Study on the Non-point Source Pollution in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Taoer River Basin

The Taoer River basin is the epitome in the west of Northeast China and it is one of the most fragile and sensitive ecoregions. Thus, protection of water quality of the Taoer River is important. Not only point source pollution but non-point source (NPS) pollution results in deteriorating water quality. In this study, long-term hydrologic impact assessment model was used to evaluate the impacts of land use change impacts on NPS pollution, and the replacement cost method was used to calculate the economic loss caused by NPS pollution. Through analyzing the NPS pollutant loads of different land categories and the economic loss, the article puts forward that there exists a close relationship between land-use types and NPS pollution, and agricultural pollution is the main component of the NPS pollution in this area. The results of this study can provide decision-making basis for agricultural development and land-use change.     

Land Degradation Evaluation in North Hebei Province Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960＇s to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.     

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.     

Temporal-spatial Characteristics of the Urbanization of Rural Land in Xinjiang

Relying on remote sensor technology, GIS and Land-sat TM digital images, the authors use spatial and statistical analysis to examine the temporal-spatial characteristics of the change caused by urban Construction in Xinjiang＇s rural areas from the end of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s. The primary findings show the following： 1） The urban construction in rural areas has increased drastically. The expansion speed of urban land use has accelerated over the past decade. The sub-land use changes caused by the urbanization of rural are characterized by salient regional differentiation among the three main regions and among the 85 counties of Xinjiang. 2） The shift of land use is mostly characterized by cultivated land and grassland being used for urban and industrial projects. Moreover, this change of land use is characteristic of regional differences. 3） Factors of rural-urban construction land use changes in Xinjiang, are undoubtedly affected by natural environment, social, economic conditions, and to a larger degree by population growth, GDP development and industrial development.     

Application of Remote Sensing Detection and GIS in Analysis of Vegetation Pattern Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta

Regional vegetation pattern dynamics has a great impact on ecosystem and climate change. Remote sensing data and geographical information system （GIS） analysis were widely used in the detection of vegetation pattern dynamics. In this study, the Yellow River Delta was selected as the study area. By using 1986, 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2005 remote sensing data as basic information resource, with the support of GIS, a wetland vegetation spatial information dataset was built up. Through selecting the landscape metrics such as class area （CA）, class percent of landscape （PL）, number of patch （NP）, largest patch index （LPI） and mean patch size （MPS） etc., the dynamics of vcgetation pattern was analyzed. The result showed that the change of vegetation pattern is significant from 1986 to 2005. From 1986-1999, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS decreased, the NP increased, the vegetation pattern tends to be fragmental. The decrease in vegetation area may well be explained by the fact of the nature environment evolution （Climate change and decrease in Yellow River runoff） and the increase in the population in the Yellow River Delta. However, from 1999 2005, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS increased, while the NP decreased. This trend of restoration may be due to the implementation of water resources regulation for the Yellow River Delta since 1999.     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to im- prove land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth:A Case Study for Jinan Municipality,China

China is experiencing a process of rapid industrialization and urbanization at the cost of agricultural land and environment,particularly in the costal areas. This study takes Jinan as a case presenting a time-series analysis of urban land expansion from 313 to 2003. The results show that the urban expansion of Jinan city mainly took place in the last 100 years, especially after the economic reform in 1978. Social development and economic growth,urban population growth and migration policies were factors driving the urban land expansion. Urban sprawl resulted in a disappearance of wetlands and a great loss of agricultural land, and over-pumping of ground water that led to disappearance of the city‘s feature,namely “the city of springs“.     

