产方案、不同污染源强及不同环境功能区的污染风险进行了综合评价研究。     

Heavy metal leaching from coal fly ash amended container substrates during Syngonium production

Coal fly ash has been proposed to be an alternative to lime amendment and a nutrient source of container substrates for ornamental plant production. A great concern over this proposed beneficial use, however, is the potential contamination of surface and ground water by heavy metals. In this study, three fly ashes collected from Florida, Michigan, and North Carolina and a commercial dolomite were amended in a basal substrate. The formulated substrates were used to produce Syngonium podophyllum Schott 'Berry Allusion' in 15-cm diameter containers in a shaded greenhouse. Leachates from the containers were collected during the entire six months of plant production and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. There were no detectable As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se in the leachates; Cd and Mo were only detected in few leachate samples. The metals constantly detected were Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn. The total amounts of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn leached during the six-month production period were 95, 210, 44, and 337 microg per container, indicating that such amounts in leachates may contribute little to contamination of surface and ground water. In addition, plant growth indices and fresh and dry weights of S. podophyllum 'Berry Allusion' produced from fly ash and dolomite-amended substrates were comparable except for the plants produced from the substrate amended with fly ash collected from Michigan which had reduced growth indices and fresh and dry weights. Thus, selected fly ashes can be alternatives to commercial dolomites as amendments to container substrates for ornamental plant production. The use of fly ashes as container substrate amendments should represent a new market for the beneficial use of this coal combustion byproduct.