造纸工业循环经济模式评价指标体系研究

在研究现有国内外可持续发展和循环经济评价指标体系的基础上,结合中国造纸工业的特点和资源环境状况,建立了造纸工业循环经济模式评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法,确定了各评价指标的权重,对评价指标体系进行评估.解决了定量评价造纸工业循环经济模式优劣的难题.该体系分为经济发展指标、循环经济特征指标、生态环境效益指标和系统管理指标4个子系统,共22项具体评价指标.     

工业企业集聚区周边土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系与分区管理对策研究

土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系是识别土壤环境污染、指导土壤环境管理及开发利用的有效工具。在土壤环境质量评价方法和国内外标准分析的基础上,提出了建立土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系的基本框架;结合"压力-状态-响应"模型(PSR模型),考虑不同工业区特征污染物,建立了包含通用指标和备选指标的土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系。以此评价指标体系为导向,为指导不同类型工业集聚区科学发展提出了工业区周边土壤环境质量分区管理的对策建议。     

浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系的建立

生态环境的可持续发展评价是生态安全与生态建设中的重要内容。本研究应用主成分分析法，收集浙江省1990～2000年的数据，对评价指标进行初步筛选．同时采用德尔斐法进行专家咨询，得到评价指标的分层排序。最后从初选的54个评价指标中，根据主成分分析法、专家咨询法的指标筛选结果，结合有关国家及地方生态环境建设规划，建立了由40个指标组成的浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系。     

江苏省企业环境绩效评估方法及指标体系研究

环境绩效评估，是一种开放而有效的环境管理工具。文中首先阐述了环境绩效评估的相关概念；然后就环境绩效评估的步骤和程序进行了介绍；并借鉴国内外现有成果，建立了由环境守法指标、环境管理指标、先进性指标和生命周期环境影响指标等主要指标构成的企业环境绩效指标体系；进而探讨了国外的经验对本省开展环境绩效评估的启示，以促进本省环境绩效评估的开展。     

城镇生态承载力评价方法构建与应用

提出了评价对象、评价目标和评价方法三位一体的城镇生态承载力综合评价方法,构建了递阶多层生态承载力评价指标体系和面向应用对象的、融合多指标评语信息的生态承载力综合评价模型.以浙江省义乌市为例,对2000-2007年义乌市的生态承载力状况进行了评价与分析.结果表明,义乌市2000 2007年的生态承载力得分在60～70分,且呈逐年增加的趋势,说明其承载力状况良好；各支持力要素中,环境支持力得分一般,虽然随时间呈现一定波动但基本保持不变.资源支持力得分最差,人类支持力得分最高,且随时间逐年增加.结合研究区域实际情况对其生态承载力影响因素进行了剖析,并提出了生态承载力提高措施,为其可持续发展提供理论指导.     

山东半岛地质环境承载力评价指标体系构建及应用研究

资源环境承载力研究是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,已经上升到国家战略地位。地质环境承载力评价是资源环境承载力研究的重要内容之一,也是可持续发展研究的重要方向。结合山东半岛地质环境现状和特点,将山东半岛地质环境承载力指标体系划分为水文地质环境、工程地质环境和环境地质问题3类一级指标,每类一级指标各选择其典型二级指标(共12项)构建地质环境承载力评价体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各个评价指标的权重,采用综合加权指数方法,借助地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析及数据属性库管理相结合的方法对现阶段山东半岛地质环境承载力进行了评价。评价结果将山东半岛地质环境承载力划分为4个等级,并对每个等级区域做了分析说明,以期为推进生态文明建设及可持续发展提供科学依据。     

论环境—经济系统协调度

以持续发展理论为核心，以环境－经济系统为研究对象，借助系统工程多目标技术和协同论的观点，建立了环境－经济系统协调度模型。模型分为３个部分，功效函数，协调度函数和环境－经济系统指标体系。模型正确与否关键在于功效函数中的上下限值和指标体系中指标的选取，这两项因子的确定可以参照应用地区的实际情况和因子数据的可获得性来确定，最后应用此模型分析了某市环境－经济系统协调度现状及变化趋势。     

滨海宜居环境评价指标体系的初步构建——以上海为例

立足滨海环境,在宜居环境和宜居城市等概念的基础上,提出了滨海宜居环境的概念.以上海为例,依据指标选择的原则,参照相关宜居城市评价指标体系,结合上海滨海环境特点,从社会文明度、经济富裕度、环境优美度、公共安全度和生活便宜度5大方面,建立了上海滨海宜居环境的评价指标体系.同时,按照初步建立的上海滨海宜居环境评价指标体系,上海的滨海环境宜居指数为86.54.按照等级划分标准,上海滨海环境为"宜居环境".     