Analysis and Modeling on the Spatial Structure of Urban Land Use: A Case of Jinan, China

Based on the data of urban land use obtained by remote sensing interpretation from aero images in 1986 and 2004, the spatial structure of Jinan is studied in this paper with the method of Geographic Information System (GIS). According to the proportion of land for residence, industry and commerce, the urban district can be distinguished into three rings. Compared with the traditional theory of the ring structure in Western coun- tries, they have many distinctive characteristics. The main func- tions of the inner ring include residence, business and banking, but the proportion of residential land (more than 50%) is considerably higher than that of the cities in Western countries. The land proportion for residence and industry in the intermediate ring is equal on the whole. The main land of the outside ring is for industrial use. From 1986 to 2004, great changes have taken place on the land proportion of different types of use. In the inner ring, the land for residential and industrial use has shrunk much while the land for commercial use has increased. In the intermediate ring, the changes of the three types of land use were not very much and the temporal variation was relatively stable. On the contrary, the structure in the outside ring varies acutely. Though most of it is also for industrial use, the proportion of residential land has in- creased much. The three rings can also be divided into several sectors respectively, according to the function of land use clusters. New trends and mechanisms of the changes of land use impacting the urban structure were proposed in the end of the paper.     

Physical Land Suitability Assessment for the Large Cardamom Amomum subulatum Roxb. Cultivation in Hills of Kathmandu Valley

Nepal is one of the top three exporters of larger cardamom （Amomum subulatum Roxb.） in the world market contributing largely to the Nepalese economy. Sub-Himalayan range of hilly area of eastern Nepal is popular for large cardamom cultivation. Being similar phytogeographical and ecological setting, cultivation has begun in hills of Kathmandu Valley however land suitability needs to be evaluated with reference to specific need of the crop. Kathmandu is a valley with alluvial bottom and altitudinal range between 1200 and 2730m above sea level having cool to warm temperate climatic range. Varieties of aspects and slope gradient have potentiality for the large cardamom cultivation. Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability for large cardamon cultivation on the basis of physical characteristics of the land and ecological need of crop. Land evaluation methodology has been designed along with site specific amendment in FAO framework （1976）. Land use map in scale of 1：25 000 was used in geographic information system environment. Suitability was done through map overlaying methods. Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability categories for large cardamom cultivation based on physical characteristics of the land matching with ecological need of crop. Analysis of data shows that altitudinal range at uplands of Kathmandu Valley and annual average rainfall and temperature are found to be within suitability range for Amomum subulaturn cultivation. Sandy loam soil, slightly acidic in nature with gentle sloping land of about 5-8° provides highly suitable condition. Result showed that more than one-third of total land area above 1800 m of altitude is suitable. Selectively, of the total area, 5% are north facing slope, 13% gentle slopes are highly suitable. 16% lands with north east orientation are moderately suitable. Most of the land areas which are marginaly suitabile for vegetable and cereal crops are highly suitable for large cardamom. Hills of northern boundary hills found to be suitable due to more rainfall distribution pattern compared to southern boundary hills. Therefore, land evaluation also identifies limitations and input requirements for sustainable production.     

对产业生态系统规模经济特征的研究

由于废物和副产品成为主要生产原料，产业生态系统在规模经济性方面表现出了与传统产业系统的不同。本文分析了影响产业生态系统规模经济性的5大因素：废料作为原材料的主要来源；以可更新能源替代化石能源；经济活动主体之间大量的物质交流；与周围环境在物质输入输出上保持平衡；信息不对称明显阻碍废物和回收市场的动作。这些因素导致了产业生态系统与传统产业系统在边际成本上的差异，即边际成本并不是随着规模的增加而降低的。论文指出，产业生态系统具有适度规模经济特征，在生产聚焦和生活聚居上表现出小规模化的趋势，表现为相对较小的空间分布和相对局限的生产规模。这样的规模对于处理分散的、高熵值的资源和能源与集约化生产和消费模式之间的矛盾有相当的灵活性。论文最后对进一步开展研究的方向和内容提出了建议。     

