铁盐改性砂制备及其吸附Zn~(2+)的性能研究

通过改变石英砂表面的物理化学性质,提高石英砂的吸附效率,考察其对废水中的Zn~(2+)去除效果.以石英砂为载体,分别用反复高温加热法和反复碱性沉积法制备了三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂,测定2种方法制备的铁盐改性砂的表面含铁量、铁盐的酸稳定性及比表面积,并比较2种铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的吸附效果.结果表明,三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂的比表面积分别为2.468、4.247 m~2/g,比石英砂比表面积分别提高6.910、12.612倍;在pH为中性条件下,石英砂对Zn~(2+)去除率为43%左右,三氯化铁改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除率达到70%左右,硝酸铁改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除率达到85%左右,表明铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)去除能力比石英砂有很大提高;铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的吸附有一定容量,表面的活性中心越多,吸附能力越大;铁盐改性砂对Zn~(2+)的去除率随着pH的升高而增加,当pH>8.5时,Zn~(2+)去除率可达90%左右.     

改性铁覆膜砂的制备及吸附性能研究

制备了4种改性铁覆膜砂,并对其吸附性能进行了全面的实验,分析比较了4种改性剂的作用和效果.实验中发现,添加改性剂对铁覆膜砂吸附性能的促进作用各不相同,改性剂和铁氧化物的性质共同决定了改性铁覆膜砂的性质.吸附等温线和连续动态过滤实验结果表明,活性炭和硅藻土对提高铁覆膜砂吸附性能有促进作用,但膨润土和粉煤灰的作用不明显,甚至还可能降低吸附容量.活性炭改性铁覆膜砂的吸附等温式符合Langmuir模型,硅藻土改性铁覆膜砂、膨润土改性铁覆膜砂和粉煤灰改性铁覆膜砂对Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型都有较好的相关性.改性铁覆膜砂对天然有机物(NOM)的吸附属于单分子层吸附,吸附的主要机理为静电相互作用、配位交换-表面络合作用和疏水/憎水作用等.溶液pH值对改性铁覆膜砂吸附NOM有很大的影响,表现为低"pH值去除效率高,高pH值去除效率低"的特点,其变化规律取决于添加物质的性质.磷酸盐会和腐殖酸在改性铁覆膜砂表面产生竞争吸附,磷酸盐对粉煤灰改性铁覆膜砂的吸附能力影响最大.     

负载铝铈污泥生物炭对模拟废水的强化除氟作用

以市政污泥为原料,通过热解、活化及共沉淀工艺制备了铝铈负载污泥生物炭复合材料(Al/CeCSBC),运用多种分析技术表征了材料形貌、比表面积及结构特征,通过模拟废水的批量吸附实验,考察了pH、初始氟离子质量浓度及吸附时间对Al/Ce-CSBC吸附氟性能的影响,最后探究了其除氟机制。结果表明,活化和改性均提高污泥生物炭的比表面积,其中Al/Ce-CSBC具有丰富的狭缝形介孔,比表面积为176.36 m²·g^-1,pH_PZC为9.5。负载于材料表面的无定形铝/铈氧化物是主要吸附组分,且发挥了双金属协同作用,在pH=4.0～9.0内其可保持较高的吸附容量。吸附动力学符合伪二级模型,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型。最大吸附容量可达到41.74 mg·g^-1,显著优于其他常见生物炭材料。其吸附机理主要包括静电吸附、离子交换和表面络合。本文可为污泥的资源化利用提供重要的参考。     

电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附氟离子性能

以载铝活性炭纤维毡为电极,在电场作用条件下对模拟含氟水进行静态吸附实验。结果表明,该载铝活性炭纤维毡正极化可以强化吸附除氟效果,吸附动力学数据很好地符合Lagergren二级速率方程,加电场时二级反应速率常数为4.50 g/(mg·h);其对高浓度含氟饮用水也有较高去除率,Freundlich吸附等温方程能很好地描述吸附平衡数据。加电场情况下,该载铝炭毡对氟离子的最大吸附量为16.584 mg/g,去除氟离子的最佳pH范围是5.5~8.9。共存阴离子Cl-、SO2-4和NO-3对炭毡吸附除氟没有抑制作用,但CO2-3的存在会导致除氟吸附量显著下降。     

