一体式膜-生物反应器中膜污染过程的动态分析

膜污染过程的动态研究对于有效地控制膜污染意义重大。结合膜过滤压差的上升和污染膜表面微观形态的变化 ,对不同污泥浓度和膜通量条件下 ,一体式膜 生物反应器中膜污染过程进行了动态分析。结果表明 ,膜污染初期主要是水中溶解性物质在膜表面附着 ,随后污泥在膜表面沉积。溶解性有机物在膜面的附着 ,对膜过滤压差即膜过滤阻力的变化影响不大 ,而活性污泥在膜表面的大量沉积将导致膜过滤压差迅速上升。污泥浓度愈高 ,膜通量愈大时 ,活性污泥颗粒愈易在膜面沉积。通过停止进出水维持空曝气、降低反应器内污泥浓度或延长膜的停抽时间可以使沉积在膜表面的悬浮污泥脱离膜表面 ,从而使膜过滤能力得到很好的恢复。采用经典的膜污染模型对各运行阶段膜污染模式进行了分析 ,模型拟合结果与电镜观察结果基本吻合。     

曝气强度对膜污染的影响

混合液浓度的高低及其粒度分布特性是影响膜生物反应器膜污染的重要因素。在一定污泥浓度下,主要考察了曝气强度对污泥絮体粒度分布的影响,以及不同粒度下的膜污染特性。试验结果表明,曝气强度提高,可以起到减缓污泥颗粒在膜表面的沉积作用,但高的错流流速产生的剪切效应使得污泥颗粒变得琐碎,导致细小胶体粒子和溶解性部分增多,增加了膜孔吸附和堵塞的机会,加剧了膜污染的进程。膜污染速率在曝气强度提高初期阶段迅速降低,接着又随曝气强度增加而缓慢升高,在污泥质量浓度为8 g/L的试验条件下,对应的最适曝气强度为84 m3/(m2.h)。     

附着性胞外多聚物对HMBR膜污染控制性能的影响

采用复合式膜生物反应器（HMBR）处理城市生活污水，对附着性胞外多聚物影响HMBR膜污染控制性能的作用机理进行了研究。实验结果表明，HMBR中附着性胞外多聚物、松散附着性胞外多聚物和紧密附着性胞外多聚物的浓度比常规膜生物反应器分别降低了10．0％、43．6％和2．1％。附着性胞外多聚物与膜表面滤饼层污泥比阻的关系较为密切，随着其浓度逐渐降低，滤饼层污泥比阻相应减小。与紧密附着性胞外多聚物相比，松散附着性胞外多聚物对滤饼层污泥比阻的影响程度更深。因此，随着反应器中附着性胞外多聚物特别是松散附着性胞外多聚物浓度的降低，HMBR的膜污染控制性能增强，反应器中膜表面的滤饼层阻力比常规膜生物反应器降低了56．9％。     

在线超声作用下流化床膜生物反应器的膜污染机制

在流化床膜生物反应器中引用在线超声技术来控制膜污染，考察了在线超声对污泥混合液特性的影响，探讨了在线超声作用下的膜污染机制。结果表明：在线超声流化床膜生物反应器的跨膜压差（TMP）增长速度明显慢于普通流化床膜生物反应器，可延长膜清洗周期约51％。在线超声作用下，污泥平均粒径降低约70μm，污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量增加（14±5）mg／g，混合液溶解性微生物产物（SMP）有所降低；同时，在线超声使得污泥浓度和混合液粘度降低，从而改善了混合液的过滤性，有助于膜污染的控制。分析表明，在线超声能够减少膜表面不可逆污染的发生，膜的主要污染机制为泥饼层污染。     

