3种工艺处理南方某水库水的超滤膜污染

采用3种不同工艺处理南方某水库水,研究了各工艺中超滤单元运行情况和膜污染原因。对于水库原水直接超滤的工艺A,跨膜压差随运行时间的延长持续增长;对于投加混凝剂后的絮凝出水和沉淀出水再进行超滤的工艺B和工艺C,跨膜压差随运行时间的延长增长不显著。对比3种工艺进水/出水基本水质,浊度与无机金属类物质不是导致膜污染的主要因素。三维荧光光谱分析发现水库原水与絮凝和沉淀出水相比,有较高浓度的富里酸和腐殖酸类有机物。ATRFTIR分析表明含C—OH基团的腐殖酸类有机物会在直接过滤水库原水的超滤膜表面累积,是造成超滤膜不可逆污染的主要物质。对于该水库原水,投加混凝剂后不经沉淀的短流程工艺可有效减缓上述有机物造成的膜污染,具有一定的可行性。     

一体化水力强化混凝设备及其微污染原水处理工况最优化研究

根据混凝反应的基本原理,针对低浊度微污染原水的特性,设计了一种新型一体化水力强化混凝净水器.研究了使用该设备及相应混凝药剂处理低浊度、微污染珠江原水的最佳工艺条件.实验结果表明,该净水器在较高的进水流速范围内对低浊度原水有很好的处理效果.在适宜条件下,净水器的出水经过沙滤后浊度＜0.12 NTU;在使用CGA和PAC的强化混凝条件下,净水器对原水中所含的有机物也有较好的去除作用.     

pH对混凝超滤组合工艺性能的影响

在聚合氯化铝(PACl)投加量为4 mg/L条件下,通过调节原水的初始p H值,考察p H条件对混凝超滤组合工艺的净水性能及膜污染的影响。结果表明:当p H为7.5时,组合工艺对COD_(Mn)、UV_(254)、DOC的去除率分别为40.2%、35.4%和36.1%;当p H降至4.5时,对应的去除率分别增加至52.9%、52.1%和42.0%。酸性条件下,膜池内絮体的分形维数大,絮体结构密实,膜污染速率较快;当p H等于4.5时,絮体分形维数为1.75±0.15,尺寸大于500μm的絮体数占总絮体数的9%。中性及偏碱性条件下,絮体分形维数小,絮体结构松散多枝,膜污染速率缓慢;当p H等于7.5时,絮体分形维数为1.37±0.05,尺寸大于500μm的絮体占65%。针对该水库的水质状况,控制原水p H为7.5有利于混凝超滤膜组合装置的运行。     

O3-生物沸石-GAC处理宁波姚江微污染水源水试验研究

根据宁波姚江水源水的特点，进行了臭氧（O3）、生物沸石、活性炭（GAC）的除污染组合工艺试验，结果表明，该工艺能去除CODMn、氨氮及亚硝酸盐的量分别为30％、60％及80％以上，从而为微污染源水处理提供了一种新的方法。     

水处理工艺中摇蚊幼虫污染防治技术的研究进展

介绍了摇蚊幼虫的生活习性及其在水处理工艺中的分布规律。对其生理特性与环境因子之间的关系进行了论述；并就近年来采用物理法、化学法和生物法防治水处理工艺中摇蚊幼虫污染的研究进展、现状和局限性进行了较为系统的分析，展望了摇蚊幼虫污染防治技术的研究前景，指出目前控制饮用水中摇蚊幼虫污染必须将水源水质控制、污染治理与净水工艺处理结合起来，优化水处理工艺和强化水源水体保护是根本保障。     

混凝-超滤短流程工艺处理北方水库原水

采用混凝-超滤膜短流程工艺对大伙房水库原水进行处理，考察其除污染性能和膜污染情况，并对该短流程工艺参数进行优化。结果表明，当利用超滤膜直接过滤原水时，膜污染较重，并且对污染物质的去除率较低；而采用混凝．超滤短流程工艺时，膜污染得到一定程度上的缓解；当絮凝剂投加量为7mg／L、膜清洗周期为30min时，对浊度、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别为95．61％、40．42％和37．12％，出水水质能够满足生活饮用水卫生标准。     

混凝-超滤短流程工艺处理北方水库原水简

采用混凝-超滤膜短流程工艺对大伙房水库原水进行处理，考察其除污染性能和膜污染情况，并对该短流程工艺参数进行优化。结果表明，当利用超滤膜直接过滤原水时，膜污染较重，并且对污染物质的去除率较低；而采用混凝-超滤短流程工艺时，膜污染得到一定程度上的缓解；当絮凝剂投加量为7 mg/L、膜清洗周期为30 min时，对浊度、COD_Mn和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为95.61%、40.42%和37.12%，出水水质能够满足生活饮用水卫生标准。     

