天津市环境监测中心大气监测部

正大气监测部是天津市环境监测中心骨干业务部门之一,业务范围涉及环境空气质量监测与评价;环境空气常规监测;环境空气自动监测系统运行维护管理;空气质量日报、预报与预警发布;计算机网络安全管理与维护;环境监测信息系统规划与管     

广州城区近地面层不同高度空气质量评价

为了阐明大城市中心城区不同高度的空气质量差异及其成因,为大气污染防治工作提供科学支撑,该研究基于广州塔大气污染物垂直梯度观测平台的监测数据,采用环境空气质量综合指数和环境空气质量指数(AQI),分别对广州城区近地面层不同高度的空气质量进行评价。结果表明,2015年广州塔4个高度(地面、118 m、168 m和488 m)的空气质量综合指数分别为4.96、5.01、4.83和3.64,AQI超标率分别为27%、30%、25%和40%。总体上,中、低层(168 m以下)的空气质量差异较小,其中118 m点位的综合指数和AQI超标率相对较高;高层(488 m)因O_3污染尤其显著导致其AQI超标率为各高度最高,但O_3质量浓度上升的贡献被其他污染物质量浓度的大幅下降所抵消,故其综合指数反而最低。随着高度增加,PM_(2.5)和NO_2超标程度下降,O_3超标程度上升,导致高层的PM_(2.5)和NO_2几乎不超标,而O_3超标率达40%且其超标天数占AQI超标天数的比例高达99%。随着污染级别上升,PM_(2.5)和NO_2成为首要污染物的比例减少,O_3比例增加,O_3成为各高度AQI超标时最主要的首要污染物。当低层空气质量处于优或重度污染级别时,各层等级一致性相对较好;但在其他情况下,低层与高层的空气质量最多可相差3个级别。因PM_(2.5)和NO_2以低矮源排放贡献为主,而O_3来源于复杂的二次反应,使PM_(2.5)和NO_2质量浓度随高度上升而递减,而O_3质量浓度随高度上升而递增,最终形成了中、低层以PM_(2.5)、NO2和O_3复合污染为主、高层以O_3单一污染为主的空气质量垂直分布特征。     

中国城市环境中空气负离子研究进展

空气负离子被誉为“空气维生素和生长素”,其浓度被列为衡量空气质量好坏的一个重要指标,对于城市空气质量的改善意义重大。综述了中国城市环境空气负离子研究方面的主要进展,对空气离子产生的机理机制、观测方法、时空特征、评价指标体系以及关键影响因子及其相互之间的关系等方面进行深入和系统的阐述。其中重点阐述了空气负离子与不同自然环境和建筑环境的关系。国内外主要研究结果表明,(1)不同环境场所下空气负离子浓度差别很大,呈现出由城市中心到郊区再到乡村逐渐增大的趋势。(2)空气负离子浓度的年变化和日变化均存在明显差异。(3)水体对空气负离子浓度影响较大,动态水的空气负离子浓度大于静态水,以瀑布为最大。同时离水体的距离越近,周边的空气负离子浓度越高。(4)空气负离子与风的关系最为密切,有风时空气负离子浓度高于无风时,且风速与空气中负离子浓度成正相关。其他因素如温湿度、天气状况、植物绿化、建筑材料以及建筑高度等都能影响空气负离子浓度的高低,从而影响城市环境的空气清新度,其中有研究者发现空气负离子能够降低空气中颗粒物的浓度,并与PM2.5的关系最大。这些研究为综合地指导和评价城市环境空气质量提供科学依据和设计思路。因此笔者结合中国城市化的进程,进一步提出了更多的想法：(1)在控制性详细规划的层面上,与城市设计和城市绿地系统等研究结合起来,开展周期性的空气负离子浓度实证研究。(2)尝试建立空气负离子浓度与城市住区通风关系的评估方法,为城市住区空气清新度与通风关系的评估做应用性基础研究。     

环境空气质量评价的普适指数公式及其应用

在适当设定空气污染物的“基准”值和用相对于“基准”值的空气污染物的：“相对”值情况下，采用S型曲线表示空气污染物对环境空气质量的危害程序，并应用遗传算法优化公式中的参数，得出了一个对多种空气污染物通用的环境空气质量评价的普数指数公式，借助于折衷激励功效函数将单项污染物分指数加权为综合指数，该公式形式简单，容易计算，评价结果精度较高，且具有可比性。     

