珠江三角洲流域土壤多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分布及环境行为

用索式抽提、复合硅胶/氧化铝层析柱分离纯化、GC-MS分析方法分析了珠江三角洲流域土壤中10种多溴联苯醚(BDE-28、-47、-66、-99、-100、-153、-154、-138、-183、-209)在土壤中的质量分数和组成分布.∑9PBDEs(不包括BDE209)的质量分数从0.133 ng·g-1干物质量到3.81 ng·g-1干物质量,平均质量分数为1.02 ng·g-1干物质量,BDE-209的质量分数从2.38ng·g-1干物质量到66.6 ng·g-1干物质量,平均质量分数为13.8 ng·g-1干物质量,与欧洲背景土壤中PBDEs的质量分数水平相当.同系物的组成分布说明珠江三角洲土壤中多溴联苯醚的污染来源主要是五溴、八溴及十溴产品的使用.土壤中∑9PBDEs和各同系物的含量与土壤总有机碳(TOC)的含量呈现显著的正相关.有机碳均一化后BDEs单体含量的对数与其log Kow正相关(除-47,r2=0.89),表明土壤有机质的吸附决定着PBDEs在环境中的分布和迁移.     

多溴联苯醚在环境中迁移转化的研究进展

多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers,PBDEs)是全球广泛使用的一种添加型溴代阻燃剂,具有高亲脂性、难降解性、生物累积性和高毒性.全面了解PBDEs在环境的迁移转化规律是对其进行科学的风险评价的基础.归纳和分析了近几年国内外学者有关PBDEs在不同环境介质中的分布情况及其迁移转化的研究动态,并重点讨论了光解和生物降解的机理、产物和影响因素.结果表明,大气中以气态的低溴代联苯醚为主,具有较强的长距离迁移能力,而BDE-209等高溴代联苯醚则主要吸附在气溶胶颗粒物上,迁移能力有限;PBDEs在水中的浓度较低,主要在沉积物和生物体的脂肪中累积,并通过食物链的放大作用使处于食物链顶端的生物受到毒害.光解和生物降解是PBDEs在环境中转化的主要途径,在空气中和浅层水中以光解为主,而在深层水和沉积物中生物降解占主导.文章最后指出了今后的主要研究方向.     

A 21-year record of methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments from the East China Sea

Sediments are major sinks for organic pollutants and therefore can be used as archives of pollutant history. Methoxylated (MeO-) and hydroxylated (OH-) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are of increasing concern because of their potential toxicity and worldwide distribution. However, there is limited information on these compounds in marine environments. Here we determined the contents of nine MeO-PBDE, ten OH-PBDE and total organic carbon in a sediment core collected from the inner shelf of the East China Sea in 2009. The historical trends of 6-MeO-BDE47, 6-OH-BDE47 and total organic carbon were reconstructed. Our results show that 6-MeO-BDE47 concentrations present no significant trend from 1987 to 2005 and then increase from 2005 to 2008. 6-OH-BDE47 concentrations generally increase slightly from 1987 to the end of the 1990s and then decrease. Comparisons between 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-MeO-BDE47 as well as total organic carbon suggest that 6-OH-BDE47 is mainly from terrigenous inputs.     

珠江入海口水体中多溴联苯醚及其来源分析

2005年3月至2006年2月,选取珠江8个入海口,进行每月1次为期1周年的水样采集。检测了96个水样的多溴联苯醚（PBDEs,包括BDE 28、47、66、85、99、100、138、153、154、183、196、197、203、206、207、208和209）的残留状况。水体中PBDEs的质量浓度为0.344～68.0 ng·L-1。PBDEs的组成分析结果表明：珠江水体PBDEs的来源以土壤和沉积物源为主,而目前珠三角陆地环境中PBDEs仍不断蓄积,其通过珠江地表径流迁移转换的PBDEs将逐年增多,给珠三角水生态环境带来的压力逐日增加,所造成的生态环境及公众健康影响将是深远的。     

