石灰土(碳酸盐岩风化壳)形成地球化学过程研究

以选自贵州遵义官坝、安顺天龙和贵阳龙洞堡三个剖面为例,运用ACNK和ACNKFM三角图解、元素对的协变特征及元素质量迁移系数,对石灰土形成的地球化学过程进行了详细讨论。结果显示:石灰土形成地球化学过程遵循碳酸盐岩风化成土之两阶段模式;官坝剖面的风化程度和过渡性具有碳酸盐岩风化成土初级阶段的特征,天龙和龙洞堡剖面与红色风化壳的基本特征相似,体现出所经历的风化作用过程或所处的阶段不同;龙洞堡剖面与天龙剖面的地球化学特征和演化过程存在一些不同,可能指示灰岩和白云岩风化壳的本质差异。     

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Zn和Cd吸收的研究

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ吸收的研究陶红群李晓林张俊伶（中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京１０００９４）关键词丛枝菌根；锌；镉．近年来，由于工业排放及一些农业措施（如污灌等）造成许多土壤中重金属元素的污染．其中锌和镉是两个较为重要的重金属污染...     

海洋赤潮生物原甲藻对重金属的富集机理

为了探讨海洋赤潮生物原甲藻及其藻壁多糖的重金属富集机理,用赤潮生物海洋原甲藻Prorocentrum micans活藻体和甲醛杀死的藻体分别进行重金属离子Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ag⁺、Cd²⁺的生物吸附实验.重金属生物吸附动力学研究表明,吸附过程可在30min内完成,pH对吸附的影响较大,适宜范围是5.0以上.用热水法提取的藻体多糖对上述6种离子的混合液吸附量约为藻体的5倍,比较藻体与多糖对6种离子的吸附结果可知,藻体对金属离子的吸附主要是藻壁多糖的作用,红外研究表明,-OH和-CONH₂基是吸附的活性中心.机理研究对于利用赤潮生物进行重金属废水处理、赤潮的化学治理以及研究海水中重金属离子的迁移转化规律有重要的意义.     

二氧化钛光催化降解处理氨氮废水

介绍了用TiO₂和活性组分A复合在砖块颗粒上的(TiO₂+A)催化剂的制备,用(TiO₂+A)催化剂对氨氮废水进行了降解实验研究,并且对降解过程中的反应动力学进行了探讨.结果表明:(TiO₂+A)催化剂对模拟氨氮废水的处理效果好,当反应时间为24 h时,氨氮的去除率可达95%以上;光催化氧化反应为一级反应;以砖块颗粒为载体(TiO₂+A)催化剂的光催化活性高,不流失,制作简单.对某化肥厂氨氮废水降解实验表明,8 h内可使ρ(氨氮)从238 mg/L降至8 mg/L,降解率达97%.      

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

铁、锌、铁酸锌掺杂对纳米级二氧化钛光催化降解罗丹明B活性的影响

通过溶胶 凝胶法合成了掺杂Fe3+ 、Zn2 + 、ZnFe2 O4的纳米级TiO2 ,并进行了XRD、TEM表征 ,对罗丹明B的光催化实验表明 ,ZnFe2 O4的掺杂能明显提高TiO2 的光催化活性 ,而Zn2 + 的掺杂对TiO2 的光催化活性影响不大 ,Fe3+ 的掺杂则使TiO2 的光催化活性降低。     

Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC强化吸附刚果红性能研究

运用水热合成法制备了一种新型三金属单配体多孔材料Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC,运用氮气吸脱附、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等对材料进行了表征.研究了其常温常压条件下（25℃,1atm）静态吸附刚果红的性能.结果表明,由于三金属不饱和配位点的协同效应导致刚果红在Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC多孔材料上的吸附容量从630mg/g增加到1250mg/g,增加了98.4%.准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附模型较好地描述了Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC对刚果红的吸附行为.     

