几种菊科入侵植物和非入侵植物的化感作用比较

以萝卜为受体,采用培养皿法比较研究了几种菊科入侵种和非入侵种的化感潜力。结果表明：入侵种和非入侵种都具有化感作用,且入侵种在高浓度下的化感抑制作用强度不一定都大于非入侵种。在0.2 g.mL-1浓度时,艾蒿和黄鹌菜的综合化感作用强度分别是小飞蓬的2.5和3.1倍;而紫茎泽兰和银胶菊则是小飞蓬的3.8和3.5倍。而不同植物浸提液对萝卜的不同检测指标影响不同。其中,紫茎泽兰对萝卜种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响主要表现为化感抑制作用。银胶菊和除0.025 g.mL-1外的黄鹌菜各浸提液都使萝卜种子萌发受较强的抑制,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度的升高而增大,而对幼苗生长则表现为＂低促高抑＂的规律。小飞蓬和苦荬菜对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗根长为抑制作用,但对其苗高和鲜质量为促进作用。除0.025 g.mL-1外,艾蒿对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗根长有较强的抵制,对其苗高和鲜质量则呈＂低促高抑＂的规律。     

番茄植株水浸提液对生菜和大白菜化感作用的研究

以生菜和大白菜两种蔬菜作物为受体,通过测定番茄植株水浸提液对两种蔬菜作物幼苗生长的影响,对番茄化感物质的作用进行了研究.结果表明:1低浓度(0.02 g/ml)的番茄水浸提液抑制大白菜幼苗的根长和根重;而促进生菜的根长和根重2高浓度(0.08 g/ml)的番茄水浸提液对生菜和大白菜幼苗根长、根重和苗长均表现为抑制作用.随着浓度的加大,抑制作用增强;3 0.04 g/ml的番茄水浸提液对生菜幼苗苗长和大白菜的根重、根长/苗长有明显的促进作用,而对大白菜幼苗苗长、根长有抑制作用;4番茄水浸提液对生菜幼苗根长/苗长比均表现为抑制作用、而对白菜的却表现为促进作用.图5,表1,参11.     

豆科牧草对4种农田常见杂草和水稻化感作用的研究

采用室内生测试验评价了白三叶、紫花苜蓿和毛苕子等3种豆科牧草新鲜茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等4种农田常见杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。利用盆栽试验研究3种豆科牧草的茎叶按不同比例与土混匀后对水稻秧苗生长的影响。结果表明：供体豆科牧草茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等的萌发率和幼苗生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,且随着水浸提液质量浓度的增加其抑制作用增强。浸提液质量浓度为0.1 g.mL-1时,毛苕子对稗草种子萌发的抑制作用强于其它3种,抑制率达50.8%;毛苕子对牛筋草幼苗根的抑制作用最强,抑制率达59.9%;白三叶对稗草幼苗茎的抑制率达54.3%。同时将豆科牧草的m（新鲜茎叶）-m（土）为1%和2%时,对水稻的苗高和地上部分的生物量有促进作用,3%时则抑制了水稻的生长。研究表明：施用适量的豆科牧草可以促进水稻生长,同时可有效控制稻田杂草。     

杂草对不同水稻品种化感作用的诱导效应

以高脚子粳稻、DV86、HG1和扬稻6号4个水稻品种和稗草、异型莎草、鸭舌草为材料，研究了不同水稻品种单栽或与杂草共栽时，水稻叶片水浸提液对稻田主要杂草稗草的化感作用。结果表明：在正常单栽条件下，高脚子粳稻抗稗草的化感潜力显著大于：HG1和DV86，三者的化感潜力均显著大于非化感品种扬稻6号。不同水稻品种与杂草共栽时，其化感作用均由不同程度的变化，HG1在与稗草共栽时，对稗草幼苗的生长抑制作用显著大于高脚子粳稻；DV86在与鸭舌草共栽时，对稗草幼苗的生长抑制最强。研究表明不同杂草对不同水稻品种的杂草化感作用的诱导效应存在显著差异。     