多溴联苯醚胁迫下鲫鱼肝脏微粒体CYP3A1和GST的响应

以鲫鱼Carassius auratus Linn.为试验鱼类,研究了其暴露于不同质量浓度的2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(PBDE-47)和十溴联苯醚(PBDE-209)后鱼肝微粒体中CYP3A1和GST酶活性的动态变化.结果表明,鲫鱼在0.10～5.00 mg·L-1的PBDE-47和5.00～50.0 mg·L-1的PBDE-209中暴露15 d后,除0.10 mg·L-1PBDE-47、5.00 mg·L-1和10.0 mg·L-1PBDE-209试验组外,其余各试验组的鱼肝微粒体中CYP3A1被诱导,呈显著的剂量.效应关系.CYP3A1的活性随着作用时间的延续而上升,到试验第15天时达到最高,但上升速率最快的阶段为试验的第0-5天.而GST酶则表现出不同的特点,呈先升高后降低的趋势.经过15 d试验,除0.10 mg·L-1PBDE.47和5.00 mg·L-1PBDE-209以外的各试验组鲫鱼肝脏微粒体中的GST活性仅为对照组的12.74%～85.35%,表明PBDEs已对鱼体肝脏GST产生了较为严重的影响.研究表明,鱼类肝脏微粒体中CYP3A1和GST酶可作为污染生物标志物来评价PBDEs的早期污染毒理效应.     

Occurrence and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in riverine sediments of Shanghai: a combinative study with human serum from the locals

Herein, we studied the occurrence and profiles of thirteen PBDE congeners in 30 river sediment samples from Shanghai, China. The concentrations of Σ₁₃PBDEs ranged from 110 to 13,071 pg g ^?1 dw, with an average value of 2,841 pg g ^?1 dw. BDE-209 was the predominant congener accounting for more than 65 % of total PBDEs, demonstrating that the major source of PBDEs in sediment samples was associated with the prevalent use of technical deca-BDE products. Moreover, low brominated BDEs in sediments also came from the degradation of higher brominated BDEs. In addition, taking into consideration of dietary exposure, PBDEs in serum samples collected from the locals were also detected with range of 419–26,744 pg g^?1 (average 5,561 pg g ^?1), which suggested a relatively low burden of PBDEs contamination to human body compared with the condition in other place. And in serum, low brominated compounds constituted the majority of total PBDE congeners.     

Monitoring and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soil from two industrialized areas

For monitoring and risk assessment, levels and distributions of Σ₂₉ PCBs in paddy soil samples collected from Gwangyang (10 sites) and Ulsan (20 sites), heavily industrialized cities in Korea, were investigated using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, total concentrations of Σ₂₉ PCBs in Gwangyang (216.4–978.6 pg g^?1 dw) and Ulsan (273.8–1824.1 pg g^?1 dw) were higher than those (106.6–222.6 pg g^?1 dw) in agricultural soil from Anseong in Korea. The TEQ (toxic equivalency) values from Gwangyang (0.06–0.40 ng TEQ kg^?1 dw) and Ulsan (0.06–0.22 ng TEQ kg^?1 dw) were higher than those (0.04–0.11 ng TEQ kg^?1 dw) in Anseong but lower than the WHO threshold level (20 ng TEQ kg^?1). However, one of the most toxic congeners, PCB 126, gave the highest concentration, possibly posing a risk to the biota. Seven indicator PCB congeners contributed to 50–80% of the total concentration of Σ₂₉ PCBs, indicating the 7 PCBs can be used as valuable indicators for monitoring. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis for the homologue profiles of PCBs indicated that all the samples from both cities had the similar PCB contamination patterns, and the major sources of the PCB contamination were most likely from the usage of Aroclor 1254 than those of Aroclors 1242 and 1260. These PCB technical mixtures were possibly significantly used by various industries including iron and steel industries in Gwangyang and petrochemical and shipbuilding industries in Ulsan.     