电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的效果与影响因素

以含氟地下水为研究对象,采用自制电促吸附除氟反应器,开展电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的动态实验,研究了不同电压、极板间距、地下水碱度和流速对吸附除氟效果的影响。实验结果表明,在负载炭纤维毡的电极一端加正电,可以提高除氟效果。当电压为1.6 V时除氟效果较好,单位面积炭毡处理达标水量为56.7 L/m2;极板间距设置为4mm时电吸附反应器除氟效果最佳;通过调节pH改变地下水碱度,当地下水pH调节为5.5时,电吸附反应器除氟效果较未调节前提高50%;当采用3对电极板,流速为1.88 m/h时,达到最高表面处理负荷2 073.6 L/(m2.d);探究了反应器的反洗再生方式,并连续进行了吸附再生的动态实验;穿透的反应器以Al2(SO4)3溶液为再生液并采用反向加电1.6 V的方式,可以达到较好的再生效果,实现连续动态运行。     

适宜处理分散性生活污水的人工湿地除磷填料的筛选及改性

为提高人工湿地除磷效能,从沸石、陶粒、萤石、膨胀蛭石、石灰石、麦饭石、火山岩、牡蛎壳、钢渣和废砖块这10种具有较高磷素饱和吸附量的填料中,筛选出钢渣、沸石和石灰石3种适宜处理分散性生活污水的人工湿地填料,并分别使用不同浓度梯度的酸(碱)、盐对3种填料进行改性,以增强其除磷能力。研究结果表明,钢渣、沸石和石灰石分别经2 mol/L AlCl3、2 mol/L NaOH及2 mol/L AlCl3、0.5 mol/L AlCl3溶液改性后,磷素吸附量达到最高值(0.272、0.0801和0.351 mg/g),而双常数方程能更好地描述优选填料对生活污水中磷的吸附动力学过程,综合考虑填料的吸附效果、成本及来源,改性石灰石是人工湿地处理分散性生活污水时较为理想的除磷填料;此外,填料经铝改后,氮磷吸附效果普遍优于其他改性条件,且Al-P有利于植物直接吸收利用,含铝废水来源广泛,故利用铝改液处理人工湿地填料具有较高的应用推广价值。     

镧改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附性能

为有效去除铁路隧道开挖过程中涌出的地下水中的氟离子,避免对当地环境和居民身体健康造成危害,利用镧改性钢渣得到一种除氟材料,通过扫描电镜、比表面积测定、能量散射光谱、X射线衍射及傅里叶红外光谱等方法对材料进行表征。此外,结合吸附热力学和吸附动力学模型拟合,探究了改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附机理。结果表明：改性钢渣的比表面积由未改性的0.549 9 m²·g^-1增大到23.367 5 m²·g^-1,小粒径的钢渣比例增大且表面粗糙程度增强。能谱分析表明通过改性,可成功的将镧负载于钢渣表面。吸附拟合模型表明,钢渣对氟离子的吸附遵循Langmuir模型,说明钢渣对氟离子的吸附更接近于单层吸附,且主要为化学吸附。热力学参数表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(?G⁰)>0,焓变(?H⁰)和熵变(?S⁰)<0,表明该反应是放热过程,改性钢渣的除氟过程符合伪二级动力学过程。改性钢渣有望成为一种具有应用前景的除氟材料。     

交联负载铝壳聚糖树脂对氟的吸附性能研究

将聚合氯化铝与片状壳聚糖复合制备球状交联负载铝壳聚糖树脂，并研究其除氟性能。通过实验探讨吸附时间、氟初始浓度、树脂用量、pH等因素对树脂除氟效果的影响。研究发现，树脂对氟的吸附动力学规律能用Lagergren一级方程和Lagergren二级方程加以描述，并符合Freundlich吸附等温模型；在树脂用量100mL／g、吸附时间12h时，树脂对氟的去除率为80％左右，pH值影响较小，适用pH范围宽；树脂吸附性能稳定，可用NH3·H2O多次再生，除氟效率与原树脂相近。     

