不同磷效率基因型小麦对VAM真菌依赖性的影响因子及机理

以高、中、低效３ 个磷效率基因型小麦为试材,在ｗ（Ｐ２Ｏ５） ＝２０ ｍｇｋｇ 和６０ ｍｇｋｇ 的水平下,接种或不接种两个ＶＡ菌根真菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ,研究了影响小麦菌根依赖性的因子及机理．结果表明,在低磷水平下,小麦菌根依赖性的大小顺序为中效＞ 低效＞ 高效;对Ｇ． ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍ 的依赖性大于对Ｇ． ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 的依赖性;而在高磷水平下,接种菌根表现出不同程度的生长抑制作用．相关分析发现,菌根依赖性与根冠比、根长、根毛长度、根毛密度、磷利用效率之间的相关性不显著;在低磷水平下,菌根依赖性与磷效率、根吸收效率之间呈极显著的负相关,与韧皮部蔗糖运输速率之间呈显著或极显著的正相关．认为影响不同磷效率基因型小麦菌根依赖性的主要因子是根的吸收效率;菌根依赖性、磷效率和韧皮部蔗糖运输速率均受根吸收效率影响     

不同磷效应基因型小麦对VAM真菌领事性的影响因子及机理

以高、中、低效３个磷效率基因型泪科为试材,在ｗ（Ｐ２Ｏ５）＝２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ和６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的水平下,接种或不接种两个ＶＡ菌根真菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅｃａ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ,研究了影响小麦菌根依赖性因子及机理。结果表明,在低磷水平下,小麦菌根依赖笥的大小顺序为中净重〉低效〉高效;对Ｇ．ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍ的依赖性大于对Ｇ．ｍｏｓｓｃａｅ和依赖性;而在高磷水平下,接种菌根表现出不同     

丛枝菌根化大青杨苗木根际微域环境的研究

对接种AM菌根真菌的大青杨苗木根际微区进行系统研究，发现AM菌根真菌对宿主根际微域环境产生了重要影响：试验中选用的Glomus mosseae、G.intraradices、G.sinuosa、G.versifopme等4种AM菌根真菌都与盆栽大青杨苗木形成了菌根复合体。其中G.mosseae、G.intraradices侵染效果最好，侵染率分别是64．4％、67．4％。受两种菌侵染的苗木的生物量分别是对照处理的2．59、2．13倍。AM菌根对根际土壤微生物种群数量没有产生影响，但使根面、根系上的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量显著增加。AM菌根增加了根际土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性，各种酶活性增加量与苗木菌根侵染率呈显著相关。AM菌根使根际pH值降低，与菌根侵染率呈显著负相关。接种苗木的根际土壤中，可直接被植物吸收利用的N、P元素出现富集现象，与菌根侵染率呈极显著相关。     

泡囊丛枝菌根对红三叶草根际土壤磷酸酶活性的影响

以三叶草为材料，利用三室隔网培养方法，研究了缺磷土壤上施用植酸时接种３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ，Ｇｌｍｏｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ，Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ）对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。三叶草生长６０ｄ后，收获测定距根表不同距离土壤中的磷酸酶活性，结果表明，接种菌根真菌增加了根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性，Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ菌     

VA菌根真菌对玉米生长及根际土壤微生态环境的影响

用两种不同的VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomuscaledonium接种玉米进行盆栽试验。结果表明，两种菌株均能侵染玉米，促进玉米生长．其中以Glomus caledonium的侵染率和作用较为明显。接种后，根区土壤中的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量和微生物生物量明显增加，但真菌的数量则稍有下降。此外．菌根的形成也改善了根区土壤的微生态环境，为下一造作物的生长积累了养分基础。     

外生菌根真菌对油松幼苗根际土壤重金属赋存的影响

油松幼苗接种菌根盆栽试验表明,外生菌根真菌对油松根际土壤重金属铜、镉的赋存形态产生显著影响.与普通根际相比,菌根际土壤中交换态铜、镉含量显著下降,而有机结合态含量则显著增加.菌根际土壤重金属形态呈现出由疏松结合态向紧密结合态转化的趋势.接种菌根显著降低根际重金属的生物有效性,缓解重金属对寄主植物的毒害作用.     

丛枝菌根真菌与蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染农田土壤的影响

通过持续3 a的田间小区试验,研究了单独或联合接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和蚯蚓对玉米修复砷污染土壤效率的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著提高玉米根系的AM真菌侵染率(P<0.05),且双接种处理显著高于单接种处理(P<0.05);接种蚯蚓或蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种能显著提高玉米地上部、地下部生物量(P<0.05),并促进土壤中晶态的水合Fe、Al氧化物态砷含量升高;AM真菌与蚯蚓双接种处理土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于对照(P<0.05);与对照相比,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓均显著降低土壤砷含量(P<0.05),且蚯蚓与AM真菌双接种处理土壤砷含量显著低于单独接种AM真菌或蚯蚓处理(P<0.05).可见,接种AM真菌和蚯蚓可以明显提高玉米对砷污染土壤的修复效率.     

