臭氧杀菌技术在油田回注水处理中的应用研究

采用臭氧杀菌技术处理油田回注水,考查了臭氧投加量、臭氧接触时间对腐生菌(MB)、铁细菌(IB)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)灭活效果的影响。研究表明:臭氧投加量80 mg/L,臭氧接触反应时间t≥30 min,SRBI、B、MB的残留个数均可达到SY/T5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》注水水质标准中A2级指标要求。     

化学杀菌剂处理油田回注水的应用研究

目前油田进行的二次采油,需要向油井注入大量的回注水。回注水管道中含有大量硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、腐生菌(TGB)和铁细菌(FB)等,其生长、代谢和繁殖易引起金属管道腐蚀,影响了油田正常生产。本文选取大庆油田回注水,用化学杀菌剂进行处理。结果表明化学杀菌剂处理油田回注水的合适应用条件是:pH值为5.0～9.5;对聚驱水采用异噻唑啉酮,采用均匀式加药方式,投加量为120mg/L,每3天加药一次;对水驱采用1227-异噻唑啉酮,每15天冲击加药一次,投加量为80mg/L。在此条件下,对于聚驱水杀菌率硫酸盐还原菌为99.99%,腐生菌和铁细菌100%;对于水驱水杀菌率硫酸盐还原菌可达100%,腐生菌99.99%,铁细菌99.99%。     

紫外线与消毒剂联合作用于黄浦江源水的研究

针对黄浦江源水砂滤出水,进行了紫外线单独作用的研究,同时对于紫外线与消毒剂联合消毒时消毒剂的投加方式对灭菌作用和消毒副产物的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:当紫外线剂量达到42 mJ/cm2时出水水质已达到了生活饮用水卫生标准中对细菌总数和大肠杆菌数的要求,且在相同紫外剂量下,高强度时对细菌的灭活效果要好于低强度时的效果;先紫外消毒后消毒剂消毒对于微生物具有很好的杀灭作用,但是不能减少消毒副产物的产生;紫外线和消毒剂同时作用对于微生物的杀灭作用不佳,但是出水的消毒剂余量高,消毒副产物量少,这样有利于出水的安全稳定性;先消毒剂消毒再紫外消毒,发现对于消毒副产物没有多大的降解作用,更浪费了高的紫外剂量。     

银离子-紫外线联合消毒的生活热水微生物灭活效能

采用建筑生活热水管道模拟实验系统,研究了银离子、银离子-紫外线联合消毒对微生物的灭活效能.结果表明,银离子投量对微生物灭活效能有显著影响,0.05mg/L银离子消毒60min时可达到极佳的微生物灭活效果.银离子投量较低时,增加消毒时间仍可达到相同的消毒效能.银离子的总大肠菌群灭活速率较低,需要保证足够的浓度和消毒时间(CT)值.银离子浓度的衰减速率慢,对生活热水生物膜微生物的高效持续消毒作用可保持48h以上.紫外线消毒、银离子消毒和银离子-紫外线联合消毒均可在很短的时间内对生物膜结构造成显著破坏,使生物膜出现脱落现象,其中紫外线消毒对生物膜结构的影响最小,银离子-紫外线联合消毒的影响最大.生物膜的16s r DNA测序分析表明,银离子消毒对病原微生物的灭活程度相对较低,紫外线消毒、银离子-紫外线联合消毒对病原微生物的灭活程度较高.银离子-紫外线联合消毒技术可充分发挥紫外线原位消毒和银离子持续消毒的特点,全面提高生活热水生物膜微生物消毒效能,是一种有应用价值的生活热水消毒和水质保障技术.     

