水资源价值核算研究进展

文章从运用经济手段缓解我国社会经济发展中日益严重的水资源稀缺需求入手,基于国家法律对水资源有偿使用的认可,指出水资源价值研究将有利于我国水资源的可持续利用和保护;对国内外水资源价值研究进展进行了系统阐述,分析各方面的主要研究结论,认为水资源价值核算虽已为水权、水价、排污权交易等水环境保护市场机制的形成奠定理论基础,但以往的研究由于仅涉及到水量而未顾及水质,致使在水污染已日益严重的现实中难于得到应用。作者在已有研究的基础上,提出水质资源有偿使用理论,并提出“以量计质,以质定价”的水质价值核算方法;展望在未来一段时间内,认为水资源价值的研究将重点关注水质资源价值、水资源价值核算模型及水资源价值突变等方面。     

珍稀濒危动植物资源资产价值核算体系研究

珍稀濒危动植物资源是一项重要的自然资源资产类型,具有重要的科研、经济、观赏、生态等价值。就目前的管理实践来看,中国长期存在着珍稀濒危动植物资源保护和资源利用之间关系不明确和资源价值难以科学评估等问题。同时,作为一项重要自然资源资产账户,珍稀濒危物种尚未开展价值核算技术研究,给资产负债表填报及领导干部自然资源资产离任审计工作带来极大困难。文章首先在分析珍稀濒危物种质量评价体系现状资料基础上,构建了包括濒危程度、遗传状况、生长繁殖状况、物种价值4类代表性指标的质量评价体系;其次,在分析比较多种价值核算方法的基础上,依照国家发布的野生动物及其产品价格认定相关规则和标准,采用保护性支出法探寻珍稀濒危物种质量与价值之间的关系,建立了珍稀濒危物种资产实物量价值核算模型,从而构建形成珍稀濒危物种资源实物量价值核算体系。该研究创新性地将珍稀濒危物种资源质量与价格关系作为核算模型构建的出发点,以此突破资源数量决定资源价值的局限,将资源质量有效地反映到资源价值量中,从而更为系统、规范地与自然资源资产负债表体系相衔接。该研究可为自然资源资产负债表价值量填报及领导干部自然资源资产离任审计工作提供指导,也可为珍稀濒危动植物保护和管理提供技术支撑。     

基于生态价值核算的重庆市区域生态补偿策略研究

生态系统服务功能是实施区域生态补偿最直接的依据.基于修正后的生态系统服务价值核算方法,对重庆市生态系统服务价值、生态补偿优先级及生态补偿额进行了核算,结果表明:1)重庆市2019年生态系统服务总价值8898.99亿元,水文调节和气候调节是最主要的生态系统服务价值类型;空间上,渝东北三峡库区城镇群生态系统服务价值占比达到...     

基于突变级数法的吉林省生态补偿标准核算

为客观准确地确定各类土地的生态补偿标准,结合已有研究成果,采用突变级数法对生态系统的服务功能价值进行分析与评价,在此基础上提出基于突变理论的各类土地生态系统服务功能价值转换因子、均衡因子和生态补偿标准动态核算模型.应用该模型计算吉林省生态补偿标准,得出2012年吉林省耕地、林地、草地、湿地、水域和未利用地的生态补偿标准分别为1.534 9、2.018 5、1.682 1、2.094 9、1.826 8和0.823 6万元·hm-2,该生态补偿标准符合吉林省经济和社会发展的客观实际情况.基于生态系统服务功能理论和突变理论的生态补偿标准动态核算模型便于应用,具有较高可靠性和普遍适用性.     