活性焦吸附对反渗透浓水膜蒸馏减排工艺的影响

本研究采用膜蒸馏(MD)技术,对煤化工废水2套处理工艺——(1)"混凝-超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)工艺"和(2)"混凝-活性焦(AC)吸附-超滤-反渗透工艺"的RO浓水进行浓缩。通过对比分析MD的膜通量、产水水质以及膜污染等指标,重点考察AC吸附预处理对后续MD工艺的影响。结果表明,AC吸附作为前置膜处理工艺,可有效降低污染物在膜表面的沉积,减少膜润湿现象,并提高膜通量。GC-MS分析表明,AC能有效吸附废水中的酮类、醇类、酯类以及杂环类等挥发性有机物,降低MD过程中挥发至产水侧的有机物浓度,从而提高MD产水水质。     

膜生物反应器中膜污染的研究

研究了膜生物反应器的膜污染过程中，膜平均通量的下降与污泥浓度之间的关系，发现在一定的膜面流速下，膜平均通量的下降与污泥浓度增加成对数关系；随着污泥浓度的增加，膜污染速度加快，泥饼阻力成为膜稳态通量的主要控制因素。     

颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器的长期运行特性

在实验室条件下，从有机物去除效果、透膜压差、污泥颗粒粒径和污泥混合液过滤阻力等方面对颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器（HMBR）的长期运行特性进行了研究。结果表明，与普通MBR相比，HMBR可以显著减缓膜污染，延长稳定运行时间，减少膜组件的清洗频率，在本试验条件下，当膜通量分别为3.0、4.5和6.0 L/（m²·h）时，MBR的透膜压差增长率分别是HMBR的5.5、3.3和2.2倍；HMBR的有机污染物去除效果显著，COD平均去除率达到92.3%，但是由于颗粒填料对HMBR膜表面污泥沉积层的去除，HMBR对有机物的筛滤/吸附作用减弱，造成HMBR出水的COD浓度比MBR略高；随运行时间的增长，HMBR污泥颗粒粒径呈下降趋势，而污泥混合液的过滤阻力逐渐增大，由于颗粒填料对污泥絮体的剪切作用，以及污泥生物相的变化导致HMBR的污泥粒径下降趋势比MBR更为明显，粒径分布范围更窄，而且HMBR的污泥混合液过滤阻力增长速率略大于MBR。     

浸没式膜-生物反应器污泥组分对膜污染的影响

研究基于中试规模的浸没式膜生物反应器长期运行的基础上,通过改变操作条件和工艺参数系统考察污泥组分对膜污染的影响。试验结果表明,泥龄10 d时，混合液悬浮固体、胶体物质和溶解性物质对膜污染阻力的贡献分别为24.1%、36.1%和39.8%；泥龄20 d时, 混合液悬浮固体、胶体物质和溶解性物质对膜污染阻力的贡献分别为43.9%、32%和24.1%；泥龄40 d时, 混合液悬浮固体、胶体物质和溶解性物质对膜污染阻力的贡献分别为50.6%、27.3%和22.1%。随着泥龄的增加,胶体物质和溶解性物质所形成的阻力之和在总阻力中所占的比例逐渐下降,但仍为膜污染的重要因素。     

膜-生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的研究进展

本文就膜 -生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的生成特性及其影响的研究进展进行了总结。在膜 -生物反应器中 ,膜的高效固液分离作用在提高系统容积负荷和出水水质的同时 ,也使生物反应器成为一个相对封闭的系统。以腐殖质、多糖、蛋白质等物质为主要成分的溶解性微生物产物是生物处理出水中溶解性TOC或COD的主要组成部分 ,主要产生于微生物的基质分解过程和内源呼吸过程 ,其高分子物质的含量较多且可生物降解性较差 ,因此 ,在膜 -生物反应器中会出现积累。溶解性微生物产物的过高积累不仅有可能降低膜过滤出水的水质稳定性 ,而且有可能影响污泥活性 ,并引起膜污染。进水浓度和污泥浓度是影响溶解性微生物产物产生量的重要因素。目前有关膜 -生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的研究还很不完善 ,有很多问题需进一步研究     