区域污染物总量控制动态化管理技术应用研究

在对近十年江苏省扬州市社会经济环境方面几十个指标上万个数据进行科学分析的基础上,揭示出区域污染物总量控制与社会、经济、环境建设和发展相关联性,总量控制具有宏观性.区域污染物总量可纳入各级政府和相关部门行政首长政绩考核中.首次建立区域污染物总量控制考核指标体系水平等级的评定模式和动态管理的应用技术.该成果不仅为城乡可持续发展奠定了基础,也为区域实现污染物总量控制动态化、规范化管理提供技术支撑和启示.     

水产养殖规划环境影响评价关键指标的研究

建立水产养殖规划环境影响评价指标体系的实质就是建立其环境影响的具体评价内容.提出了水产养殖规划显著环境影响识别的必要性和方法,引入了关键控制点的概念和识别方法,提出了建立关键指标体系的方法.同时,根据水产养殖规划环境影响评价的要求,提出了规划层次的评价指标和水环境状态反应层次指标的两级指标结构层次.     

Organohalogen pollutants in herring from the northern Baltic Sea: concentrations, congener profiles and explanatory factors

Organohalogen contaminants were investigated in Baltic herring caught from three catchment areas in the Baltic Sea, off the coasts of Finland. Pools of both small and large herring were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, naphthalenes, camphenes (toxaphene), polybrominated diphenyl ethers and the pesticide DDT and its metabolites. PCB concentrations per fresh weight in small herring were at the same level in all catchment areas, i.e. the Bothnian Bay, the Bothnian Sea and the Gulf of Finland, revealing no hot spots and reflecting most likely long term emissions and atmospheric deposition. Differences in the levels and/or congener profiles of other contaminants between catchment areas may be explained by point sources. Similar concentrations in small and large herring in the Gulf of Finland were possibly due to their common nutrition. In the other areas, differences between small and large herring most likely reflected their different food sources.     

Uncertainty assessment of spatial patterns of soil organic carbon density using sequential indicator simulation, a case study of Hebei province, China

The spatial patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) are closely related to the global climate change. In quantifying the spatial patterns of SOC density, the concept of uncertainty of the SOC density values at unsampled locations is particularly important because such uncertainty can be propagated into the subsequent global climate change modelling and has fundamental impacts on the ultimate results of the model. A total of 361 SOC density data of topsoil (0–20 cm) in Hebei province and sequential indicator simulation (SIS) were applied to perform a conditional stochastic simulation in this study to quantitatively assess the uncertainty of mapping SOC density. The results showed that a great variation exists in the SOC density data. The conditional variance of 500 realizations generated by SIS was larger in mountainous areas of the study area where the SOC density fluctuated the most, and the uncertainty was smaller on the plain area where SOC density was consistently small. Realizations generated by SIS can represent the possible spatial patterns of SOC density without smoothing effect. A set of realizations can be used to explore all possible spatial patterns of SOC density and provide a visual and quantitative measure of the spatial uncertainty of mapping SOC density. With a given threshold of SOC density, SIS can quantitatively assess both local uncertainty and spatial uncertainty of SOC density that is greater the threshold.     

Development and field validation of an indicator to assess the relative mobility and risk of pesticides in the Lourens River catchment,South Africa

A GIS based pesticide risk indicator that integrates exposure variables (i.e. pesticide application, geographic, physicochemical and crop data) and toxicity endpoints (using species sensitivity distributions) was developed to estimate the Predicted Relative Exposure (PREX) and Predicted Relative Risk (PRRI) of applied pesticides to aquatic ecosystem health in the Lourens River catchment, Western Cape, South Africa. Samples were collected weekly at five sites from the beginning of the spraying season (October) till the beginning of the rainy season (April) and were semi quantitatively analysed for relevant pesticides applied according to the local farmers spraying programme. Monitoring data indicate that physicochemical data obtained from international databases are reliable indicators of pesticide behaviour in the Western Cape of South Africa. Sensitivity analysis identified K_OC as the most important parameter influencing predictions of pesticide loading derived from runoff. A comparison to monitoring data showed that the PREX successfully identified hotspot sites, gave a reasonable estimation of the relative contamination potential of different pesticides at a site and identified important routes of exposure (i.e. runoff or spray drift) of different pesticides at different sites. All pesticides detected during a monitored runoff event, were indicated as being more associated with runoff than spray drift by the PREX. The PRRI identified azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos as high risk pesticides towards the aquatic ecosystem. These results contribute to providing increased confidence in the use of risk indicator applications and, in particular, could lead to improved utilisation of limited resources for monitoring and management in resource constrained countries.     

