中国植被VOC排放清单的建立

应用《1:1000000 中国植被图集》数据,按照 Guenther 等提出的最新算法,结合土地使用情况,对中国植被 VOC 的排放情况进行了比较全面和系统的研究.结果表明,全国植被 VOC 的年总排放量约为 17.1TgC,其中异戊二烯为 4.85TgC,单萜烯为 3.29TgC,其它 VOC(OVOC)为8.94TgC.植被 VOC 的排放量分布情况与中国植被的分布情况有一定的相关性,并且 VOC 的排放情况具有明显的季节依赖性.     

制药行业VOCs排放组分特征及其排放因子研究

为研究制药行业产品工艺过程的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放特征,以华东地区某工业园区的两家化学合成类制药企业为研究对象,采集并分析了来自不同生产线和生产环节的VOCs样品.结果表明,同行业不同企业、同企业不同车间的VOCs排放特征差异显著,基于获得的产品生产线不同环节的VOCs排放特征,结合产品工艺流程,推测排放的VOCs组分主要与原料和生产工序有关;处理设施对不同VOCs组分的脱除效率也存在明显差别,RTO对不同VOCs种类的处理效率由高至低依次为OVOCs（80.5%）、芳香烃（72.7%）、烷烯烃（68.3%）和卤代烃（66.1%）;根据浓度测试结果,计算得到48种VOCs的排放量和排放因子,制药企业A和B的VOCs排放总量分别为14.2 t·a^-1和0.4 t·a^-1,均以卤代烃占比最大,分别为56.1%和48.2%.     

Estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emission for Hungary

In this survey we try to estimate the emission of VOC on the basis of statistical data of fuel consumption and emission factors taken from the literature. In Hungary, the total VOC emissions for 1986 were estimated to be 438.6 million kg. It is shown that solvent evaporation and traffic are the most significant anthropogenic sources, while forests are the greatest natural contributors to VOC emissions.     

行驶机动车尾气排放VOCs成分谱及苯系物排放特征

对宁波市10辆不同车型的机动车在实际道路行驶时的尾气排放进行了采样和分析,获得了不同车型机动车的VOCs排放成分谱.此外,分析了排放控制技术和行驶里程对苯系物排放的影响.结果表明,电喷技术车辆尾气中苯、甲苯和二甲苯等污染物明显低于化油器技术车辆;对于同一技术车辆,高行驶里程的出租车由于汽车的劣化使得苯、甲苯和二甲苯的排放量比低行驶里程私人车辆大大增加.检查维护制度(I/M)的实施将对减少有毒有害的汽车尾气排放有着重要意义.此外,对于使用了电喷和三元催化装置的车辆,冷启动将导致苯系物排放大大增加.     

Spatial distribution of health risks for residents located close to solvent-consuming industrial VOC emission sources

Emissions derived from the consumption of organic solvents have been proven to be the primary industrial source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In conjunction with epidemiologic studies, water-based paints (WBPs) and solvent-based paints (SBPs) were selected as representatives of newly developed solvents and traditional solvents, respectively, to simulate the effects of consuming solvents emitted during industrial production. And non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to residents near emission sources were studied in detail. The results showed that the spatial distribution of health risks varied with meteorological conditions and type of emission source, and the prevailing wind direction strongly affected the distribution range and shape of the influenced area. The areas of influence maximized on heavy-polluting days for both WBP and SBP emission sources with the total span reaching 804 m and 16 km, respectively; meanwhile, the areas of influence for carcinogenic risk resulting from WBP emission sources were 1.2 and 2.3 times greater than those measured on fine and rainy days, respectively, and 1.8 and 2.9 times greater for SBP emission sources. Compared with WBPs, the total spans of negatively influenced regions resulting from SBP emission sources were 10.4, 12.5 and 19.9 times greater on fine, rainy and heavy-polluting days, respectively. Therefore, carcinogenic risk was the dominant health threat for populations residing close to solvent-consuming industrial emission sources. The findings suggest that newly developed solvents are capable of significantly reducing consequent health threats, nevertheless, they could still pose occasional threats to nearby residents under specific meteorological conditions.     