膜生物反应器次临界通量运行的膜污染特性研究

膜生物反应器（MBR）是将膜分离与生物反应相结合的污水处理新工艺,近年来已引起广泛的关注,但不可避免的膜污染限制其更广泛的应用。临界通量在膜污染控制中是个非常重要的概念。本试验研究平板膜生物反应器在次临界通量运行下的膜污染状况,并结合膜污染模型进一步表征膜表面的污染特性。试验结果表明。该平板膜生物反应器在次临界通量运行的情况下,膜污染可分为膜污染缓慢发展阶段（第Ⅰ阶段）和膜污染迅速发展阶段（第Ⅱ阶段）,可分别用膜孔堵塞模型和泥饼阻力模型表征膜阻力与时间的变化关系。同时,对运行后的膜阻力分布进行分析,表明泥饼阻力和孔道吸附堵塞阻力是膜污染的主要组成部分,分别占到总阻力的73％和24％,而膜本身阻力仅占3％。     

膜生物反应器生物降解与膜分离共作用特性研究

膜生物反应器实质是生物降解与膜分离相互影响,共同作用的过程,污泥浓度与通量之间存在一定的相关关系,膜分离对生和性能尤其是细菌活性有着重要的影响,而生物反应器内细菌胞外聚合物,溶解性有机物及微细胶体可能成为形成凝胶层导致通量下降的主要因素。     

溶解氧对活性污泥合成可生物降解塑料—PHB的影响

聚-β-羟基丁酸酯（polyhydroxybutyrate,PHB）是一种可完全生物降解和具有良好生物相容性的高分子材料，许多情况下可作为传统塑料的替代品。以活性污泥微生物作为PHB合成菌，研究了动态底物投加方式下，溶解氧对污泥贮存PHB过程的影响。结果表明，PHB的贮存过程相当程度上取决于氧的提供。溶解氧浓度的提高明显加快了底物乙酸的吸收，进而导致更大比例的乙酸被活性污泥贮存为PHB。试验中，溶解氧浓度由饱和浓度的10%提高到70%，PHB的产率由0.36 C mmol/C mmol 提高到0.56 C mmol/C mmol，PHB的胞内含量也由26%提高到37%。试验证明溶解氧是控制活性污泥合成PHB工艺的重要因素。     

Bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen in treated effluents.

The research objective was to assess dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) bioavailability in wastewater effluents from a pilot-scale nitrification plant and a laboratory-scale total nitrogen (TN) removal plant. The DON bioavailability was assessed using a 14-day bioassay protocol containing bacterial and algal inocula. Nitrogen species, dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll a, and biomass (as total suspended solids and culturable cell counts) concentrations were measured to assess DON bioavailability. The results showed an increase in algal chlorophyll a concentration, with a concurrent increase in algal biomass over time; increased bacterial counts and a decrease in DON concentration over time; and increased carbon-to-nitrogen ratio at the end of the 14-day bioassay, indicating effluent DON bioavailability to algae and bacteria. Approximately 18 to 61% of the initial DON in low-total-nitrogen wastewater effluent (TN = 4 to 5 mg/L) sample was bioavailable. The results show that bacteria and algae uptake and release DON during their growth.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

在不同接种源污泥颗粒化过程中污泥理化性状对比研究的基础上,采用成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水,对其脱氮行为以及不同C/N条件下好氧颗粒污泥微生物的比耗氧速率、好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率随时间的变化等进行了研究.实验结果表明,在进水氨氮质量浓度较高(480 mg/L)、温度30℃左右的条件下,稳定运行15 d,氨氮的去除率维持在85%左右;进水氨氮的浓度越高,随着微生物对环境的逐渐适应,硝化菌的活性也逐步增加;随着进水氨氮浓度的提高,好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率也逐渐上升.     