餐厨垃圾单相厌氧酸化系统恢复参数

针对现今餐厨垃圾单相厌氧酸化系统缺乏有效的恢复性监控指标,提出可有效表征酸化系统恢复的监控指标。在中温条件下,连续对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化系统进行负荷冲击及恢复,分别对p H、沼气产率及成分、挥发性脂肪酸组成成分、总碱度(TA)和碳酸氢盐碱度(BA)及其组合指标进行监测分析。结果表明,传统单因子参数不能有效地指示系统恢复,选取VFA/BA和丙酸/乙酸的比值作为餐厨垃圾单相厌氧酸化系统恢复指示性参数。在酸化系统恢复过程中,当丙酸/乙酸≤1.4、VFA/BA≤0.4时,表明系统中各种挥发酸浓度值已恢复正常,且具有足够的缓冲能力,可提高反应器负荷,保证反应器恢复启动运行。     

Fecal contamination in irrigation water and microbial quality of vegetable primary production in urban farms of Metro Manila,Philippines

Microbial contamination of fresh produce can present a severe risk to public health. By conducting a rigorous survey of irrigation waters, the impacts of fecal contamination on the quality of produce could be assessed. In this study, surface waters were observed to be contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and somatic coliphages. Culture methods show that out of 373 irrigation water, soil, and vegetable samples collected for a 1-year period, 232 (62.20%) were found positive for E. coli, 213 (57.26%) for somatic coliphages, and 2 (0.53%) for Salmonella spp. Out of 190 water samples, 167 (87.9%) were found to have E.coli, 174 (91.6%) have somatic coliphages, and 1 (0.5%) with Salmonella spp. In soil samples, 36 of 91 (39.6%) have E. coli, 31 (34.0%) have somatic coliphages, and none with Salmonella spp. Lastly, out of 92 vegetable samples, 29 (31.5%), 8 (8.7%), and 1 (1.1%) were found to have E. coli, somatic coliphages, and Salmonella spp., respectively. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of bacterial contaminants. Seasonal weather conditions were noted to have an effect on the presence and number of these fecal indicator organisms. The observed data suggest that contaminated irrigation water may greatly affect the quality of fresh produce from these agricultural operations.     

Contamination of nonylphenolic compounds in creek water, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and sediments from Lake Shihwa and vicinity, Korea: comparison with fecal pollution

Nonylphenolic compounds (NPs), coprostanol (COP), and cholestanol, major contaminants in industrial and domestic wastewaters, were analyzed in creek water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and sediment samples from artificial Lake Shihwa and its vicinity, one of the most industrialized regions in Korea. We also determined mass discharge of NPs and COP, a fecal sterol, into the lake, to understand the linkage between discharge and sediment contamination. Total NP (the sum of nonylphenol, and nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates) were 0.32-875 μg L⁻¹ in creeks, 0.61-87.0 μg L⁻¹ in WWTP effluents, and 29.3-230 μg g⁻¹ TOC in sediments. Concentrations of COP were 0.09-19.0 μg L⁻¹ in creeks, 0.11-44.0 μg L⁻¹ in WWTP effluents, and 2.51-438 μg g⁻¹ TOC in sediments. The spatial distributions of NPs in creeks and sediments from the inshore region were different from those of COP, suggesting that Lake Shihwa contamination patterns from industrial effluents differ from those from domestic effluents. The mass discharge from the combined outfall of the WWTPs, located in the offshore region, was 2.27 kg d⁻¹ for NPs and 1.00 kg d⁻¹ for COP, accounting for 91% and 95% of the total discharge into Lake Shihwa, respectively. The highest concentrations of NPs and COP in sediments were found in samples at sites near the submarine outfall of the WWTPs, indicating that the submarine outfall is an important point source of wastewater pollution in Lake Shihwa.     