Identification of sources of environmental lead in South Africa from surface soil geochemical maps

The bioavailability of lead in soil is of considerable importance to human and animal health. Although selective extraction has been explored as a more appropriate technique than total heavy metal analysis in environmental pollution assessments, such studies remain scarce globally and are almost non-existent in developing countries. Results for a large-scale study of extractable lead levels in undisturbed soil samples in South Africa identify several geographic areas of concern. Lead levels are considerably elevated relative to background levels in the Johannesburg urban and industrial area. Areas of active lead mining also exhibit higher surface soil values. Interestingly, areas of active and intensive coal mining activity display relatively low soil Pb values, possibly attributable to the relatively low heavy metal content of South African coal. In all instances, distribution of cadmium, a carcinogenic element, correlates with that of lead. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the quick and easy Mehlich-3 single extractant technique, an established technique in micronutrient studies, to simultaneously provide valuable environmental data for toxic metals such as Pb and Cd.     

Spatial distribution and human health risk assessment of mercury in street dust resulting from various land-use in Ahvaz,Iran

Mercury as a toxic element and its associated health hazard has been an important topic of research for urban pollution for many years. In this paper, the spatial distribution, pollution assessment, and health risk associated with Hg in roadside dust 96 street dust samples, representing differing land-uses, have been investigated. Land-uses included residential areas (RA), industrial areas (IA), public gardens (PG), roadside areas (RS), and suburban areas (SA) in the city of Ahvaz, Iran were investigated. Compared with other cities, the concentration of Hg in Ahvaz was considerably higher with a mean value of 2.53 mg kg^?1, ranging from 0.02 to 8.75 mg kg^?1. Residential areas exhibited higher Hg in street dust than other areas, as demonstrated by spatial mapping illustrating hot spots associated with old urban areas with high residential density, high volume traffic of roadside areas, and industrial districts: including oil-drilling activities, steel smelting-related industries, and small industrial towns around Ahvaz. However, Hg concentrations in street dust near to the public gardens (PG) and suburban areas (SA) were not at elevated levels compared other land-uses investigated in this study. A health risk assessment model of non-carcinogenic effects was evaluated for both children and adults. The HQ values also revealed that the main exposures route for children and adults decreased as follows: vapour > ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The hazard index (HI) in each area is less than the safe level (HI ≤ 1) for children and adults, but higher for children. The HI value decreases as the following order: RS > IA > RA > SA > PG, which indicates potentially serious health hazards for children in the study areas.     

Geochemical characterization and health risk assessment in two diversified environmental settings (Southern Italy)

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - An integrated approach using chemical and microbial indicators has been tested in two different sites of the Campania Plain (Southern Italy) with different...     

杭州市城市和郊区表土磷库及环境风险评价

杭州市城市和郊区土壤磷素具有明显的积累特征并有较高的潜在释放能力。可提取态P(包括H2O-P、NaHCO3-P.NaOH-P和HCl-P)平均在80％左右，其中以HCl—P的比例最高，平均约55％。32个研究土样中，26个土样的水可溶性(H20—P)在10mg／kg以上，15个土样的NaHCO3—P在100mg/kg以上。酸性条件下P的释放潜力明显增加。土壤水溶性P含量及在酸性条件下P的释放量与土壤总P呈正相关，与土壤pH负相关。     

兰州市室内空气重金属污染水平与健康风险评价

为探究兰州市室内空气中重金属的污染程度及健康风险水平,于2018年9—12月在兰州市居民住宅采集室内空气样品,共设置了85个采样点.计算了室内空气中重金属Pb、Cd、As的浓度,并利用USEPA健康风险评价模型对居民经呼吸途径的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,兰州市室内空气Pb、Cd和As的平均浓度分别为(0.0532±...     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and dust from plastic production and surrounding areas in eastern of China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of organic pollutants. They are used as flame retardants that caused worldwide environmental concern. This study investigated the occurrence of PBDEs in soils and dusts from three plastic manufacture plants and surrounding areas in Eastern China. A total of 13 PBDE congeners were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (electron impact ionization). The total concentrations of PBDEs range from 2.21 to 558, 19.7–4916, and 8.70–18,451 ng/g dry weight in the soils of three sampling areas, with mean of 1004 ng/g d w; in dusts, the concentrations range from 7240 to 10,469, 684–4482, and 193–3989 ng/g d w, with an overall mean of 3619 ng/g d w. The most abundant congener is the BDE-209, followed by BDE-153 and BDE-85. This indicates that the brominated flame retardant added in the plastic manufacture is mainly the commodity decabromodiphenyl ether. In comparison with other polluted areas around the world, the PBDE concentrations in the soils of the plastic manufacture plants are similar to those in soils of waste plastic disposal areas and PBDEs production sites, but orders of magnitude higher than those in agricultural soils, mountain soils and rural soils. Daily exposure was estimated using the average concentrations of the pollution sites. The hazard quotient shows that the PBDEs pose considerable human health risks, especially to children, to which attention should be paid.