紫外线消毒对再生水中微生物生长分泌特性的影响

膜污堵是阻碍污水再生处理反渗透（RO）系统稳定、高效运行的突出问题。前期研究表明,RO系统常用的氯消毒预处理会导致微生物群落结构及代谢产物分泌特性发生显著改变,从而引起严重的生物污堵。为优化污水再生处理RO系统的预处理工艺选择,该研究全面考察了紫外线消毒对再生水中细菌的生长、群落结构和分泌特性的影响。结果表明:紫外线剂量为20,40,80 mJ/cm2时,对膜生物反应器出水中细菌的灭活率分别可达1log、3log、4log。紫外消毒后,存活细菌再培养时其生长迟滞期变长,稳定期细菌数量在紫外线剂量为40,80 mJ/cm2时分别比对照组降低18.6%和19.2%。高紫外线剂量下（40,80 mJ/cm2）,变形菌门、β-变形菌纲、詹森菌属相对丰度有所增加。分泌特性方面,细菌胞外多聚物含量随紫外线剂量升高先减少后增多,且其中大分子物质增多,并表现出更强的RO膜污堵潜势。     

紫外线-茶多酚联用对供水管网的消毒效果

针对传统消毒技术的安全风险问题,以维护供水管网水质安全为目标,引入茶多酚作为辅助消毒剂和紫外线消毒联用,模拟供水管网系统探究不同管材和水力停留时间下紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒的消毒效果,分析管壁生物膜形貌和菌落分布的变化.结果表明,75mg/L是紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒时茶多酚的较优投加量,可保持48h消毒效果.模拟管网运行过程中整体水质较好,但管材对管网消毒效果的影响较大,30d内球墨铸铁和UPVC管网中细菌量超过100CFU/mL的频率分别为80%和0%,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒在UPVC管网中消毒持续性较强.与紫外线消毒相比,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒对管壁生物膜的破坏效果更明显,且对生物膜中的蓝藻菌和肠道致病菌杀灭效果更强,有利于保障管网水质的安全性.     

采油污水的电催化杀菌工艺及其作用机理

利用形稳阳极借助于电催化方法对油田污水中的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁细菌(FB)、腐生菌(TGB)进行杀菌实验研究,确定了最佳操作条件,并对杀菌机理作了初步探讨。结果表明,在电流密度30mA/cm2、极板间距2cm、pH值5.0下处理30min时三种细菌的杀菌率均达100%。通过对杀菌机理的初步探讨表明,在电催化过程中产生的活性氯对杀菌效果起主要作用。     

再生水中5种抗生素抗性菌的紫外线灭活及复活特性研究

抗生素抗性菌作为再生水中的新兴污染物而受到广泛关注.为探明紫外线对抗生素抗性菌的灭活和消毒后抗性菌的复活潜能,研究了以城市污水为水源的再生水(简称"再生水")中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌、氯霉素抗性菌和利福平抗性菌的紫外线灭活特性,并考察了再生水中的抗生素抗性菌在黑暗条件下的复活潜能.结果表明,20mJ·cm-2紫外线消毒剂量下,实际再生水中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌和氯霉素抗性菌的灭活率均高于4-log,与总异养菌群灭活率相当,而利福平抗性菌的灭活率(3.7-log)略低于总异养菌群.紫外线消毒后,再生水静置22 h后,抗生素抗性菌普遍出现复活现象,当紫外线消毒剂量为常规剂量20 mJ·cm-2时,消毒后再生水中的抗生素抗性菌菌落形成能力高达3-log.因此,常规的紫外线消毒剂量不能有效控制再生水储存或运输过程中抗生素抗性菌的复活.     

污水紫外线消毒工艺的影响因素研究

以大肠杆菌为受试菌种,研究了紫外线光强、配水水质及微生物因素对紫外线消毒的影响.在所选取的紫外光强范围内(0.044～0.163mW/cm²),光强对紫外线灭活大肠杆菌的去除率影响不大.水质(浊度、铁和腐殖酸等)对水样的吸光度及紫外线穿透率都有明显的影响;但是对大肠杆菌的灭活率影响不显著;当紫外线剂量增加时,这种影响逐渐变小到可以忽略.微生物的初始浓度对紫外线对微生物的灭活率有影响,微生物初始浓度越大,灭活率越高;对于不同初始浓度,紫外线灭活后存活的微生物数量比较接近.     