Assessment of the importance of sorption for steroid estrogens removal during activated sludge treatment

Distribution coefficients (K(d)) between water and activated sludge particles (f(oc)=27.7+/-0.1%) were measured for the steroid estrogens (SE), estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in batch experiments. Experimental concentration levels ranged from environmentally realistic low ng/l to the high microg/l. In this range K(d)s were independent of their water concentration. The experimentally obtained K(d)s (with 95% confidence intervals) were 402+/-126 l/kg, 476+/-192 l/kg and 584+/-136 l/kg for E1, E2 and EE2, respectively. K(d)s were used to estimate the fraction of the total SE concentration that is expected to be sorbed in the activated sludge treatment tanks of a typical STP assuming equilibrium conditions. Assuming a suspended solids concentration of 4 g/l dissolved solids (ds), it was estimated that 61+/-9%, 66+/-13% and 70+/-6% of the total concentration of E1, E2 and EE2, respectively, would be sorbed during activated sludge treatment. The fraction of the SEs that was expected to be sorbed to suspended sludge particles in the effluents from a typical Danish STP was estimated to be only 0.20+/-0.06%, 0.24+/-0.10% and 0.29+/-0.07% of the total concentration of E1, E2 and EE2, respectively, at a suspended solids concentration of 5 mg/lds. For a typical STP the removal of steroid estrogens with excess sludge was estimated to be only 1.5-1.8% of the total loading if equilibrium conditions exists. Sorption is therefore not important for the fate of SEs in STPs compared to biodegradation.     

Partition of volatile organic compounds in activated sludge and wastewater

The Henry's law constant is important in the gas-liquid mass transfer process. Apparent dimensionless Henry's law constant, or the gas-liquid partition coefficient (K'H), for both hydrophilic (methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone) and hydrophobic (toluene and p-xylene) organic compounds in deionized (DI) water, a wastewater with a maximum total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of 700 mg/L, and DI water mixed with a maximum activated sludge suspended solid (SS) concentration of 40,000 mg/L were measured using the single equilibrium technique at 293 K. Experimental results demonstrate that the K'H of any of the test volatile organic compounds varied among three situations. First, the K'H of the hydrophilic compounds in mixed liquor with the maximum SS concentration was 9-21% higher than those in DI water. Second, those for toluene and p-xylene were 77% and 93% lower, respectively, in the mixed liquor with the maximum SS concentration. Third, the K'H values of all of the test compounds in the wastewater were only 10% lower than those in DI water. A model was developed to relate K'H with wastewater DOC and the SS concentration in the activated sludge using an organic carbon-water partition coefficient and activated sludge-water partition coefficient as model parameters. The model was verified and model parameters for test compounds estimated.     

Coagulation and precipitation as post-treatment of anaerobically treated primary municipal wastewater.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of coagulation as a post-treatment method of anaerobically treated primary municipal wastewater. Both mesophilic and ambient (20 degrees C) temperature conditions were investigated in a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. In addition, optimization of the coagulant, both in terms of type and dose, was performed. Finally, phosphorus removal by means of aluminum and iron coagulation and phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal by means of struvite precipitation were studied. Anaerobic treatment of primary effluent at low hydraulic retention times (less than 15 hours) resulted in mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals ranging from 50 to 70%, while, based on the filtered treated effluent, the mean removals increased to 65 to 80%. Alum coagulation of the UASB effluent gave suspended solids removals ranging from approximately 35 to 65%. Turbidity removal reached up to 80%. Remaining COD values after coagulation and settling were below 100 mg/L, while remaining total organic carbon (TOC) levels were below 50 mg/L. Filterable COD levels were generally below 60 mg/L, while filterable TOC levels were below 40 mg/L. All coagulants tested, including prepolymerized aluminum and iron coagulants, demonstrated similar efficiency compared with alum for the removal of suspended solids, COD, and TOC. Regarding struvite precipitation, optimal conditions for phosphorus and nitrogen removal were pH 10 and molar ratio of magnesium: ammonia-nitrogen: phosphate-phosphorus close to the stoichiometric ratio (1:1:1). During struvite precipitation, removal of suspended solids reached 40%, while turbidity removal reached values up to 80%. The removal of COD was approximately 30 to 35%; yet, when removal of organic matter was based on the treated filterable COD, the removal increased to approximately 65%. In addition, nitrogen was removed by approximately 70%, while phosphorus removal ranged between approximately 30 and 45% on the basis of the initial phosphorus concentration. Finally, size fractionation of the organic matter (COD) showed that the various treatment methods were capable of removing different fractions of the organic matter.     

Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy

The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.