沼气农业复合生态系统能值分析

以沼气为纽带的农业综合利用系统对农村和偏远地区可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于能值流图和指标体系,构建了沼气农业复合生态系统的综合评价框架,并以国家沼气农业示范区广西恭城县为案例,分析养殖-沼气-种植"三位一体"典型沼气农业复合系统的能值投入产出量及其结构,利用能值系统结构功能指标对该系统进行经济生态多元分析,评估其投资率、产出率、环境压力以及可持续性等系统综合表现,并与国内外其他农业系统进行比较分析。系统投入结果表明,恭城县沼气农业复合系统总投入中人类经济反馈在系统中所占比例最大,可更新环境资源次之,其中又以肥料、农药和劳工与管理的投入最大;系统产出表明,目前仍以种植业和养殖业为主导,水产业相对薄弱,而新兴的沼气产业因其低耗高产的特点,发展势头良好;而能值系统结构功能指标表明该农业系统整体具有环境负荷低、产出效率高、可持续性强等优势。依照能值分析各项结果,本文对沼气农业系统优化配置和进一步推广应用提出了参考建议。     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing: Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Abstract

Miyun County, located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing, was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years. This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005, and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation. With two-periods TM images, we got land use change data, and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi. Results showed that water area, farm land and unused land decreased while residential land, forest land, grassland and orchard land increased during the study period. The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area. As for spatial variation, there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region. The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable. The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development. More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.     

Review on the Progress of Marine Ecosystem Management

Along with the industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and ecosystem health and ecological security have also been deteriorated. The traditional environment management focused on the shorterm and economic benefits. Such managing pattern is not accommodating to the new situation of increasingly global environment problems and large scale marine environment problems. This paper introduces the advance and definition of a new managing patternecosystem management. Meanwhile, the con- notation of ecosystem management was summarized as seven points： Sustainability; Human is an important aspect of ecosystem management; Cooperation is the foundation of ecosystem management; Maintain health and security of ecosystem; Ecological diversity protection characters ecosystem management; Maintain the integrity of ecosystem; Ecosystem management must be founded on scientific theories and precise information. Somebody said Ecosystem Management is ＂a new label of old ideas＂. However, there is an essential difference between ecosystem management and traditional environmental management. In the last part of this paper, the differences of the approaches between ecosystem management and traditional environmental management are compared.     

投入产出模型在工业生态系统分析中的应用

应用投入产出模型构建出工业生态系统物质流分析的基本框架，在此基础上提出工业生态系统“关键种企业”的识别方法。以及工业生态系统企业能量消耗特征、累计污染排放特征的量化分析方法。这些分析方法将是辅助工业生态系统日常管理与维护的有力工具。     

长江三角洲生态系统服务价值的测度与分析

长江三角洲生态系统服务总价值为272.34亿美元/年，其中森林生态系统贡献45.34亿美元/年，占总生态服税务价值的16．65％；湿地生态系统贡献58．46亿美元，年，占到总服务价值的21.53%；农田生态系统贡献4.08亿美元库，占总价值15％；河流与湖泊生态系统服务价值为129．48亿美元，年，占总价值的47．54％；浅海海域生态系统服务价值为34．89亿美元，年，占总价值的12．84％。长江三角洲的生态系统服务价值的主要提供者是水为主导因子的河流与湖泊生态系统、湿地生态系统、浅海海域生态系统，提醒人们水是该地区主要而富有特征的生态要素，是未来可持续发展的关键性要素，要关注区域水问题。长江三角洲生态服务价值占区域国民生产总值的1／4多．这一比例虽然与世界与全国平均水平比较，相对较低，但不说明生态服务价值是可以被忽略的，相反，说明支持国民经济运转的自然生意服务非常重要，需要保护相关的生态系统。长江三角洲的生态系统服务在干扰调节、水调节、水供应、养分循环、废物处理等方面的价值较大，分别占总价值的比例为119％、3054％、11.99％、22.97％和7.22%。这与水在区域中的重要性是一致的。另外，长江三角洲生态系统在气候调节、防止侵蚀、食品生产、原材料、文化娱乐等项服务上也有一定价值。     