香樟根际土壤化感作用的初步研究

化感作用是农林复合生态系统中作物相互作用的重要方式,它有十分重要的经济、生态意义.该研究采用常规水浸提方法制备不同浓度的香樟(Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl.)根际土壤水浸提液,用生物测定法测定其对萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、红苋菜(Amaranthus mangosfanus L.)和荠菜(Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.)的种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明,浸提液浓度不同,其化感效应不同,受体植物不同,化感效应差别也较大,具体表现为,浓度较低时,化感作用较小,对萝卜根生长起促进作用,随着溶液浓度的增大化感抑制作用逐渐增强,大致表现出低促高抑的规律;萝卜受化感作用抑制作用较其他两种蔬菜小.通过研究可得出结论:香樟对蔬菜有较强的化感作用,香樟林地发展林-菜复合种植一定要选择合适的蔬菜种类和科学的管理措施.     

模拟酸雨对外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草生长及化感作用的影响

外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）对我国华南地区生态系统造成严重危害,同时华南地区也是强酸雨分布区域。采用不同pH值（2.5,4.0,5.6）的模拟酸雨对三叶鬼针草种子和幼苗进行处理,测定其对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响;室外模拟酸雨喷淋三叶鬼针草,生物测定三叶鬼针草叶片水浸提液对受体植物的化感作用的变化。结果表明：pH为4.0和5.6的酸雨处理后提高了三叶鬼针草种子的萌发率;pH为4.0的酸雨促进幼苗生长,增加幼苗苗高和生物量;而pH为2.5的酸雨抑制三叶鬼针草种子萌发率和幼苗生长。同时,pH 4.0和2.5酸雨增强了三叶鬼针草叶片水浸提液对受体植物的化感作用。研究表明：三叶鬼针草具有较强的耐酸能力,酸雨胁迫可能通过促进外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草的生长和提高化感潜力而有利于其进一步入侵。     

花椒叶浸提液对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

研究了不同浓度的花椒叶浸提液(5、10、20、40、80 g L-1)对3个大豆品种种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明:花椒对大豆化感效应的总体趋势为浸提液浓度越高,对大豆生长的抑制作用越强;高于40 g L-1的浓度处理,主要形态和生化指标都表明大豆生长受到显著抑制或破坏;在小于20 g L-1的浓度范围内,化感作用能够提高低活力种子的萌发率,但降低了种子发芽指数和发芽速度,且化感作用受受体品种差异和自身种子活力的影响而表现不一致;随着化感物质浓度增高,SOD酶活显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量持续增高.大豆幼苗各器官或组织受花椒化感作用的影响大小依次为根生物量>地上部生物量>株高>根长.图2表3参12     

裂叶牵牛浸提液对几种种子萌发的化感作用

采用生物测定法研究了裂叶牵牛[Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq]水浸提液对小麦(Triticum aestivun L.)、白菜(Brassica pekinenss Rupr.)、早熟禾(Poa angustifolia Linn.)、鸡冠花(Celosia cristata L.)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:(1)质量浓度为0.04 g·mL-1,0.08 g·mL-1,0.16 g·mL-1的裂叶牵牛水浸提液对小麦、白菜、早熟禾、鸡冠花均有抑制作用,抑制作用随着裂叶牵牛水浸提液质量浓度的增加而增强;(2)质量浓度为0.16 g·mL-1的裂叶牵牛水浸提液对四种种子萌发和幼苗生长具有很强的化感作用,SE值均达100%.     