四川省天然源VOCs排放量的估算和时空分布

利用遥感影像解译的土地利用现状和植被资料,对四川省天然源VOCs的排放情况和时空分布进行研究,建立了四川省天然源VOCs的排放清单.2012年四川省天然源VOCs的排放量为1413.74kt.其中异戊二烯占29.4%,为415.53kt,单萜烯占30.2%,为427kt,其他VOCs占40.4%,为571.215kt.排放量具有夏季高冬季低的典型特征,夏季占全年排放量的44%,冬季占9%.天然源VOCs的排放主要集中在林地密集和日照时间长的达州、巴中、广元、绵阳、乐山、眉山、攀枝花等地.研究表明,四川省天然源臭氧潜势为6134kt, 二次气溶胶的生成潜势为136kt.这说明其对环境空气质量的影响不容忽视.     

基于实地调研的广东省工业VOC排放清单改进研究

工业源是人为源挥发性有机物(VOC)排放的重要贡献源,然而现有基于统计年鉴数据建立的工业VOC排放清单仍然存在排放源缺失、排放量低估、空间分配精度不足等问题.为了提高清单表征及空间分配的精细度,本文在2014年基于统计年鉴数据建立的广东省工业VOC排放清单的基础上,利用问卷调研方式获取了12000多家工业企业的详细活动水平数据,对工业VOC排放表征与空间分配进行改进,进而建立了基于实地调研和统计年鉴数据相结合的2014年广东省工业VOC排放改进清单.结果表明,改进后广东省工业VOC清单排放量由500927 t增至716470 t,珠三角地区行业VOC排放量增加30%左右,非珠三角地区增加90%左右,其中,炼油及石化行业VOC排放量变化最为明显.改进前清单借助人口密度等空间地理信息为空间分配依据,导致部分VOC排放分配到工业源较少的居民区或市中心;改进后的空间分配优先采用基于经纬度信息的点源分配方法,点源调研数据使得分配后的工业VOC主要集中在工业园区,少数工业VOC排放分配给人类活动有限的偏远农村地区,分配结果更为合理、精细.利用CAMx模型结合实际观测站点监测结果评估此次改进对O_3生成的影响,总体上改进后清单提高了广州、东莞、惠州和茂名等城市的O_3峰值期的模拟浓度,降低了东莞及广州O_3污染时期的模拟偏差,部分被低估的模拟峰值可以提高6～9μg·m~(-3);同时,空间分配的改进也影响了城市间O_3传输模拟.     

珠江三角洲地区重点VOC排放行业的排放清单

根据收集的珠江三角洲(珠三角)重点挥发性有机物(VOC)排放行业的活动水平数据,采用近年来VOC估算方面的研究成果及估算方法,建立了该地区2006年重点挥发性有机物排放行业和分城市的VOC排放清单.结果表明:珠江三角洲地区2006年重点挥发性有机物排放行业VOC排放总量为416.9kt,其不确定性(95%置信区间)为302.5~689.6kt(-31%~58%);家具制造业、建筑涂料使用、制鞋业是珠江三角洲重点VOC排放行业的主要来源,分别占总排放量的23.3%,21.2%和17.5%;东莞是珠江三角洲地区2006年重点挥发性有机物排放行业VOC排放量贡献最大的城市,其次是深圳,两者排放量分别占总排放量的23.6%和21.9%,主要的排放亦来源于家具制造业、建筑涂料使用与制鞋业.缺乏本地排放因子和良好的活动水平数据是本研究VOC排放量估算中主要的不确定性来源.     

Estimation of VOC emissions

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a major concern for industry. In order to reduce these, and to apply prevention options, it is necessary to accurately quantify them. A reliable methodology for such quantification does not yet exist. This paper presents an overview of methods currently available, together with some shortcomings. It urges further work to develop reliable techniques, and suggests possible areas for future work.     

Response surface modeling-based source contribution analysis and VOC emission control policy assessment in a typical ozone-polluted urban Shunde, China

To develop a sound ozone (O₃) pollution control strategy, it is important to well understand and characterize the source contribution due to the complex chemical and physical formation processes of O₃. Using the “Shunde” city as a pilot summer case study, we apply an innovative response surface modeling (RSM) methodology based on the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling simulations to identify the O₃ regime and provide dynamic analysis of the precursor contributions to effectively assess the O₃ impacts of volatile organic compound (VOC) control strategy. Our results show that Shunde is a typical VOC-limited urban O₃ polluted city. The “Jiangmen” city, as the main upper wind area during July 2014, its VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions make up the largest contribution (9.06%). On the contrary, the contribution from local (Shunde) emission is lowest (6.35%) among the seven neighbor regions. The local VOCs industrial source emission has the largest contribution comparing to other precursor emission sectors in Shunde. The results of dynamic source contribution analysis further show that the local NO_x control could slightly increase the ground O₃ under low (10.00%) and medium (40.00%) reduction ratios, while it could start to turn positive to decrease ground O₃ under the high NO_x abatement ratio (75.00%). The real-time assessment of O₃ impacts from VOCs control strategies in Pearl River Delta (PRD) shows that the joint regional VOCs emission control policy will effectively reduce the ground O₃ concentration in Shunde.     