     

北京市密云县耕地畜禽粪便负荷估算及风险评价

以北京市密云水库水体环境保护为出发点,以土壤-植物营养学原理和科学施肥理论为指导,根据作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量,估算密云县各乡镇耕地的畜禽粪便最大负荷量,并与当地畜禽粪便实际负荷量进行比较,对各乡镇畜禽养殖规模进行潜在环境风险评价。结果表明:该流域中古北口、石城和番字牌3个乡镇风险最大,北庄较大。     

Environmental risk assessment of cobalt and manganese from industrial sources in an estuarine system

A total of 74 samples of soil, sediment, industrial sludge, and surface water were collected in a Mediterranean estuarine system in order to assess the potential ecological impact of elevated concentrations of Co and Mn associated with a Terephthalic (PTA) and Isophthalic (PIPA) acids production plant. Samples were analyzed for elemental composition (37 elements), pH, redox potential, organic carbon, and CaCO₃ content, and a group of 16 selected samples were additionally subjected to a Tessier sequential extraction. Co and Mn soil concentrations were significantly higher inside the industrial facility and around its perimeter than in background samples, and maximum dissolved Co and Mn concentrations were found in a creek near the plant’s discharge point, reaching values 17,700 and 156 times higher than their respective background concentrations. The ecological risk was evaluated as a function of Co and Mn fractionation and bioavailability which were controlled by the environmental conditions generated by the advance of seawater into the estuarine system during high tide. Co appeared to precipitate near the river mouth due to the pH increase produced by the influence of seawater intrusion, reaching hazardous concentrations in sediments. In terms of their bioavailability and the corresponding risk assessment code, both Co and Mn present sediment concentrations that result in medium to high ecological risk whereas water concentrations of both elements reach values that more than double their corresponding Secondary Acute Values.     

Source identification and groundwater health risk assessment of PTEs in the stormwater runoff in an abandoned mining area

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Xikuangshan antimony mine in Lengshuijiang, China, has been developed for many years, and stormwater runoff contains high levels of potentially toxic...     

A compilation of field surveys on gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from contrasting environmental settings in Europe,South America,South Africa and China: separating fads from facts

Mercury is transported globally in the atmosphere mostly in gaseous elemental form (GEM, \( {\text{Hg}}_{\text{gas}}^{0} \) ), but still few worldwide studies taking into account different and contrasted environmental settings are available in a single publication. This work presents and discusses data from Argentina, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Chile, China, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Slovenia and Venezuela. We classified the information in four groups: (1) mining districts where this contaminant poses or has posed a risk for human populations and/or ecosystems; (2) cities, where the concentration of atmospheric mercury could be higher than normal due to the burning of fossil fuels and industrial activities; (3) areas with natural emissions from volcanoes; and (4) pristine areas where no anthropogenic influence was apparent. All the surveys were performed using portable LUMEX RA-915 series atomic absorption spectrometers. The results for cities fall within a low GEM concentration range that rarely exceeds 30 ng m^?3, that is, 6.6 times lower than the restrictive ATSDR threshold (200 ng m^?3) for chronic exposure to this pollutant. We also observed this behavior in the former mercury mining districts, where few data were above 200 ng m^?3. We noted that high concentrations of GEM are localized phenomena that fade away in short distances. However, this does not imply that they do not pose a risk for those working in close proximity to the source. This is the case of the artisanal gold miners that heat the Au–Hg amalgam to vaporize mercury. In this respect, while GEM can be truly regarded as a hazard, because of possible physical–chemical transformations into other species, it is only under these localized conditions, implying exposure to high GEM concentrations, which it becomes a direct risk for humans.     