Review on the Progress of Marine Ecosystem Management

Abstract

Along with the industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and ecosystem health and ecological security have also been deteriorated. The traditional environment management focused on the short-term and economic benefits. Such managing pattern is not accommodating to the new situation of increasingly global environment problems and large scale marine environment problems. This paper introduces the advance and definition of a new managing pattern—ecosystem management. Meanwhile, the connotation of ecosystem management was summarized as seven points: Sustainability; Human is an important aspect of ecosystem management; Cooperation is the foundation of ecosystem management; Maintain health and security of ecosystem; Ecological diversity protection characters ecosystem management; Maintain the integrity of ecosystem; Ecosystem management must be founded on scientific theories and precise information. Somebody said Ecosystem Management is “a new label of old ideas”. However, there is an essential difference between ecosystem management and traditional environmental management. In the last part of this paper, the differences of the approaches between ecosystem management and traditional environmental management are compared.     

基于人类需求的生态系统服务分类

生态系统服务研究是当前生态学与生态经济学研究的热点,尤其是生态系统服务的分类研究是其中的重点和难点。本文从人类需求的角度出发,结合生态功能属性的不同,建立了基于人类需求的生态系统服务分类体系。这种分类体系将生态系统服务分为3类12项,即物质产品、生态安全维护功能和景观文化承载功能3类。其中物质产品是指生态系统利用大气、水等组分以及光合作用等生态过程,将太阳能转化为有机质(生物量),从而为人类生产生活所提供的基本物质;生态安全维护功能是指生态系统通过一系列生态过程维护大气环境、水环境、土壤环境以及生物资源等生态安全的作用;景观文化承载功能是指生态系统因其独特的组成或结构作为美学景观、历史文化、科研教育等的载体功能。这种分类体系相对比较简单,易于理解与接受,同时有助于开展基于人类需求差异的生态系统服务时空动态变化与供需平衡研究。     

基于有效性改进的流域生态系统恢复条件价值评估——以长江流域生态系统恢复为例

综合利用有效性改进的方法对流域生态系统恢复的价值进行评估,具体方法包括:①采用二分式选择法作为引导技术以模拟真实市场并解决调查中"没有回应的问题;②设计恰当的核心估值问题并通过图片展示克服CVM的"假想特性";③通过大样本发放、多次调查和调查员培训缩小CVM"假设偏差"以及"调查者偏差";④使用开放式和支付卡式问卷进行预调查以获得二分式选择问卷调查的投标值;⑤分析WTP支付水平影响因素的边际效用以减少"范围问题"的干扰;⑥利用中值法估计WTP分布函数以避免函数"右偏"并减少"厚尾"问题的困扰;⑦根据样本中两次均回答"否"的比例数选择对数logit模型以降低估计结果的偏差;⑧由于WTP的标准误以及95%置信区间都要比单界模式下的估计结果更为精确,故选择双界二分法测算WTP值.通过上述方法测算的南京市民对于长江流域生态系统恢复的支付意愿为270.7元/户·年,而大幅提高居民家庭收入水平是提高居民支付意愿最为有效的途径.     

湿地生态系统服务功能评价模式的不足与改进

本文基于对湿地生态系统服务功能评价研究发展历程的回顾,结合湿地资源保护面临的严峻形势以及社会经济发展对评价研究的现实要求,重点剖析了湿地生态系统服务功能的现状评价模式在研究定位、评价内容、评价方式和评价体系建设几个方面存在的主要不足,在此基础上提出相应的改进思路和方案.认为评价模式的改进应当以维持湿地生态系统健康和支撑区域社会经济可持续发展为研究目标,面向湿地生态系统管理方向补充评价内容,完善评价体系,强调人为活动干扰对湿地生态系统服务的影响及反馈分析,重视人类社会对服务功能需求的评价,并详细阐述干扰评价、需求评价和服务功能供需平衡分析的主要内容、方法和难点,总结湿地管理的意识和手段在服务功能评价各环节的体现.