中国南方某城市自来水厂处理工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果研究

讨论了中国南方某城市自来水厂饮用水中的多环芳烃残留规律以及现有净水工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果。研究结果表明,该自来水厂饮用水中检出多环芳烃以2~4环芳烃为主,强致癌性高环数多环芳烃均在检出限以下,且多环芳烃总量未超出中国供水行业标准(2000年)的相关限值。各处理工艺段中,砂滤过程对多环芳烃的去除效果最好,相较于原水对多环芳烃总量的去除率可达64%。     

中国南方某城市自来水厂处理工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果研究

讨论了中国南方某城市自来水厂饮用水中的多环芳烃残留规律以及现有净水工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果。研究结果表明，该自来水厂饮用水中检出多环芳烃以2～4环芳烃为主，强致癌性高环数多环芳烃均在检出限以下，且多环芳烃总量未超出中国供水行业标准(2000年)的相关限值。各处理工艺段中，砂滤过程对多环芳烃的去除效果最好，相较于原水对多环芳烃总量的去除率可达64％。     

生物接触氧化法应急处理原水突发性藻类污染

突发性藻类污染常常伴随着藻类的肆意滋生,从而严重影响着水厂的正常运行,更加威胁着居民用水的水质安全。采用弹性填料生物接触氧化工艺处理含藻原水,分析考察了不同水力停留时间、气水比和藻类浓度条件下反应器对藻类去除效果的影响。结果表明,最佳HRT为1.0 h,最佳气水比为1.2∶1;采用最佳工艺条件处理叶绿素a(Chl-a)为70mg/m3的高藻原水时,Chl-a、CODMn和NH+4-N的去除率分别达到65.48%、47.81%和70.54%,且CODMn和NH+4-N的出水浓度能够达到东深供水工程处理目标。说明在该最佳工艺条件下,原水中藻类能够被有效地控制和去除,出水水质稳定,工艺适应性强。     

粉末活性炭强化常规处理工艺时混凝效能的研究

在水源水质突然变差时，为了保证饮用水水质和水厂的经济低耗运行。以松花江水为原水，采用不同投量的粉末活性炭(PAC)来强化常规处理工艺，通过实验考察了硫酸铝(AS)、聚合氯化铝(PACl)、复合铝铁（PAF）及后2种混凝剂分别与助凝剂高锰酸盐复合药剂（PPC）、活化硅酸配合使用时对浊度和COD_Mn的去除情况。实验结果表明：（1）在进水水质相同的情况下，以浊度和COD_Mn为控制指标，达到同样的处理效果时，制水成本比较的结果为PAF相似文献   

Occurrence and change of estrogenic activity in the process of drinking water treatment and distribution

From 2010 to 2012, the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River (Wuhan section) were monitored for estrogenic activities during various water level periods. Using a recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, 54 water samples were evaluated over the course of nine sampling campaigns. The mean 17β-estradiol equivalent (EEQ) value of raw water from the Yangtze River was 0–5.20 ng/L; and the EEQ level from the Hanjiang River was 0–3.22 ng/L. In Wuhan, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) using conventional treatments reduced estrogenic activities by more than 89 %. In general, water samples collected during the level period showed weaker estrogenic activities compared to those collected during the dry period. The samples collected in 2010 showed the strongest estrogenic activities of the 3-year period. The lack of correlations between estrogenic activities and selected common water quality parameters showed that estrogenic activity cannot be tied to common water quality parameters.     

BAF+常规工艺中砂滤池净水效果研究

以广州某水厂源水为处理对象,研究在曝气生物滤池(BAF)+常规工艺中砂滤池的净水效果。研究表明,砂滤池出水CODMn、NH4+-N的平均值分别为1.19 mg/L和0.08 mg/L;相对于沉淀池出水,砂滤池对上述指标的平均去除率分别为27.41%和63.86%;砂滤池出水NO2--N几乎检测不出。砂滤池对分子量(10 K的溶解性有机物有较好的去除作用;砂滤池中DO下降了1.80 mg/L,分析表明在砂滤池中发生了完全硝化反应。     

轻质滤料生物滤池对微污染原水的中试研究

以微污染东江水作为实验原水进行了对轻质滤料生物滤池对主要污染物的处理效果、反冲洗对处理效果的影响以及能耗等方面的中试研究。结果表明,轻质滤料生物滤池工艺可以明显地改善原水水质。对于本实验原水而言,轻质滤料生物滤池对浊度、CODMn和氨氮的平均去除率分别为43%、28%和76%。反冲洗对CODMn的去除效果影响较大,反冲后1 h去除率约为7%,大致需要12 h恢复至反冲前水平的25%;对氨氮的去除效果影响较小,约4 h就能恢复至反冲前水平。同时,由于轻质滤料生物滤池特殊的滤料和反冲洗方式,能耗较小,运行管理简单。     

Occurrence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli genes in raw water of water treatment plants

Purpose

The high incidences of waterborne diseases are frequently associated with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). DEC may pose a health risk to people who contact surface water for recreation or domestic use. However, there is no published report on the monitoring of DEC in drinking water sources in Taiwan. In this study, the occurrence of DEC genes in raw water for water treatment plants in Taiwan was investigated.