Concentration of heavy metals in vegetables and potential health risk assessment in China

Food safety is an important issue in the world. This study assessed the health risk for the Chinese public when consuming vegetables grown in China, based on 1335 data records from 220 published papers during 2007–2016. The results showed that the average of Pb, Cd, and Hg concentration in vegetables was 0.106, 0.041, and 0.008 mg/kg, which were lower than the maximum allowable concentrations, respectively. Leaf vegetables contained higher heavy metals than root vegetables and fruit vegetables. On a provincial scale, the highest Pb, Cd, and Hg concentrations in vegetables were determined by those in soil and atmosphere. The total health risk index showed that people in Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Hubei provinces in southern China, and Liaoning Province in northeast China, faced a high risk of Pb, Cd, and Hg when consuming vegetables.     

郑州市环境空气中VOCs的污染特征及健康风险评价

挥发性有机物（VOCs）不但是引发霾和光化学烟雾等环境问题的重要原因,达到一定浓度时还对人类健康造成威胁.为研究中原地区环境空气中VOCs 污染状况,探查VOCs 对人群健康产生的风险,以中原地区核心城市-郑州为代表,于2012年─2013 年间,在郑州市区内布点,以苏玛罐采样/气相色谱-质谱法分析测定了VOCs 的时空分布,并使用健康风险评价四步法进行健康风险评价.郑州市环境空气中VOCs 年均浓度分布特征：以烷烃和芳香烃为主,分别占总量的23.8%和19.5%;年平均质量浓度,芳香烃类为131 μg·m^-3、烷烃类为118 μg·m^-3,酮类为84.3 μg·m^-3、卤代烷烃类为67.8 μg·m-3;单体化合物以丙酮（66.2 μg·m-3）、乙醇（27.5 μ·m-3）、正十-烷（24.4 μg·m-3）和甲苯（17.2 μg·m-3）质量浓度最高,污染程度在国内居于中等水平.VOCs 季均浓度分布特征：夏季高于冬季,但各类化合物在两季的浓度差异较大.VOCs 日均浓度变化特征：烷烃类和芳烃类化合物于10：00 出现浓度峰值,浓度变化趋势与交通量变化具有相关性.健康风险评价结果为：非致癌风险大于1,会对人群健康造成-定的非致癌危害;苯、四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、六氯丁二烯的致癌指数超过EPA 致癌风险值,但未超出OSHA 致癌风险.     

Source identification,environmental risk assessment and human health risks associated with toxic elements present in a coastal industrial environment,India

This study investigated the source and contamination levels of toxic elements (Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Ni and Hg) present in a coastal environment, Paradip—an industrial hub of the east coast of India. The ecological risk assessment indices and human exposure models were used to evaluate the pollution status. Enrichment factor indicated that all the metal(loid)s found in the sediment are mostly derived from the anthropogenic source. According to the sediment quality quotient, 8.33% of sediments have crossed the ERM limit for Ni that can be fatal to biota. Meanwhile, 66.66, 41.66 and 8.33% of sediments have exceeded PEL range for Cr, Ni and As, respectively, that can register frequent lethal toxicity to benthic biota. As had the highest potential ecological harm coefficient (Er_f?>?80), and Hg had moderate ecological harm coefficient (40?<?Er_f?<?80). Summarily, the sediment quality of this site is moderate to heavily toxic to benthic organisms. The concentration of toxic metals in seawater was below the permissible limit (CCC and CMC) set by USEPA indicating that water is relatively safer for free floating aquatic biota. The health risk index of toxic metal (loid)s present in soils of the residential sites has confirmed that there is a severe non-carcinogenic threat for children (HI child?>?1) and a borderline carcinogenic risk for both adult and children. THQ_Cr possesses highest non-carcinogenic threat, which contributed approximately 50% to HI followed by THQ_As. The contribution of carcinogenic risk of chromium (CR_Cr) to TCR is approximately 60%. Cr is the significant contaminant of this site that has highest health effects. Highest exposure risks were associated with ingestion pathway accounting for about 85% of the total for most of the elements.