VA菌根菌剂的生产及其接种潜力的测定

VA菌很是由球囊霉目的结合菌与植物根组织形成的一类共生联合体，在农林业生产中具有巨大的应用前景．众多研究表明，VA菌根真菌是一种亟待开发利用的微生物资源．本文详细介绍了VA菌根真菌的繁殖方法，探讨了VA菌根菌剂的生产途径；文中还讨论了测定菌剂接种潜力的评价方法，重点介绍了最或然数测定法．     

接种Glomus versiforme对红三叶草利用有机磷的影响

以红三叶草为材料，利用三室隔网培养方法，研究接种菌根真菌Glmous versiforme对土壤有机磷及外加有机磷化合物植酸钠（Na-Phytate)、核糖核酸（RNA）和卵磷脂（Lecithin)的利用效率，植株生长7wk后收获测定植标干物重、含磷量和根系菌根侵染率，结果表明：接种菌根真菌能明显增加植株干物重、含磷量和吸磷总量，与各有机磷处理相比，无机磷（KH2PO4）处理生长效应最好，施用有机磷化合物各处理与CK相比均明显促进了植株生长，但不同有机磷处理之间没有显著差异，在植株吸磷量上，各接种处理均为相应CK处理的2倍以上，其中磷酸二氢钾处理吸磷量最高，菌根对照植物的根外菌丝虽然被限制在有限的空间内，但其吸磷量也达到不施磷的CK－M处理的2倍多，这说明由于菌根的形成植物能利用土壤因有的有机磷来满足自身生长的需要，表3参10     

酸雨胁迫下接种土壤微生物对栾树幼苗生长的影响

为探讨菌根真菌对宿主植物在酸雨逆境中的调节作用,以华北地区森林群落常见树种栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)幼苗为研究对象,采用双因素完全随机试验设计开展盆栽试验,设置了3个酸雨梯度(pH分别为3.5、4.5、5.6)及2种土壤微生物接种方式(接种、不接种),对各处理下幼苗生长情况、叶片氮磷含量、根内泡囊-丛枝菌根真菌(Vescile-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi)定殖情况进行测定及分析。结果表明:(1)栾树幼苗根系泡囊-丛枝菌根真菌表现出趋酸性的特征,其侵染率在pH 3.5中定殖率最高(76.3%),在pH 5.6中定殖率最低(34.4%);(2)在pH 3.5和pH 4.5酸雨处理中,接种土壤微生物显著促进了栾树幼苗的生长(P0.05),但在p H 5.6处理则无显著促进作用(P0.05),接种土壤微生物显著降低了3种酸雨胁迫下栾树幼苗叶片氮及氮磷比值,栾树幼苗在强酸胁迫下有更高的菌根依赖性(pH3.5:MD=54.2%,p H4.5:MD=38.7%,pH5.6:MD=0);(3)相关性分析表明,在pH3.5和pH4.5处理中,菌根真菌侵染率与苗木生物量、株高、基径、叶片氮及叶片氮磷比等显著相关(P0.05),而在pH 5.6处理中则均无显著相关关系。栾树幼苗泡囊-丛枝菌根真菌在强酸胁迫下表现出提高定殖率的适应策略;强酸胁迫下(pH 3.5、pH 4.5),泡囊-丛枝菌根真菌对栾树幼苗生长的调节作用较弱酸胁迫(pH5.6)明显;接种土壤微生物通过提高泡囊-丛枝菌根真菌的侵染率促进强酸雨下栾树幼苗基径、株高、地上及地下生物量。研究结果在一定程度上反映了接种土壤微生物对酸胁迫下栾树幼苗的促生长作用模式及调节作用。     

VA菌根对喀斯特草本群落植物根际养分影响研究

以贵州花江喀斯特高原生态综合治理试验示范区内草本群落阶段的几种主要植物为材料,对其根际微生态环境进行了研究,包括根际土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性和VA菌根侵染率及AMF孢子密度。结果表明：VA菌根侵染率和根际土壤中AMF孢子密度存在极显著正相关,相关系数达到0.97;不同植物根际土壤的化学指标和土壤酶活性均表现出较强的根际效应,即R/S〉1;VA菌根侵染率与pH值存在显著负相关,与有效磷质量分数存在极显著正相关,与碱性磷酸酶存在显著正相关,说明VA菌根能够促进土壤中难溶态磷往有效磷方向转化;AMF对宿主植物的侵染能够在一定程度上改善根际微生态环境的营养状况。     