遂宁市大气细颗粒物污染现状及成因

通过研究遂宁市环境空气质量变化趋势、城区空气颗粒物组成及浓度变化,系统分析了遂宁市雾霾天气的污染状况及成因,并横向比较了四川省内各城市的空气质量.研究结果表明,细颗粒物(PM2.5)是遂宁市环境空气中的主要污染物.2012年遂宁市大气中PM2.5浓度值为35—119μg·m-3,平均值为68μg·m-3.2013年1—4月,PM2.5浓度值为21—120μg·m-3,达标率不到50%.尤其在2013年3月,PM2.5/PM10由62.0%—87.2%降低为45.3%.由此判断遂宁市环境空气质量主要受细颗粒物类型、气象条件以及大气污染物长距离迁移等因素影响,其中细颗粒物的最主要来源为机动车尾气排放,并提出了细颗粒物污染防治的对策措施.     

城市声环境综合整治规划方法探讨

本文论述城市声环境综合整治规划方法和程序，即从城市声环境的质量评价分析，城市噪声污染趋势分析，结果城市总体规划原则，提出声环境规划目标，城市噪声综合整治规划的内容及实施规划的支持与保证。     

高速公路PM_(2.5)中重金属季节变化特征及健康风险评估

以往的研究较多关注于城市环境空气PM_(2.5)的重金属污染特征和健康风险,而以交通源为主的相关分析较为匮乏。为探索高速公路环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属季节变化特征,评价高速公路工作人员健康风险,于2018年3-10月分4次集中采集南昌市周边3条高速公路(昌樟、昌铜和温厚)服务区、收费站中环境空气的PM_(2.5)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)监测了PM_(2.5)中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni)质量浓度,分析其季节变化特征,并利用地累积指数法(Igeo)、美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对环境空气PM_(2.5)中6种重金属的污染特征及人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明高速公路服务区和收费站环境空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的季节变化特征表现为春季秋季夏季,PM_(2.5)中不同重金属元素质量浓度的季节变化表现出显著性差异。总体上,不同季节PM_(2.5)中重金属质量浓度表现为ZnPbCrCuNiCd,其中Cr的平均质量浓度为4.07×10~(-2)μg·m~(-3),远高于城市水平。地累积指数评价结果表明6种重金属均受到不同程度的交通源污染,其中Zn和Cd的污染程度分级为严重污染,而Cu、Cr和Ni在秋季表现出更为严重的污染程度。健康风险评价结果表明,高速公路收费站和服务区环境空气的PM_(2.5)中重金属不存在非致癌风险,而致癌风险评价中,PM_(2.5)中Cr的致癌风险评价值超过阈值10~(-4),具有致癌风险,Ni的致癌风险评价超过10-5,具有潜在致癌风险。环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属的污染特征及致癌风险均表现为秋季高于春季和夏季,交通源引起的大气Cr和Ni污染应受到重视。     

天津市高架点源对城区空气质量影响分析

从典型高架点源到城市众多高架源的污染进行综合分析，阐述了高架点源的污染分布特征和对城市空气质量的影响，高架点源对天津市污染物排放贡献率为45％，但对城市空气质量影响为12％。     

铅同位素示踪研究城市大气TSP的来源

分析测定了2013年春季厦门市4个不同功能区大气TSP的质量浓度及铅同位素组成.结果表明,不同功能区的TSP质量浓度:工业区交通区居住区风景区,仅工业区存在超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级日均浓度限值的现象,空气质量较差,风景区TSP质量浓度低于一级日均浓度限值,空气质量最好;通过铅同位素二元混合模型计算发现厦门市大气TSP主要受自然来源(土壤扬尘)的影响,平均贡献率为77.03%,人为来源(汽车尾气排放)则贡献了22.97%.     

城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价

文章将模糊聚类与层次分析相结合，提出了城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价法，并将该方法应用于宣州市环境质量综合评价，结果表明，该方法克服了综合指数法受人为因素影响大的缺点，较好地反映了环境质量分级界限的模糊性，并且较好地解决了权值分配问题，使评价结论更合理，可靠，是一种有价值的城市环境质量综合评价方法。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.