铁阳极电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B染料废水动力学分析

采用铁为阳极的原位电凝聚方法处理活性黑KN-B染料废水。以活性黑KN-B在特征吸收波长600nm和255nm的吸光度变化为分析指标,考察了电流密度、染料溶液初始pH值、电介质浓度及种类、温度、染料浓度等影响因素对染料废水脱色过程及脱色速率常数的影响。同时根据化学反应动力学理论对其脱色的动力学过程及脱色机理进行了初步探讨与分析。实验结果表明:染料溶液的脱色反应符合一级反应动力学过程;电流密度、染料浓度、染料溶液初始pH值及电解质的种类及浓度对一级反应速率常数影响显著,而染料溶液温度对一级反应速率常数的影响较小;染料废水的脱色过程是电凝聚和染料还原共同作用的过程。     

Sequential use of ultraviolet light and chlorine for reclaimed water disinfection

Several disinfection processes of ultraviolet (UV), chlorine or UV followed by chlorine were investigated in municipal wastewater according to the inactivation of Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and toxicity formation. The UV inactivation of the tested pathogenic bacteria was not affected by the quality of water. It was found that the inactivated bacteria were obviously reactivated after one day in dark. Fluorescent light irradiation increased the bacteria repair. The increase of UV dosage could cause more damage to bacteria to inhibit bacteria self-repair. No photoreactivation was detected when the UV dose was up to 80 mJ/cm² for E. coli DH5αup, and 23 mJ/cm² for S. dysenteriae. Nevertheless, sequential use of 8 mJ/cm² of UV and low concentration of chlorine (1.5 mg/L) could effectively inhibit the photoreactivation and inactivate E. coli below the detection limits within seven days. Compared to chlorination alone, the sequential disinfection decreased the genotoxicity of treated wastewater, especially for the sample with high NH₃-N concentration.     

Effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and corrosion processes in drinking water distribution systems simulated with actual running conditions

The effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and the corrosion of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were studied. Two annular reactors (ARs) that simulated actual running conditions with UV/Cl₂ disinfection and chlorination alone were used. High chlorine consumption and corrosion rate were found in the AR with UV/Cl₂. According to functional genes and pyrosequencing tests, a high percentage of iron recycling bacteria was detected within the biofilm of the AR with Cl₂ at early running stage, whereas siderophore-producing bacteria were dominant in the biofilm of the AR with UV/Cl_2. At the early running stage, the sequential use of UV light and an initial high chlorine dosage suppressed the biomass and iron-recycling bacteria in both bulk water and biofilms, thereby forming less protective scales against further corrosion, which enhanced chlorine consumption. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the ARs shaped from within rather than being imported by influents. These results indicate that the initial high disinfection efficiency within the distribution system had not contributed to the accumulation of iron-recycling bacteria at the early running stages. This study offer certain implications for controlling corrosion and water quality in DWDSs.     

Effects of UV intensity and water turbidity on microbial indicator inactivation

The effects of UV intensity and turbidity on selected microbial indicator inactivation were investigated. Results showed that UV disinfection was effective in killing all the selected microbial indicators, the resistance order of the microorganisms was as follows： MS-2 coliphage 〉 Bacillus subtilis 〉 E. coil 〉 Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. UV intensity had influence on the inactivation of all the microorganisms, high UV disinfection efficency was obtained with higher UV intensity. Turbidity had impact on the bacteria inactivation rate, but there was no evidence that turbidity had any negative contribution to MS-2 coliphage. Under the same UV dosage, higher UV intensity could overcome the negative influence of turbidity on UV performance, enhanced microorganism inactivation effect in turbidity water.     