改性活性氧化镁的除氟效能及机制

通过静态吸附实验,研究了改性活性氧化镁的除氟效能,通过比表面积、孔容、孔径和表面元素及化合物含量分析,初步探讨了改性机制。结果表明,改性后的活性氧化镁吸附行为更符合Langmuir等温线的拟合,即吸附为单分子层吸附,饱吸附容量为88.50 mg/g,吸附平衡常数为0.3681 L/mg,吸附速率可用拟二级动力学方程描述;改性活性氧化镁的吸附除氟效果基本不受溶液中共存的Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4和HCO-3的影响,但HPO2-4对改性活性氧化镁等除氟效果影响较大,尤其当其浓度大于100 mg/L时,显著降低改性活性氧化镁的吸附容量。温度升高改性活性氧化镁的吸附容量增大,在实际饮用水处理中p H基本不会影响除氟效果。改性活性氧化镁吸附除氟的最佳温度为30℃,最适p H为6~9.5。比表面积和孔容的增大可能是改性活性氧化镁吸附容量提高的主要原因之一。     

改性膨润土对水中磷和藻类的同步去除

为快速去除富营养化水体中的磷和藻类,制备了絮凝剂-镧复合改性膨润土(聚合氯化铝铁-镧复合改性膨润土(PAFC-La)、聚合硫酸铝-镧复合改性膨润土(PAS-La)、聚合硫酸铁-镧复合改性膨润土(PFS-La)、聚合氯化铝-镧复合改性膨润土(PAC-La)),对材料进行表征,通过吸附动力学和等温吸附模型比较4种复合改性膨润土的除磷性能,并探究投药量和pH对复合改性膨润土除磷除藻的影响。结果表明,4种材料吸附磷的过程均能由准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型描述。其中,PAC-La的磷吸附容量最大(44.677 mg/g);投药量为300 mg/L时,总磷(TP)去除率最高的是PAC-La(94.1%),叶绿素a(Chla)去除率最高的是PFS-La(78.2%);在pH为5～10时,PAC-La除磷除藻效果受pH影响最小。实验结果表明,采用絮凝剂-镧复合改性膨润土能够同步去除富营养化水体中的磷和藻类,尤其是采用PAC-La性能最优。     

Waste green sands as reactive media for the removal of zinc from water

Waste green sands are industrial byproducts of the gray iron foundry industry. These green sands are composed of fine silica sand, clay binder, organic carbon, and residual iron particles. Because of their potential sorptive and reactive properties, tests were performed to determine the feasibility of using green sands as a low cost reactive medium in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Serial batch kinetic tests and conventional batch sorption tests were conducted to determine the removal characteristics for zinc in aqueous solutions. Removal characteristics for zinc in the presence of green sands are comparable to those of Peerless iron, a common reactive medium used in PRBs. High removal capacities for zinc of green sands are attributed to clay, organic carbon, and residual iron particles, which are known sorptive media for heavy metals. Furthermore, high pH values in the presence of clay and residual iron particles enhanced sorption and precipitation of zinc.     