茄子(Solanum melomgena L.)根系糖苷生物碱对5种蔬菜作物的化感效应及相关分析

利用生物碱指示剂鉴定了茄子(Solanum melomgena L.)根系分泌物和腐解液中糖苷生物碱(glycoalkaloid)的存在,并采用超声波技术提取茄子根系糖苷生物碱,探讨了茄子根系糖苷生物碱对5种蔬菜作物的化感效应及其相关性.结果表明,糖苷生物碱抑制了3种茄科蔬菜种子的萌发和幼苗生长,且随着生物碱提取液浓度的升高,化感抑制作用显著增强,而不同浓度的生物碱提取液对大白菜(Beussica pekinensis)和菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)种子萌发和幼苗生长呈现"低促高抑"的双重浓度效应;随着生物碱浓度升高,茄科蔬菜萌发种子中丙二醛(MDA)含量和质膜透性逐渐上升,3种保护酶活性逐渐下降,大白菜和菜豆萌发种子中三种保护酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,高浓度的糖苷生物碱同样导致MDA含量和质膜透性的显著增加;对于不同种类的蔬菜,生物碱的化感效应主要通过不同抗性生理指标分别作用于种子萌发和幼苗生长,其中对种子萌发的作用要显著大于幼苗生长.     

日本菟丝子对薇甘菊的化感作用

以薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)种子为受体,采用生物检测的方法研究了菟丝子属(Cuscuta L.)植物日本菟丝子(Cuscuta japonica Choisy)鲜茎的水浸提液及其有机萃取物的化感效应.结果表明,日本菟丝子鲜茎的水浸提液对萝卜种子的萌发表现出"低促高抑"的现象,且质量浓度越高,抑制作用越强;对薇甘菊根长的抑制作用达到了极显著水平(p<0.01),综合抑制效应指数亦达到-0.32.日本菟丝子鲜茎水浸提液的有机萃取物在折算为干茎质量浓度为10 mg·mL-1(即折算为每毫升溶液曾经用10 mg干茎浸泡)时就对萝卜和薇甘菊种子的萌发表现出极显著的抑制作用(p<0.01),且对两种受体的抑制趋势较一致.可见供体植物日本菟丝子具有较强的化感作用,这为利用它来控制薇甘菊的入侵提供了参考依据.     

环丙沙星对3种作物的毒性

为了研究环丙沙星对作物的毒性效应,为其可能对农业生产带来的风险提供评价依据,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了环丙沙星对3种作物(玉米、萝卜和小白菜)种子发芽、根伸长及芽伸长的影响。结果表明,在环丙沙星作用下,3种作物的根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率与药物浓度显著相关(P<0.05),发芽抑制率与药物浓度不相关(P>0.05);药物对根伸长及芽伸长的抑制高于对种子发芽的抑制;环丙沙星对玉米、萝卜和小白菜的根伸长和芽伸长的ID50(抑制率为50%时污染物浓度)分别为7.97、2.51、1.48mg·kg-1和11.23、2.90、1.95mg·kg-1,3种作物在环丙沙星的胁迫下,其敏感性顺序为:小白菜>萝卜>玉米。     

华南地区几种常见植物对薇甘菊的化感作用研究

用供体植物地上部分的水提液或乙醇提取液配制成一定质量浓度的营养液,培养已生根的薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)枝条,1个月后测其生长情况。结果表明,幌伞枫(Heteropanax fragrans)和三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)水提液培养的薇甘菊无一成活;芒萁(Dicranopteris pedata)水提液对薇甘菊也表现出很强的化感作用,其抑制综合效应(SE)为72.47%。少花龙葵(Solanum nigrum)乙醇提取液培养的薇甘菊无一成活,三叶鬼针草和芒萁的乙醇提取液对薇甘菊也表现出很强的化感作用,其SE值分别达到50.50%和17.11%。可见三叶鬼针草和芒萁有望开发用来对薇甘菊进行长期生物防治。供体植物提取液对薇甘菊插条成活率和根系活力的影响高于对其生物量的影响,表明供体植物的化感物质可能是通过抑制薇甘菊根系活力来抑制其生长和繁殖的。     

芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)10株细菌混合制剂对4种作物出苗及苗期生长的影响

以10株具有促生及抑制病害的芽胞杆菌属菌株(Bacillus sp．)的培养物，按不同比例配制成5个混合剂型细菌制剂．A、B、C、D剂型播种时接种不结球小白菜30d后，株高、叶片数、根长和干重分别增加7．8％、6．2％、9．4％和13．8％，除C处理的株高与对照差异不显著外，其余均达显著水平．接种A和B剂型显著提高豌豆出苗率，出苗9d时两菌剂处理的地上和地下部干重分别平均提高92．3％和183．3％，并发现5株供试菌株对引起豌豆病害病原菌有明显的抑菌作用．以A、B、E三个剂型菌悬液培养水稻种子4d时，各处理的平均芽长提高33．3％，根长提高16．0％，培养25d时株高、根数和地上部干重平均分别提高16．0％、9．5％和22．7％，均达显著水平．B剂型的培养物培养小麦27d时发现对株高、叶片数和植株干重的影响都不显著，但对根数和根重有显著的促进作用．综合分析认为，A菌剂最有利于供试作物出苗和苗期生长，其次为B剂型．表5参17     

Toxic effects of wastewater from various phases of monosodium glutamate production on seed germination and root elongation of crops

To make a comprehensive assessment on monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater pollution, a pollution exposure experiment was carried out on the seed germination and root elongation of wheat, Chinese cabbage and tomato by using the wastewater discharged from different processing phases of MSG production. The results showed that there were significantly positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rates of wheat seed germination and root elongation and the COD_cr of the mother liquor scraps. The toxicity of MSG wastewater to the test crops was in the order of tomato > Chinese cabbage > wheat, indicating that tomato was the most sensitive to the wastewater, and could be considered as an ideal toxic bioindicator. The half-effect concentrations (IC₅₀) based on the seed germination and root elongation of the test crops exposed to the wastewater discharged from various processing phases of MSG production was 22.0–32 432 and 17.3–3320 mg/L, respectively.     

火炬树叶片腐解物浸提液对上海青种苗生长的影响

用培养皿方法测定了土壤腐解对火炬树（Rhus typhina）叶片化感作用潜力的影响。试验结果表明：腐解0、5 d的火炬树叶片,在浸提液质量浓度为0.02、0.04、0.08 g.mL-1时,对上海青（Brassica chinensis）种子萌发及幼苗生长表现为抑制作用,且抑制作用强度随浸提液质量浓度增大和腐解时间延长而加强。腐解时间达10、20和30 d时,0.01、0.02 g.mL-1的浸提液对上海青种子萌发及幼苗生长表现为促进作用,0.04、0.08 g.mL-1的浸提液仍对上海青种子萌发及幼苗生长表现为抑制作用,且促进作用随腐解时间延长而加强,抑制作用均随腐解时间延长而减弱。     

利巴韦林对4种作物种子发芽的影响

利巴韦林作为一种强效抗病毒药物在畜禽养殖业中应用广泛,有着较高的生态环境风险。采用室内培养箱培养的方法,研究了利巴韦林对4种作物(小麦、白菜、萝卜和番茄)的种子发芽、根伸长和芽伸长的影响。结果表明,利巴韦林对4种作物的种子发芽率影响不大,但其浓度与4种作物的根伸长及芽伸长抑制率显著相关(P<0.01或P<0.05),作物的根伸长比芽伸长对利巴韦林的胁迫更敏感。土壤中利巴韦林浓度与4种作物根伸长抑制率之间呈现正相关关系。根伸长的抑制率达到10%所对应的利巴韦林浓度(IC10)分别为:IC10(白菜)=4.25mg·kg-1,IC10(番茄)=29.7mg·kg-1,IC10(萝卜)=33.2mg·kg-1,IC10(小麦)=49.4mg·kg-1。可以看出,4种作物对土壤中利巴韦林胁迫的敏感性依次是:白菜>番茄>萝卜>小麦。从利巴韦林对4种作物的根伸长和芽伸长抑制率综合来看,小麦对利巴韦林的耐受性最强,而白菜对利巴韦林最敏感。     

Phytotoxic effects of phenolic acids from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Merostachys riedeliana,</Emphasis> a native and overabundant Brazilian bamboo