顺序氯化对微生物、副产物和生物稳定性的综合控制

在中试规模试验中,研究了“短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺”对微生物、消毒副产物和生物稳定性指标的控制效果.该顺序氯化消毒工艺综合利用了游离氯消毒灭活微生物迅速彻底,氯胺消毒副产物生产量低的特点,通过氯化消毒技术的组合,安全经济地实现了消毒卫生学和消毒副产物指标的双重控制.该消毒工艺对细菌总数、异养菌平板计数、总大肠菌群指标的控制效果略好于传统游离氯消毒,对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f2噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺比游离氯消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物控制方面就越有优势.该工艺对生物稳定性指标的控制效果明显高于游离氯消毒.     

高铁酸盐对微生物的灭活特性及影响因素

高铁酸盐是一种集氧化、消毒和絮凝等多功能于一体的水处理剂,具有广阔的应用前景。综述了高铁酸盐在消毒方面的研究进展,包括高铁酸盐对细菌和病毒的灭活特性及影响消毒效果的主要因素,并将高铁酸盐与氯、臭氧等常规消毒技术在消毒效果、消毒机理、消毒副产物生成量等方面进行了详细比较。高铁酸盐在较宽的pH范围内对不同水体中的细菌和病毒均呈现较好的灭活效果,pH、温度和有机物是影响高铁酸盐消毒效果的重要因素,高铁酸盐和其他消毒技术联用将是未来研究的关注点。     

氯消毒对再生水可同化有机碳的影响

考察了再生水氯消毒过程中的氯消耗特性及水质特性的变化,发现加氯后5 min,氯消耗速率最大,同时254 nm的紫外吸光度和三维荧光强度的变化最为显著.发现再生水消毒后生物可同化有机碳(AOC)浓度显著增加,说明消毒后水质生物稳定性变差.AOC变化趋势呈现为先增长后降低的趋势,对于不同处理工艺再生水,二级出水的AOC水平普遍高于深度处理出水,但深度出水消毒5 min后AOC的增长率却高于二级出水消毒后的增长率.进一步研究发现,再生水水样消毒后的AOC变化量与三维荧光积分值变化量之间有一定的正相关关系.     

紫外线消毒中的光复活作用

近年来,紫外线消毒技术在水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用,它主要是利用短波紫外对微生物的伤害作用,通过在DNA中形成环丁烷嘧啶二聚体,阻碍基因的正常复制,从而导致细菌失活.但是细菌体内的光裂解酶在远紫外光和可见光作用下能够使失活的细菌重新获得活性,这就是光复活作用.低压消毒设备处理后大肠杆菌表现出了一定的光复活能力,但中压消毒设备能够有效的抑制其光复活作用;而噬肺军团菌在低压和中压设备处理后都表现出了很强的光复活能力.在应用紫外线消毒技术时光复活作用的影响不容忽视.     

UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant

Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) are of concern as emerging microbial contaminants in reclaimed water. To understand the effects of UV disinfection on TRB, both inactivation and reactivation profiles of TRB, as well as 16 tetracycline-resistant isolates from secondary effluent, were characterized in this study. The inactivation ratio of TRB was significantly lower (3.0-log) than that of heterotrophic bacteria (> 4.0-log) in the secondary effluent. Additionally, the proportion of TRB significantly increased from 1.65% to 15.51% under 20 mJ/cm² ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inactivation rates of tetracycline-resistant isolates ranged from 0.57/s to 1.04/s, of which tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was the most tolerant to UV light. The reactivation of TRB, tetracycline-resistant isolated strains, as well as heterotrophic bacteria commonly occurred in the secondary effluent even after 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure. The colony forming ability of TRB and heterotrophic bacteria reached 3.2-log and 3.0-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation. The final inactivation ratio of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was 1.18-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation, which is similar to those of TRB (1.18-log) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.19-log). The increased proportion of TRB and the reactivation of tetracycline-resistant enterobacteria in reclaimed water could induce a microbial health risk during wastewater reuse.