畜禽养殖氨排放核算方法和模型比较

系统梳理了国内外氨排放核算方法体系及相关模型,比较和评价了基于物质流核算和基于阶段管理模型的两类模型方法的优缺点和适用范围,认为在地区范围基于总氨态氮的物质流核算方法得出的结果较基于总氮的核算方法得出的结果更准确,而基于阶段管理的氨排放估算方法则更适合养殖场尺度氨排放核算;基于目前我国氨排放研究重点关注区域宏观核算和对微观管理指导不足的客观现实,提出了适合我国国情的综合阶段管理模型和区域统计模型的自下而上畜禽养殖氨排放核算框架新思路;指出未来氨排放核算研究重点包括阶段管理模型的精度提升、区域统计量的收集和数据准确度的提升、规模化畜禽养殖管理模式基础信息收集和粪污处理技术优化等方面,以期为我国畜禽养殖分区管理和精准治污提供理论指导和现实依据。     

水土流失地区农田可持续利用的评价模型研究

通过水土流失地区不同农业生产方式对土地质量及土壤生产力的影响研究，探讨不同作物及其不同种植方式对农田可持续利用的评价预测模型及土地资源利用的价值核算方法，通过对山西省闻喜县的案例应用验证，表明了在农业可持续发展研究中应用的可行性。     

基于自然资源价值核算的深圳市绿色经济协调发展分析

开展自然资源价值核算与社会经济发展之间的协调关系研究,是衡量一个地区能否实现可持续发展目标的重要技术手段。该研究基于深圳市自然资源资产负债表价值核算体系,利用2007、2011和2016年遥感影像解译出的土地利用数据核算深圳市自然资源资产价值,并运用绿色经济协调度指数(GEI)定量分析自然资源与社会经济之间的协调发展程度。研究表明:(1)2007—2016年深圳市各类自然资源面积总和下降144. 53 km2,年均降幅1. 00%。(2)近10 a深圳市自然资源总价值减少561. 95亿元,林地和水体的价值总量约占深圳市自然资源价值总和的71. 43%。(3)深圳市自然资源的无形资产价值远大于实物资产价值,无形资产价值占比约94. 68%。在实物资产价值中,土地价值占比最高;无形资产价值中,固碳释氧和气候调节价值是主要贡献者。(4)2007—2016年深圳市绿色经济协调发展等级为低度冲突状态,但呈逐步改善的趋势。     

绿色财富核算的理论方法及其应用研究——以神农架林区为例

提出了绿色财富核算的概念,对绿色财富核算的内容和范围进行了界定;在前人研究的基础上,对绿色财富各组成内容的核算方法进行了探索研究。以湖北省神农架林区为例,首次在国家区域层面对绿色财富进行了核算。研究结果表明:2004年神农架林区绿色财富总值为236.13亿元,自然资产总价值为46.91亿元,占整个绿色财富的比例为19.86%;生态服务功能总价值为189.23亿元,占整个绿色财富的比例为80.14%,生态服务功能价值高于自然资产价值约60个百分点;同时,神农架林区的绿色财富要远远高于物质财富,绿色财富大约是物质财富的4.6倍,高出物质财富约185亿元,绿色财富在总国民财富中发挥着重要作用。论文的研究方法和结论为国家自然保护区的生态补偿、财政转移支付、自然资源管理等政策的制定提供了定量分析基础。     

水土流失地区农田可持续利用的评价模型研究

通过水土流失地区不同农业生产方式对土地质量及土壤生产力的影响研究，探讨不同作物及其不同的种植方式对农田可持续利用的评价预测模型及土地资源利用的价值核算方法。通过对山西省闻喜县的案例应用验证，表明了在农业可持续发展研究中应用的可行性。     

环境成本核算研究的进展

环境成本核算作为环境管理的基础工作，在绿色国民经济核算体系构建，在涉及环境费用效益分析，在制定适当的环境标准、环境收费等政策时发挥着重要作用。在陈述环境成本的定义和分类以及国内外环境成本核算研究过程的基础上，指出可持续发展理论、总成本理论、外部性和边际机会成本理论以及基于SEEA核算体系的环境成本计量理论是环境成本核算的四大理论支柱，并对环境成本核算方法的研究进行了总结与分析。阐明了研究队伍综合化、宏观核算微观化、核算方法科学化是环境成本核算研究的发展趋势，时空范围的处理、环境服务产出的处理、内部环保外部化处理是环境成本核算研究的难点与热点问题。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.