Studies on mycorrhizal inoculation on dry matter yield and root colonization of some medicinal plants grown in stress and forest soils

Five medicinal plants viz. Abelmoschatus moschatus Linn., Clitoria tematea L., Plumbagozeylanica L., Psorolea corylifolia L. and Withania sominifera L. were grown in a polypot experiment in five soils representing coal mine soil, coppermine soil, fly ash, skeletal soil and forest soil with and without mycorrhizal inoculations in a completely randomized block design. Dry matter yield and mycorrhizal root colonization of plants varied both in uninoculated and inoculated conditions. The forest soil rendered highest dry matter due to higher yield of A. moschatus, P. zeylanica and P corylifolia while fly ash showed lowest dry matter without any inoculants. P. cematea were best in coalmine soil and W. sominifera in copper mine soil without mycorrhizal inoculation. The mycorrhiza was found to enhance the dry matter yield. This contributed minimum 0.19% to maximum up to 422.0% in different soils as compared to uninoculated plants. The mycorrhizal dependency was noticed maximum in plants grown in fly ash followed by coal mine soil, copper mine soil, skeletal soil and forest soil. The mycorrhizal response was increased maximum in W. sominifera due to survival in fly ash after inoculation followed by P corylifolia and P cematea. Percent root colonization in inoculated plant was increased minimum of 1.10 fold to maximum of 12.0 folds in comparison to un-inoculated plants . The native mycorrhiza fungi were also observed to colonize 4.0 to 32.0% roots in plants understudy. This study suggests that mycorrhizal inoculation increased the dry matter yield of medicinal plants in all soils under study. It also helps in survival of W. sominifera in fly ash.     

菌根技术在重金属污染修复中的研究与展望

菌根技术作为一种生物新技术对于重金属污染土壤的生物修复正在为全球环境工作者所关注。在土壤中菌根及其庞大的菌丝体网可以分泌大量的生物化学物质，改变植物根际环境及重金属的存在状态或降低重金属的毒性；还可以通过在植物体内的累积以及菌根真菌菌丝体的螯合等各种机制，实现对重金属的提取和固定，达到菌根重金属修复的目的。文章通过讨论菌根植物对重金属修复的作用机制，提出今后菌根技术在重金属植物修复中的新思路；认为应在通过广泛调查、筛选超积累菌根植物的基础上，不断探索植物一微生物一菌根体系修复问题，同时认为应将基因工程引入菌根植物的重金属修复研究中，以促进土壤重金属污染的生物修复。     

空气CO2体积分数升高对稻麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响

利用无锡市安镇的FACE研究平台，在施常规氮量和低氮量的条件下，研究CO2体积分数升高对稻麦轮作系统水稻和小麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响。结果表明，在常氮和低氮条件下，FACE处理对小麦和水稻根系活力都有促进作用，并使小麦VA菌根侵染率在拔节期和孕穗期有增加趋势，小麦根系活力和VA菌根侵染率有正相关关系。施N量不足对作物根系生长和活力有一定影响，可以被CO2体积分数升高的影响所补偿。     

Studies on the influence of mycorrhiza on the growth and physiology of Vigna unguiculata and Abelmoschus esculentus

Diverse forms of microorganisms present in the soil and near the roots of plants, which play a vital role in numerous physiological processes, have attracted the attention of scientists. The dynamic microbial associations may be saprophytic, pathogenic, or symbiotic. The most widespread symbiosis of plants is the mycorrhizal association between root-inhabiting fungi and the feeder roots of plants. The present study was conducted to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on mineral nutrition of Vigna unguiculata and Abelmoschus esculentus. The experiment comprised of uninoculated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Glomus mosseae. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, nitrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus content showed an increase in vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus-treated seedlings compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The total soluble sugars and soluble starch content in leaves of all selected plant species in the present study showed a decrease in mycorrhizal seedlings compared to non-mycorrhizal seedlings.     

石斛气生的兰科菌根组织结构及其对御旱研究

基于过去对铁皮石斛(Dendrobium candidum Wall.Ex Lindl.)气生的兰科菌根适应干旱环境胁迫机理的研究鲜为涉及,现开展了培养基质的不同水分质量分数(w(水分)=43.6%、16.8%、5.5%)对兰科菌根的外部形态以及内部组织结构影响的研究。研究结果表明:基质水分质量分数降低使石斛菌根外部形态发生多样变化;随着基质水分质量分数的不断降低,石斛的生长受到显著的抑制。当基质水分质量分数为5.5%时,石斛的多数生长指标均小于其它处理,但是根冠比(R/S)增加显著,高达2.22;通过不同切片多重镜检测定和图像分析,发现菌根的形态结构产生了天然的适应突变,独特的根被组织细胞层数多达5层以上,细胞壁相对加厚,细胞腔内网、羽状结构比其它两处理明显增多,石斛菌根通过形态结构的改变来适应水分胁迫并维持其生长发育,石斛菌根组织结构的这些改变大大提高了石斛御旱的能力;水分质量分数高低与菌根感染率呈负相关,越是干旱条件菌根真菌繁衍越活跃,菌丝团结构相持时间越长,菌根的这些适应性响应都提高了石斛的抗旱能力。     