草浆造纸中段废水的生物处理动力学

利用静态溶解氧消耗速率（OUR）试验模拟草浆造纸中段废水生物处理的生化反应过程,并运用Lawrence-McCarty模式进行了动力学分析。由OUR试验结果和小试研究结果建立的草浆造纸中段废水好氧生物处理的动力学方程为v=0.72S/(60.43 S）。将该动力学方程预测结果和实际工程的运行数据进行了比较,结果表明,动力学方程的比基质降解速率预测值高于实际工程的计算值,分析原因可能在于：实际工程中中段废水中的纤维素类悬溪物在生物处理装置的积累导致了污泥活性的降低。     

东南景天和玉米套种对Zn污染污泥的处理效应

针对广州等地城市污泥重金属Zn超标的特点,采用植物处理的方法,将超富集重金属的植物东南景天和低累积作物玉米套种在污泥上,希望在减少污泥重金属的同时,使污泥稳定化和获得合格的农产品.试验采用小区直接种植的方式,3个月后测定植物产量和重金属含量以及处理后污泥的变化,并利用室内盆栽试验初步研究了2种植物根系相互作用的机理.小区试验结果表明,与超富集东南景天单独种植相比,套种显著提高了超富集东南景天提取Zn和Cd的效率,Zn含量达9?910 mg·kg^-1,是单种的1.5倍,而且生产出的玉米籽粒重金属含量符合食品和饲料卫生标准,处理后的污泥生物稳定性明显提高.超富集东南景天和玉米半透膜隔开的盆栽套种试验显示,在套种条件下,玉米对促进超富集东南景天吸收更多的重金属的部分原因是玉米根系降低溶液pH和提高DOC以及Zn/Cd浓度,从而可向超富集东南景天一侧输送更多的水溶态Zn/Cd.     

不同铁氧化物对小麦幼苗镉积累的影响

小麦富镉（Cd）问题受到广泛关注,铁氧化物具备降镉潜力.通过盆栽小麦幼苗实验,分析了三氧化二铁（Fe₂O₃）、氢氧化铁[Fe（OH）₃]及拜耳法赤泥（B-RM）3种铁氧化物的降镉能力.结果显示3种铁氧化物中,Fe（OH）₃可显著降低小麦幼苗茎叶Cd含量,与对照相比降幅为16.3%~27.7%,投加量为0.5%时降Cd效果最优.Fe（OH）₃能够显著降低小麦幼苗根部向茎叶的Cd转运,投加量为10%时富集系数及转运系数最低.小麦幼苗根际土壤Fe/Cd、Cu/Cd及Zn/Cd是影响小麦幼苗茎叶Cd积累的关键因子,当Fe/Cd>25000、Cu/Cd > 50或Zn/Cd > 100时,根际土壤元素比与茎叶镉含量呈显著负相关.该比值的确定对于大田应用中钝化剂材料投加量的确定具有指导意义.     

丛枝菌根对翅荚木生长及吸收累积重金属的影响

针对湖南某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染严重问题,采用温室盆栽的方法,以该矿区污染土壤为基质,先锋植物翅荚木(Zenia insignis Chun)为宿主植物,研究摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)和根内球囊霉(G.intraradices,Gi)两种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对翅荚木生长和吸收累积重金属的影响.结果表明,重金属污染条件下,两种AM真菌均能与翅荚木形成良好的共生关系,且AM真菌能够显著促进植物吸收磷,增加植物生物量,同时改变植物重金属吸收及分配.总体来说,AM降低了翅荚木体内Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd浓度,同时增加了Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd累积量.而两种AM真菌对植物体内重金属分配影响并不相同,而且受重金属种类影响,接种Gi降低了植物Fe、Zn和Pb的TF值,而接种Gm对植物Zn和Pb的TF值无影响,两种AM真菌对植物Cu的TF值均无影响,表明Gi具有能够强化翅荚木根系固持Fe、Zn和Pb的能力.本研究表明,AM真菌在翅荚木适应重金属污染中起着重要的积极作用,因而在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中具有极高的潜在应用价值,但在具体应用中需考虑菌种和植物组合及重金属类型等因素.     

Heavy metal phytoextraction by Sedum alfredii is affected by continual clipping and phosphorus fertilization amendment

Improving the efficacy of phytoextraction is critical for its successful application in metal contaminated soils. Mineral nutrition affects plant growth and metal absorption and subsequently the accumulation of heavy metal through hyper-accumulator plants. This study assessed the effects of di-hydrogen phosphates (KH₂PO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, NaH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄) application at three levels (22, 88 and 352 mg P/kg soil) on Sedum alfredii growth and metal uptake by three consecutive harvests on aged and Zn/Cd combined contaminated paddy soil. The addition of phosphates (P) significantly increased the amount of Zn taken up by S. alfredii due to increased shoot Zn concentration and dry matter yield (DMY) (P<0.05). The highest phytoextraction of Zn and Cd was observed in KH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄ treatment at 352 mg P/kg soil. The amount of Zn removed by phytoextraction increased in the order of 1st clipping<2nd clipping<3rd clipping, and for Cd extraction the order was 2nd clipping<1st clipping<3rd clipping. These results indicate that the application of P fertilizers coupled with multiple cuttings can enhance the removal of Zn and Cd from contaminated soils by S. alfredii, thus shortening the time needed for accomplishing remediation goals.     