Using a Set of Strategic Indicator Systems as a Decision-making Support Implement for Establishing a Recycling-oriented Society - A Taiwanese Case Study (16 pp)

Background Scope and Aims. To realize the vision of sustainable development (SD) originating from the ‘only one earth’ philosophy, and to integrate the conceptions of ecology and sustainability into the planning and decision-making criteria of urban growth management, the establishment of a recycling-oriented society (ROS) is essential. However, before the above intention can be achieved, it is indispensable to develop a system of strategic indicators for supporting a radical reformation of the urban development plan. Therefore, this study, based on the conception of the new urban development pattern ROS, attempted to carefully choose a sample city in Taiwan for launching a preliminary case study, and furthermore designed and proposed a concise and strategy-oriented assessment indicator system termed ROSAIS. ROSAIS, on the one hand, can act as a compass for understanding resource using efficiency and recycling status during city development and, on the other hand, can serve as an implement supporting decision-making for ROS construction.Methods According to the definition and spirit of ROS, the structure of ROSAIS should clearly represent the relationship between resources and environment in human activities. The eco-efficiency indicator system (EEIS) and environmental symbiosis indicator system (ESIS) can be considered two key sub-indicator systems, and are the necessary components of ROSAIS. EEIS chooses the dominant production sectors in urban economic activities to calculate their eco-efficiency (EE). Separately, for obtaining a consensus regarding the framework of ESIS, the questionnaire approaches and expert consultation, together with the research experience and foundation of current relevant studies and indicator systems, are applied when crucial resource and environmental issues and respective indicators are selected.Results and Discussion The calculation results of EEIS in this case study indicated that among the three dominant production activities (agricultural, fishery, and animal husbandry sector) the fishery sector has the highest EE, which indicates that the fishery activities and resources significantly influence the sustainability of the economic-environmental system of the sample city. Furthermore, according to a consensus achieved in ESIS, local green spaces, resource recovery, energy consumption pattern change, freshwater conservation and greenhouse effect abatement were considered as the five crucial issues influencing how the case study city can develop into an ES-city. The rate of local green spaces, resource recycling, freshwater conservation and the rate of reduction of nonrenewable energy use as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were used to evaluate the above five issues.Conclusion This case study is unparalleled in Taiwan. Even in Japan, where ROS legislation has been implemented, this kind of study remains in the preliminary stages. Furthermore, when communicating the indicator results, it is essential to provide the context and countermeasures of the crucial issues that are faced. The two sub-indicator systems proposed in this case study could comply completely with the above-mentioned requirements. For example, the EEIS provides information for achieving a balance between environmental burden and economic benefits among dominant production sectors; the ESIS provides information for setting strategies for overcoming the crucial issues faced. Recommendation and Outlook This study recommends that urban planers should consider the construction of the corresponding strategic indicator system to be indispensable, and makes further use of the indicator results related to the environmental education of residents for identifying and promoting participation with ROS, and turning them into implements for supporting urban SD decision-making. Furthermore, a successful indicator system depends on data availability and quality. This study recommends that urban planers should pay considerable attention to constructing relevant data collection channels, databases and the data quality.     

Fecal coliforms, caffeine and carbamazepine in stormwater collection systems in a large urban area

Water samples from streams, brooks and storm sewer outfall pipes that collect storm waters across the Island of Montréal were analyzed for caffeine, carbamazepine and fecal coliforms. All samples contained various concentrations of these tracers, indicating a widespread sanitary contamination in urban environments. Fecal coliforms and caffeine levels ranged over several orders of magnitude with a modest correlation between caffeine and fecal coliforms (R² value of 0.558). An arbitrary threshold of 400 ng caffeine L⁻¹ allows us to identify samples with an elevated fecal contamination, as defined by more than 200 colony-forming units per 100 mL (cfu 100 mL⁻¹) of fecal coliforms. Low caffeine levels were sporadically related to high fecal coliform counts. Lower levels of caffeine and fecal coliforms were observed in the brooks while the larger streams and storm water discharge points contained over ten times more. The carbamazepine data showed little or no apparent correlation to caffeine. These data suggest that this storm water collection system, located in a highly urbanized urban environment, is widely contaminated by domestic sewers as indicated by the ubiquitous presence of fecal contaminants as well as caffeine and carbamazepine. Caffeine concentrations were relatively well correlated to fecal coliforms, and could potentially be used as a chemical indicator of the level of contamination by sanitary sources. The carbamazepine data was not significantly correlated to fecal coliforms and of little use in this dataset.     

D/UL作为絮凝控制指标的研究

借助反应器分散模型,把絮凝池内水流状况和絮凝效果与D/UL联系在一起,提出D/UL可以作为絮凝控制指标。经过小试和中试,对比分析其他絮凝控制指标,结果表明,D/UL能反映絮凝池内部比如死角、短路等状况,可以作为衡量和比较絮凝工艺是否合理的指标;絮凝池适宜的D/UL值在0.06～0.08之间,最佳值在0.07左右,其混合阶段的值一般在0.20～0.30之间。D/UL具有准确、易操作的特点,为絮凝池的设计和运行提供了新的依据。