Adsorption of natural organic matter from waters by iron coated pumice

Natural pumice particles were used as granular support media and coated with iron oxides to investigate their adsorptive natural organic matter (NOM) removal from waters. The impacts of natural pumice source, particle size fraction, pumice dose, pumice surface chemistry and specific surface area, and NOM source on the ultimate extent and rate of NOM removal were studied. All adsorption isotherm experiments were conducted employing the variable-dose completely mixed batch reactor bottle-point method. Iron oxide coating overwhelmed the surface electrical properties of the underlying pumice particles. Surface areas as high as 20.6m(2)g(-1) were achieved after iron coating of pumice samples, which are above than those of iron coated sand samples reported in the literature. For all particle size fractions, iron coating of natural pumices significantly increased their NOM uptakes both on an adsorbent mass- and surface area-basis. The smallest size fractions (<63 microm) of coated pumices generally exhibited the highest NOM uptakes. A strong linear correlation between the iron contents of coated pumices and their Freundlich affinity parameters (K(F)) indicated that the enhanced NOM uptake is due to iron oxides bound on pumice surfaces. Iron oxide coated pumice surfaces preferentially removed high UV-absorbing fractions of NOM, with UV absorbance reductions up to 90%. Control experiments indicated that iron oxide species bound on pumice surfaces are stable, and potential iron release to the solution is not a concern at pH values of typical natural waters. Based on high NOM adsorption capacities, iron oxide coated pumice may be a promising novel adsorbent in removing NOM from waters. Furthermore, due to preferential removal of high UV-absorbing NOM fractions, iron oxide coated pumice may also be effective in controlling the formation of disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment.     

Removal of metal ions and humic acid from water by iron-coated filter media

Iron oxide is an excellent, regenerable adsorbent, and often controls free metals through adsorption reaction. The utilization of heating process for coating iron oxide on sand surface allowed the media to be used in a packed column. Iron-coated sand was investigated for adsorbing metal ions and natural organic matter from water by batch and column experiments. Chemical analysis (energy dispersive analysis of X-ray, EDAX) was used for characterizing the copper and lead adsorption sites on iron-coated sand. From the batch experiment results, the copper and lead ions could be removed simultaneously by the iron-coated sand in the competition adsorption system. The interaction between copper, lead ions and iron oxide on sand surface was primarily the chemical bonds. The maximum adsorption capacities of iron-coated sand for copper and lead were 0.259 mg Cu/g-sand and 1.211 mg Pb/g-sand, respectively. The presence of humic acid led to increase the adsorption of copper and lead. Results from column experiments indicated that the copper ions, lead ions and humic acid could be removed completely before the breakpoint. Consequently, the iron-coated sand may be applied for the adsorption/filtration of metal ions and natural organic matters from water.     

几种腐殖填料生物滤池COD去除效能比较研究

分别采用腐殖垃圾、泥炭、煤炭等腐殖填料及河沙构筑生物滤池,处理模拟废水,比较研究其COD去除效能及降解特征,为工艺填料改性提供理论依据。几种填料的扫描电镜分析图显示腐殖垃圾及泥炭以团聚体三维空间结构为主;煤炭与河沙表面粗糙程度较小,且主要由颗粒状物质构成。稀释平板涂布法分离出各生物滤池中发挥主要作用的微生物共3种,各系统菌落数量有差异,但种类相同。3种腐殖填料生物滤池在进水有机物浓度为500 mg/L及1000 mg/L时均有较理想的有机物去除效率。3种腐殖填料生物滤池中泥炭构筑的腐殖填料生物滤池有机物比降解速率最小,因而微生物比增长速率最小,微生物增长和自身氧化最易趋向于动态平衡,对应的饱和水力渗透系数最大,滤池最不易发生堵塞,最有利于腐殖填料生物滤池长期稳定运行,证明泥炭是一种优良的生物介质。     

Adsorption/desorption properties of copper ions on the surface of iron-coated sand using BET and EDAX analyses

This study was conducted to develop a heating process for coating hydrated iron oxide on the sand surface to utilise the adsorbent properties of the coating and the filtration properties of the sand. BET and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were used to investigate the surface properties of the coated layer. An energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) technique of analysis was used for characterising metal adsorption sites on the iron-coated sand surface. The results indicated that the iron-coated sand had more micropores and higher specific surface area because of the attachment of iron oxide. Copper ions could penetrate into the micropores and mesopores of iron oxide on sand surface, and the regeneration of the iron-coated sand could be achieved by soaking with pH = 3.0 acid solution. Besides, the results of EDAX analysis showed that copper ions were chemisorbed on the surface of iron-coated sand. Results of the study developed an innovative technology for coating iron oxide on sand surface for the treatment of heavy metal in water.     