Method

Raw water samples were taken from water treatment plants adjacent to the Kaoping River in southern Taiwan. Each water sample was treated with membrane filtration followed by DNA extraction from the concentrate and concentrate enrichment, respectively. The target genes for various DEC strains of genes were identified, including enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC).

Results

Among 55 water samples analyzed, DEC genes were detected in 16 (29.1%) samples. Strain-specific genes for EAEC, EHEC, EIEC, and EPEC were found in the percentages of 3.6%, 10.9%, 9.1%, and 9.1%, respectively. The specific gene for ETEC is not detected in the study. By looking at the presence/absence of specific genes and water sample characteristics, water temperature was found to differ significantly between samples with and without EHEC gene. In addition, pH levels differed significantly for EHEC and EPEC presence/absence genes, and turbidity was significantly different for water with and without EPEC genes.

Conclusion

DEC genes were detected in 29.1% of the raw water samples in the study location. The potential health threat may be increased if the treatment efficiencies are not properly maintained. Routine monitoring of DEC in drinking water sources should be considered.     

多水源供水管网中铁释放规律

针对水源切换而引起的水质超标现象,开展了多水源联合供水条件下管网中铁释放规律的研究。分析了北方某城市2种水源(滦河水和长江水)的水质特点,利用实验模拟反应器分别研究了水源完全置换和供水分界线处水源混合区域的铁释放规律。结果表明,多水源供水管网的铁释放速率与水源水质密切相关,特别是水中含高浓度SO2-4和氯化物时会加快铁的释放。不同水源之间的频繁切换会破坏管垢表面的钝化层,使铁释放速率迅速变化,随后会有所缓解,但新的平衡的形成需要较长时间。供水分界线处的水源混合区域,由于水质的不断变化造成管垢表面很难形成稳定的钝化层,铁释放速率持续偏高,只有当长江水所占比例高达75%以上时才能得到抑制。     

改善深圳河水质的补水方案及生态影响初步分析

深圳河旱季天然径流量小而污染负荷高,为了改善河流水质,在削减入河污染物的同时有必要采取补水措施。利用水质模型,计算了不同污水处理率下,分别以污水资源化再生水、珠江口海水和大鹏湾海水为补水水源时,深圳河达到基本不黑臭所需的补水量。讨论了补水方案对河流水质、盐度、水动力条件的改变及其对生态系统的影响。研究表明,引海水对河流生态系统的冲击不容忽视。而污水资源化是较优的补水方案。     

The mutagenic potentials of tap water samples in Shanghai

The tap water samples were collected from the users' ends in several areas of Shanghai, which is located in Taihu Lake basin, Eastern China. Source water samples were also collected from two municipal source water facilities at the same time. Samples were assayed by three different short-term mutagenicity test systems: Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), the Arabinose resistance test (Ara test) and the SOS/umu test. The data showed that two source water samples did not display direct mutagenic potentials. Two tap water samples from city north, which were directly from Yangtze River, were also not mutagenic. Water samples from city south and middle which used source water originating from Taihu Lake were proved to be contaminated with mutagenic potentials by three different assay techniques. The boiled water displayed an even stronger mutagenic potential compared to its original tap water. The molecular mechanism of mutagenicity was associated with a reading frame-shifting potential. GC-MS analysis of tap water extracts from city middle and corresponding source water was compared. Qualitatively similar spectra were observed except for the peaks of three chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, which existed only in the tap water. Since the water source has been polluted, raw water was heavily chlorinated in order to sterilize. More toxic compounds, including mutagens, might form during the multi-chlorination. Caution about the possibility of elevated cancer risks in the population that consumes heavily chlorinated water should be kept in mind. A cohort study in the residents of Shanghai is required.     

净水厂滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的泄漏问题研究

采用美国EPA1623方法,研究滤池反冲洗水回用的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫泄漏问题.通过检测某水厂原水、出厂水和滤池反冲洗水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫数量,表明该厂水源未受到贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染,但输送过程易造成水质的污染.滤池反冲洗水中只检出贾第鞭毛虫,出厂水中未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫,说明该厂滤池反冲洗水直接回用未造成"两虫"泄漏问题.