重金属胁迫对三角褐指藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用调制式叶绿素荧光仪研究了不同浓度的重金属Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+胁迫不同时间(24、48、72和96 h)后,三角褐指藻叶绿素荧光特性的变化情况.测定的主要参数有:光系统II(PSII)的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSII的实际光能转化效率(Yield=ΦPSII)、相对光合电子传递效率(rETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ).研究结果表明,重金属(Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+)胁迫下三角褐指藻的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield、rETR和qP均明显降低,并且随着重金属离子浓度的增加,胁迫时间的延长,下降幅度逐步增大;NPQ先上升后下降或者逐渐上升;细胞密度和叶绿素含量也显著降低.对3种重金属离子的半抑制浓度(EC50)的计算结果表明,3种重金属毒性大小顺序为Cd2+> Cu2+> Zn2+.     

Short-term metal accumulation and MTLP induction in the digestive glands of Perna virdis exposed to Zn and Cd

Time-dependent Zn and Cd accumulation and metallothionein like protein (MTLP) induction in the digestive glands of mussels, Perna virdis, were measured under different exposure conditions. The initial uptake rate at start of chase (ρ0) and mean residence time (τ) were calculated to determine the physiological response of organisms and their potential detoxification mechanisms. It was found that in digestive glands, Zn had obviously higher ρ0 and shorter mean residence time than Cd, indicating that these two metals had different accumulation dynamics even though they were very close in the periodic element table. MTLP levels in digestive glands varied from 0.51 to 1.05 μg/g ww (wet weight). The MTLP level increased continuously when mussels were exposed to low and middle levels of Zn and Cd media, and reached maximal levels at day 4, then decreased when they were exposed to high level Zn and Cd solutions. With regard to the fraction of Zn and Cd accumulated in the digestive glands, the ratios of soluble metal to total metal decreased continuously after exposure in low and middle levels of Zn and Cd media, and decreased continuously in the first 4 days and then to level off when mussels were exposed to media with high concentration of Zn and Cd. Results suggested that both MTLP induction and metal insolubilization were detoxification processes in digestive glands of mussels.     

镉胁迫对不同杂交水稻品种Cd、Zn吸收与积累的影响

土壤-作物-食品是人类摄取Cd的重要途径.水稻是Cd积累能力最强的粮食作物,且水稻对Cd的吸收常伴随Zn缺乏,这对人类健康具有潜在的暴露风险.因此,本文选择2种杂交水稻(普通杂交稻材料"J196"和超级稻品种"中浙优1号")为供试水稻,以红壤性水稻土为供试土壤,采用添加Cd(2.5 mg·kg^-1)和不添加Cd(0 mg·kg^-1)处理进行盆栽试验,研究了水稻在成熟期对土壤中Cd的吸收分配及籽粒中Cd、Zn的积累特点.结果表明,添加Cd处理的水稻籽粒Cd积累量为未加Cd处理的6~10倍.在供试土壤Cd污染条件下,超级稻表现出对Cd具有较强的吸收能力,其籽粒中的Cd积累量也可高达1.83 mg·kg^-1,就地消费人群的籽粒Cd暴露风险水平为人体安全临界摄入剂量水平的数倍,Zn存在相对缺乏的食物安全风险.中浙优1号具有较强的籽粒Cd分配能力和较弱的籽粒Zn转运能力,而加Cd处理下,其对Cd、Zn的根部、茎叶滞留能力更强,这也正是高籽粒含量品种籽粒Cd积累强而Cd/Zn比高的原因.因此,在高产水稻育种中必须考虑水稻对Cd、Zn吸收的品种差异与籽粒Cd暴露、Zn缺乏的风险.为降低镉暴露风险,推广高产杂交水稻时应考虑Cd的吸收特性,同时在土壤-品种间进行合理布局,并进行膳食结构优化以增加人体对Zn的摄入.     