焦化厂A/O出水中的有机污染物分析

采用色谱－质谱（GC／MS）联用仪分析和鉴定了上海宝钢焦化厂A／O生化阶段出水的有机污染物组成,共检出各类有机污染物70多种。结合焦化废水专用混凝剂的混凝处理实验结果,指出了各类有机污染物的去除情况。     

Comparison of two biological treatment processes using attached-growth biomass for sanitary landfill leachate treatment

The objective of this investigation was to compare two biological systems using attached-growth biomass, for treatment of leachates generated in a typical municipal solid waste sanitary landfill. A moving-bed biofilm process, which is a relatively new type of biological treatment system, has been examined. It is based on the use of small, free-floating polymeric (polyurethane) elements, while biomass is being grown and attached as biofilm on the surface of these porous carriers. A granular activated carbon (GAC) moving-bed biofilm process was also tested. This method combines both physico-chemical and biological removal mechanisms for the removal of pollutants. The presence of GAC offers a suitable porous media, which is able to adsorb both organic matter and ammonia, as well as to provide an appropriate surface onto which biomass can be attached and grown. A laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used for the examination of both carriers. The effects of different operation strategies on the efficiency of these biological treatment processes were studied in order to optimize their performance, especially for the removal of nitrogen compounds and of biodegradable organic matter. It has been found that these processes were able to remove nitrogen content almost completely and simultaneously, the removal of organic matter (expressed as BOD5 and COD), color and turbidity were sufficiently achieved.     

Zero-valent iron nanoparticles in treatment of acid mine water from in situ uranium leaching

Acid mine water from in situ chemical leaching of uranium (Straz pod Ralskem, Czech Republic) was treated in laboratory scale experiments by zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI). For the first time, nZVI were applied for the treatment of the real acid water system containing the miscellaneous mixture of pollutants, where the various removal mechanisms occur simultaneously. Toxicity of the treated saline acid water is caused by major contaminants represented by aluminum and sulphates in a high concentration, as well as by microcontaminants like As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, U, V, and Zn. Laboratory batch experiments proved a significant decrease in concentrations of all the monitored pollutants due to an increase in pH and a decrease in oxidation-reduction potential related to an application of nZVI. The assumed mechanisms of contaminants removal include precipitation of cations in a lower oxidation state, precipitation caused by a simple pH increase and co-precipitation with the formed iron oxyhydroxides. The possibility to control the reaction kinetics through the nature of the surface stabilizing shell (polymer vs. FeO nanolayer) is discussed as an important practical aspect.     

Advanced oxidation of natural organic matter using hydrogen peroxide and iron-coated pumice particles

The oxidative removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from waters using hydrogen peroxide and iron-coated pumice particles as heterogeneous catalysts was investigated. Two NOM sources were tested: humic acid solution and a natural source water. Iron coated pumice removed about half of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at a dose of 3000 mg l(-1) in 24 h by adsorption only. Original pumice and peroxide dosed together provided UV absorbance reductions as high as 49%, mainly due to the presence of metal oxides including Al(2)O(3), Fe(2)O(3) and TiO(2) in the natural pumice, which are known to catalyze the decomposition of peroxide forming strong oxidants. Coating the original pumice particles with iron oxides significantly enhanced the removal of NOM with peroxide. A strong linear correlation was found between iron contents of coated pumices and UV absorbance reductions. Peroxide consumption also correlated with UV absorbance reduction. Control experiments proved the effective coating and the stability of iron oxide species bound on pumice surfaces. Results overall indicated that in addition to adsorptive removal of NOM by metal oxides on pumice surfaces, surface reactions between iron oxides and peroxide result in the formation of strong oxidants, probably like hydroxyl radicals, which further oxidize both adsorbed NOM and remaining NOM in solution, similar to those in Fenton-like reactions.