Tree species and mycorrhizal associations influence the magnitude of rhizosphere effects

Previous research on the effects of tree species on soil processes has focused primarily on the role of leaf litter inputs. We quantified the extent to which arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species influence soil microbial activity and nutrient availability through rhizosphere effects. Rhizosphere soil, bulk soil, and fine roots were collected from 12 monospecifc plots (six AM and six ECM tree species) planted on a common soil at the Turkey Hill Plantations in Dryden, New York. Rhizosphere effects were estimated by the percentage difference between rhizosphere and bulk soil samples for several assays. Rhizosphere effects on soil microbes and their activities were significant for ECM species but in only a few cases for AM species. In AM tree species, microbial biomass, net N mineralization, and phosphatase enzyme activity in the rhizosphere were 10-12% greater than in bulk soil. In ECM tree species, rhizosphere effects for microbial biomass, C mineralization rates, net N mineralization, and phosphatase activity were 25-30% greater than bulk soil, and significantly greater than AM rhizosphere effects. The magnitude of rhizosphere effects was negatively correlated with the degree of mycorrhizal colonization in AM tree species (r = -0.83) and with fine root biomass (r = -0.88) in ECM tree species, suggesting that different factors influence rhizosphere effects in tree species forming different mycorrhizal associations. Rhizosphere effects on net N mineralization and phosphatase activity were also much greater in soils with pH < 4.3 for both AM and ECM tree species, suggesting that soil pH and its relation to nutrient availability may also influence the magnitude of rhizosphere effects. Our results support the idea that tree roots stimulate nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, and that systematic differences between AM and ECM may result in distinctive rhizosphere effects for C, N, and P cycling between AM and ECM tree species.     

菌根真菌对大气CO2浓度升高的响应研究进展

大气CO2浓度升高对植物的光合作用、呼吸作用等产生直接影响，进而影响到运送到根系中碳的量，菌根真菌也随之受到影响．本文对全球CO2浓度升高对菌根真菌的影响、菌根真菌在植物对大气CO2增加响应中的作用、菌根真菌在大气CO2浓度增加条件下对整个生态系统的作用等进行了综述，同时对当前存在的问题和未来的发展做了探讨．图1参37     

菌根真菌对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应研究进展

大气CO2浓度升高对植物的光合作用、呼吸作用等产生直接影响,进而影响到运送到根系中碳的量,菌根真菌也随之受到影响.本文对全球CO2浓度升高对菌根真菌的影响、菌根真菌在植物对大气CO2增加响应中的作用、菌根真菌在大气CO2浓度增加条件下对整个生态系统的作用等进行了综述,同时对当前存在的问题和未来的发展做了探讨.图1参37     

Substrate supply, fine roots, and temperature control proteolytic enzyme activity in temperate forest soils

Temperature and substrate availability constrain the activity of the extracellular enzymes that decompose and release nutrients from soil organic matter (SOM). Proteolytic enzymes are the primary class of enzymes involved in the depolymerization of nitrogen (N) from proteinaceous components of SOM, and their activity affects the rate of N cycling in forest soils. The objectives of this study were to determine whether and how temperature and substrate availability affect the activity of proteolytic enzymes in temperate forest soils, and whether the activity of proteolytic enzymes and other enzymes involved in the acquisition of N (i.e., chitinolytic and ligninolytic enzymes) differs between trees species that form associations with either ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Temperature limitation of proteolytic enzyme activity was observed only early in the growing season when soil temperatures in the field were near 4 degrees C. Substrate limitation to proteolytic activity persisted well into the growing season. Ligninolytic enzyme activity was higher in soils dominated by ectomycorrhizal associated tree species. In contrast, the activity of proteolytic and chitinolytic enzymes did not differ, but there were differences between mycorrhizal association in the control of roots on enzyme activity. Roots of ectomycorrhizal species but not those of arbuscular mycorrhizal species exerted significant control over proteolytic, chitinolytic, and ligninolytic enzyme activity; the absence of ectomycorrhizal fine roots reduced the activity of all three enzymes. These results suggest that climate warming in the absence of increases in substrate availability may have a modest effect on soil-N cycling, and that global changes that alter belowground carbon allocation by trees are likely to have a larger effect on nitrogen cycling in stands dominated by ectomycorrhizal fungi.