Merostachys riedeliana Rupr. is a native and overabundant bamboo species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Moderate to strong allelopathic activity may be one mechanism that explains this super-dominance and the changes in structure and composition of forest areas occupied by bamboo. This study evaluated the phytotoxic effect of M. riedeliana extracts and fractions and identified their putative allelochemicals. We investigated the presence of allelochemicals in soil collected from stands occupied by M. riedeliana. Furthermore, we evaluated the putative effect of tree allelochemicals, individually and combined, on germination and growth. The aqueous extract of leaves and its ethyl acetate fraction presented the highest inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The effect of the extracts and fractions on the target species was species-specific. Neither the individual nor the combined phenolic acids significantly inhibited seed germination; however, a pronounced growth inhibition was observed in M. bimucronata seedlings treated with vanillic acid and in E. verna and M. bimucronata seedlings treated with combined phenolic acids. Isovitexin, vitexin, isoorientin, orientin, and their O-glycoside derivatives, the lactonic dimer of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-methylenedioxymandelic acid were identified in the aqueous extracts and ethyl acetate fraction by Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Dectector/Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry (LC-DAD/ESI–MS/MS). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS) profile of the same extract and fraction showed the presence of benzoic, benzeneacetic, salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, vanillic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, m-coumaric vanillylmandelic, 4-methylmandelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymandelic and trans-ferulic acids. The p-benzoic acid and the apigenin 6-C-glucoside (isovitexin) were identified in the soil extract collected from under bamboo-growing areas. Even though laboratory bioassays are not completely predictive of the allelopathic effects that occur in nature, the results of this study provide preliminary evidence of allelopathy as a possible species-specific inhibition mechanism of native species that explain the impoverishment of floristic richness and the functional groups in areas where M. riedeliana is overabundant.     

辽河流域高氟地区氟对人体健康的影响

研究了辽河流域高氟地区土壤、作物、饮用水中氟含量,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对辽河流域高氟地区饮用水中氟所引起的健康风险进行初步评价。研究表明：研究区饮用水中氟质量浓度为0．70—4．51mg·L^-1;白菜根土中氟质量分数为182—484mg·kg^-1,萝卜根土质量分数为182～352mg·kg^-1,玉米根土中氟质量分数为209～1254mg·kg^-1;白菜可食部分氟质量分数为0．51～2．96mg·kg^-1,萝卜可食部分氟质量分数为0．34～0．50mg·kg^-1,玉米果实部分氟质量分数为0．88～1．04mg·kg^-1。通过饮用水、食物途径所致健康风险中,食人途径、饮用水途径非致癌物年健康风险分别为1．920×10^-9·a^-1,1．960×10^-8·a^-1,均低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10^-5·a^-1）。     

Phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos in cabbage

Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis L., and cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, are the main daily foliar vegetables of the vast majority of the population of eastern and southern China. Cabbages are also planted and consumed widely in other countries. The insecticide and acaricide chlorpyrifos is registered in many countries. Chlorpyrifos controls a variety of insects in plants and soils, and chlorpyrifos is extensively used in the Chinese market. Food poisoning due to the presence of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables has been reported in China provinces. Plant uptake of pesticide residues in air, water, and soil is a source of pesticide residues in vegetables. Here, phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos by Chinese cabbage and cabbage were studied in the laboratory using the batch technique. From 0 to 16 days after chlorpyrifos treatment, vegetables roots, stems, leaves, and culture water samples were collected, and the residues of chlorpyrifos in culture water, plant tissues were analyzed using GC-FPD. The results demonstrate that culture solutions with chlorpyrifos had no significant inhibitory effects on vegetable plant height. However, at 1.0 mg/l, it had significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage. Then, at 10.0 mg/l, it had only significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of cabbage compared to the control treatment. The disappearance rates of chlorpyrifos in solutions were in sequence as: nutrition solution with Chinese cabbage, nutrition solution with cabbage, pond water, nutrition solution. The results showed also that chlorpyrifos can be taken up by roots of Chinese cabbage and cabbage from water and subsequently translocated as a function of time. Uptake dynamics of chlorpyrifos from culture solutions by the two cabbage plants were similar.