Coordination geometry of Zn~(2+) on hexagonal turbostratic birnessites with different Mn average oxidation states and its stability under acid dissolution

Hexagonal turbostratic birnessite,with the characteristics of high contents of vacancies,varying amounts of structural and adsorbed Mn~(3+),and small particle size,undergoes strong adsorption reactions with trace metal(TM)contaminants.While the interactions of TM,i.e.,Zn~(2+),with birnessite are well understood,the effect of birnessite structural characteristics on the coordination and stability of Zn~(2+)on the mineral surfaces under proton attack is as yet unclear.In the present study,the effects of a series of synthesized hexagonal turbostratic birnessites with different Mn average oxide states(AOSs)on the coordination geometry of adsorbed Zn~(2+)and its stability under acidic conditions were investigated.With decreasing Mn AOS,birnessite exhibits smaller particle sizes and thus larger specific surface area,higher amounts of layer Mn~(3+)and thus longer distances for the first Mn\O and Mn\Mn shells,but a low quantity of available vacancies and thus low adsorption capacity for Zn~(2+).Zn K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy demonstrates that birnessite with low Mn AOS has smaller adsorption capacity but more tetrahedral Zn(~(IV)Zn)complexes on vacancies than octahedral(~(VI)Zn)complexes,and Zn~(2+)is more unstable under acidic conditions than that adsorbed on birnessite with high Mn AOS.High Zn~(2+)loading favors the formation of~(VI)Zn complexes over~(IV)Zn complexes,and the release of Zn~(2+)is faster than at low loading.These results will deepen our understanding of the interaction mechanisms of various TMs with natural birnessites,and the stability and thus the potential toxicity of heavy metal pollutants sequestered by engineered nano-sized metal oxide materials.     

麦羟硅钠石对水中Zn2+的吸附性能研究

以沉淀白炭黑、NaOH、Na2CO3和水为原料,制备了单一晶相麦羟硅钠石(magadiite),并用BET、X射线衍射、红外以及SEM对其进行表征,并考察了magadiite对Zn2+离子的吸附行为.结果表明:magadiite是一种比表面积为19.38m2/g的非孔型材料,在25℃、Zn2+初始浓度20mg/L、pH值为6、吸附平衡时间为60min时, magadiite的饱和吸附量为42.55mg/g. Magadiite对Zn2+的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程.结合BET、X射线衍射、红外、SEM分析推断magadiite对Zn2+的吸附是物理吸附和化学吸附共存,但以化学吸附为主.     

Quantifying the adsorption and uptake of CuO nanoparticles by wheat root based on chemical extractions

This study screened out eluants for efficiently desorbing metal nanoparticles from plant root surface, and distinguished the proportions of CuO-nanoparticles uptake and adsorption.     

Heavy metal accumulation characteristics and physiological response of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis to atmospheric pollution

Heavy metal(Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cd) concentrations were measured in the leaves of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis collected from urban, suburban, and rural sites in Tianjin, China. Photosynthetic pigment contents, reactive oxygen species content, malondialdehyde(MDA) content and antioxidant enzyme activity were investigated, providing physiological response parameters. Our comparison of the sites revealed that urbanization significantly influenced the heavy metal concentrations in bo...     

Natural and anthropogenic sources of lead, zinc, and nickel in sediments of Lake Izabal, Guatemala

Sediments in Lake Izabal, Guatemala, contain substantial lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni). The lack of historical data for heavy metal concentrations in the sediments makes it difficult to determine the sources or evaluate whether inputs of metals to the lake have changed through time. We measured the relative abundances and concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni by X-Ray Fluorescence core scanning and by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry in three sediment cores to explore stratigraphic distributions of metals in the lake deposits. High amounts of Pb and Zn in the core taken near the Polochic Delta suggest that galena and sphalerite mining increased Pb and Zn delivery to Lake Izabal between ~1945 and 1965 CE. An up-core Ni increase in the core taken near a different mine on the north shore of Lake Izabal suggests that recent nickel mining operations led to an increase in Ni concentrations in the local sediments, but amounts in the other cores indicate that Ni is not widely distributed throughout the lake. Sediment cores from Lake Izabal are reliable recorders of heavy metal input to the lake, and were measured to establish background metal levels, which would otherwise be unavailable. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni in older, pre-20th-century Lake Izabal sediments reflect input from natural erosion of bedrock. Our results provide previously unavailable estimates of background metal concentrations in Lake Izabal before the onset of mining. These results are necessary for future monitoring related to mining contamination of the lake ecosystem.