生物技术在挥发性有机化合物处理中的应用研究

介绍了生物技术在挥发性有机化合物处理方面的研究现状和进展,对生物技术的优缺点、分类、影响因素、动力学模型做了详细的说明,并结合近年来的研究状况和存在的问题做出展望。     

VOC的回收与处理技术简介

介绍了几种以VOC废气中回收溶剂的方法，其分析其优缺点和适用范围，对回收有困难或不经济的含VOC废气，建议采用焚烧法或催化燃烧法进行处理。     

膜法回收有机蒸汽进展

简要介绍了有机蒸汽（voc）的来源、分类及其对人体和环境的危害。介绍了膜分离技术在有机蒸汽回收中应用的工作原理、工艺设计特点和要求等。简要介绍了几种从VOC中回收溶剂的方法,并分析如何进行选择。较详细地论述了蒸汽渗透、气体膜分离、膜基吸收三种膜技术用于废气中挥发性有机化合物去除和回收的研究进展。论述了国外采用膜技术回收废气中VOC的工业应用情况,而中国的膜分离法回收VOC处于起步阶段,并就今后的发展方向进行了评述。     

我国VOC类有毒空气污染物优先控制对策探讨

VOC污染日趋严重,不仅影响环境空气质量,也能直接损害人体健康,我国亟待完善控制对策.研究了美国有毒空气污染物（HAPs）控制体系,针对我国环境管理的特点,提出VOC类有毒空气污染物优先控制对策,供有关部门参考.美国通过清洁空气法案确定有毒空气污染物重点控制名单,采取区域管理和行业重点源控制促其削减,VOC类化合物是城市地区重点控制对象.我国VOC管理和技术基础相对薄弱,应筛选部分污染物进行优先控制,针对这类污染物组分复杂、行业分布广、区域性和过程性强等特点,逐步开展区域污染调查评估,加强累积性风险评估和环境影响后评价管理,抓好突发事件风险防范.     

VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.     

挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术经验研究

近年来挥发性有机物的泄漏检测及有效修复越来越受环保重视,介绍了挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术,详细分析了检测过程中的实施经验,结合实际经验对现存现场检测中排放源遗漏、挂牌、检测及复测、泄漏检测介质的选择、人员、泄漏量统计及控制标准等问题进行了探讨.提出了对该项技术今后的展望,化工类企业可通过泄漏和逸散排放的检测以及相关管理体制的建立有效查找泄漏并及时修复.     

炼化装置挥发性有机物检测方法介绍

结合石油化工行业生产的实际,介绍一种炼化装置挥发性有机物检测方法,并依据EPA的计算方法对装置的挥发性有机物的泄漏量进行了估算.     

膜技术在挥发性有机蒸汽（VOC）处理中的应用

有机蒸汽（VOC）排放到大气中会引起健康，环境、安全等一系列问题。采用膜技术来处理VOC具有投资较小、分离效率高、能量消耗低、操作简单、不形成二次污染等优点，所以在处理VOC方面有着广泛的应用。文中介绍了膜分离技术处理有机蒸汽的原理，膜法处理有机蒸汽的过程及其工艺流程。     

船舶室外涂装过程中挥发性有机化合物排放量的确定

挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）是修造船厂排放的最主要的大气污染物之一,主要来源于船体涂装操作,尤其是室外涂装操作。提出了船舶室外涂装工程中挥发性有机化合物产生量的计算方法,根据船舶不同涂装部位的涂刷面积、涂料性质等要素,可计算不同时间尺度下的VOCs的产生速率和产生量,为船舶修造企业排污量预测和对周边大气环境影响的源强估算提供了更准确的办法。相关调查结果表明,根据涂装过程工艺水平和要求不同,单位船体外表面涂装过程中VOCs平均产生量为120g／m^2-250g／m^2。     

含VOC废气的回收净化工艺

针对目前国内VOC废气净化的现状 ,以吸附 冷凝回收原理为基础 ,采用集成了加热器和冷却器功能的新型吸附床及纤维活性炭 ,通过实验研究及实践应用 ,确定了纤维炭吸附 热力脱附 冷凝回收处理工艺。该工艺应用于高浓度、小风量的VOC废气处理 ,具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。