城市污泥厌氧消化和脱水工艺对肠道病原菌的杀灭效应

运用最大或然数(MPN)培养法和定量PCR(qPCR)技术对不同城市污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化处理和脱水处理前后,污泥中埃希氏大肠杆菌(E.coli)、沙门氏菌(Salmonellaspp.)和志贺氏菌(Shigellaspp.)含量的变化进行了研究.MPN检测结果表明,污泥中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌数量经厌氧消化处理后明显下降,平均下降2～5个数量级,但qPCR检测结果显示,种病原菌平均下降1～2个数量级.脱水处理3后,污泥中的肠道病原菌含量基本没有变化,没有发生脱水后再生长现象.大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌含量分别在104～107、104～105和103～105MPN·g-1(以污泥干重计)之间.MPN和qPCR检测结果之间的差异性显示厌氧消化会造成肠道病原菌的有活性但不可培养状态(VBNC),同时也提示应用传统的培养检测方法检测病原菌含量和评定污泥排放的生物安全性时需慎重.     

城市污泥中温厌氧消化中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)对肠道病原菌的杀灭机理

为探讨污泥中温厌氧消化（MAD）过程中挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）对肠道病原菌的杀灭机理,在连续流污泥MAD反应器中,研究了两种pH条件下VFA对埃希氏大肠杆菌（E.coli）、沙门氏菌（Salmonella spp.）和志贺氏菌（Shigella spp.）杀灭的影响.结果发现,中性条件下（pH≈7）,污泥中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量经厌氧消化处理后明显下降,均下降了2个数量级,但VFA浓度为1000～6000mg·L-1时大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的杀灭效果差别不明显.在pH酸性条件下（pH≈5）,高浓度VFA反应器中污泥的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌数量分别下降了3、6和2个数量级,达到污泥A级标准.对于纯培养的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌,在VFA浓度8000mg·L-1、pH=5条件下培养6d后病原菌浓度低于检测限.结果表明,VFA对污泥厌氧消化中病原菌的杀灭效应与未解离状态的VFA浓度密切相关,高浓度VFA、低pH时,未解离态VFA浓度增加,从而提高病原菌杀灭效率.     

北运河流域沙河水库沉积物中病原微生物污染特征研究

以北运河上游沙河水库为研究对象,通过采集沙河水库表层（0~20 cm）沉积物与柱状沉积物样品,采用现代分子生物学手段分析了沉积物中微生物群落结构和3种典型病原菌（大肠杆菌、肠球菌、志贺氏菌）的基因丰度,并分析其与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明：水平分布上,沉积物中大肠杆菌的绝对丰度与相对丰度在库下游与点源污染区较高,肠球菌在库心区丰度较高,志贺氏菌在点源污染区丰度最高.沉积物中3种病原菌的绝对丰度在垂向分布上均呈现随深度增加而减小的趋势,相对丰度均在10~30 cm处出现峰值.沙河水库沉积物中的水平群落结构主要以Clostridium sensu stricto、unclassified_Anaerolineaceae、Povalibacter 3种菌属相对丰度占比较大,垂向群落结构则主要以Anaerolineaceae占比较大.Pearson相关性分析表明,水平分布上,大肠杆菌与TN（p<0.01）,志贺氏菌与TP（p<0.05）均显著正相关;垂直分布上,大肠杆菌与TN（p<0.05）、有机质（p<0.05）,志贺氏菌与TP（p<0.05）呈显著正相关.这些结果清楚地表明,沙河水库沉积物中病原菌含量极可能与水体富营养化有关.     

城市地表水中肠道病原微生物与粪便污染指示菌的关系研究

本研究选择肠道病毒、伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌作为城市水体中典型的肠道病原微生物,分别建立起相应的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法.对水源水、景观娱乐用水以及城市河流样品进行长期监测,考察典型肠道病原微生物的分布特征和变化规律.肠道病毒在各地表水体中都有检出,浓度大都在103copy·L-1以下.大肠埃希氏菌的含量在保护良好的水体和接纳城市污水的水体中有明显差别,而伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌通常出现在受粪便污染较重的水体中.统计学的分析结果显示各种水体中的肠道病原微生物检出浓度均符合对数正态分布规律.粪便污染指示菌与肠道病毒之间不存在显著的相关性,但却能在一定程度上反映典型肠道病原菌的存在情况.在大肠菌群或粪大肠菌群浓度为104CFU·L-1以上的样品中,伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌具有较高的阳性率.     

用r射线照射纯化污水污泥中的细菌

本文主要研究悬浮在污水污泥中和受到γ射线照射后残留的某些细菌。由于辅射使用的污水样品是在夏季或季风季节采集的,因此导致大多数生物的纯化模式有显著的差异。在夏季从厌氧消化池中采集的样品对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌有明显的保护作用。当用悬浮在污水中的样品代替磷酸盐缓冲液时,要使细菌的存活数减少6个数量级,就需要增加照射剂量,这种情况是很明显的。但使用季风消化池样品所进行的观测却完全不同。在大多数情况下,这种污水污泥能提高γ射线照射的纯化作用。此外本文同时考察了某些化学物质对伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌属纯化模式的影响。砷酸盐,汞盐和铅盐可致敏伤寒,而醋酸铋和硫化钠可防止细菌受到γ射线照射。在志贺氏菌属中,证明醋酸铋和碘乙酸铵是放射性保护物质。最后论讨了某些化学物质对污泥中波辐照的志贺氏菌细胞纯化模式的影响。     

纳米银对聚磷菌吸磷和释磷的影响及毒性效应

利用硼氢化钠还原硝酸银,并使用聚乙烯醇（PVA）作为分散剂,制备出分散良好、粒径为（14±3）nm的纳米银颗粒,考察了其对聚磷菌（Microlunatus phosphovorus）好氧吸磷和厌氧释磷的影响,以及产生的毒性效应.结果表明,在好氧状态下,7mg/L的纳米银能够完全抑制聚磷菌的生长（P <0.01）,达到10mg/L时才能完全抑制聚磷菌的吸磷能力（P=0.01）;在厌氧状态下,大于20mg/L的纳米银才使聚磷菌释磷能力受到部分抑制（P <0.05）.活性氧簇（ROS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的检测结果表明,纳米银使细菌体内ROS水平降低,部分细菌菌体表面塌陷,这说明,纳米银不但可以毒害聚磷菌菌体表面,还可以降低菌内ROS水平.     

硝基苯好氧降解的共基质及生物协同作用

通过研究多菌种多基质条件下硝基苯的降解以便寻找提高实际废水处理效率的途径,从不同菌源中筛选与驯化获得硝基苯的高效降解菌枯草芽孢杆菌、门多萨假单孢菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌及人苍白杆菌.研究这些菌种好氧降解硝基苯过程中的生物协同作用及其基质效应,构建实际废水处理的生物降解体系．结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌和人苍白杆菌之间存在协同降解作用．加入人苍白杆菌后可使质量浓度为232．0mg/L硝基苯被完全降解的时间从145h缩短为85h;由枯草芽孢杆菌、门多萨假单孢菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌组成的混合降解实验发现,枯草芽孢杆菌和门多萨假单孢菌之间存在一定程度的相互抑制作用;当加入肺炎克雷伯氏菌后抑制作用消失,降解速度加快.复合菌的作用明显优于各菌单独作用或任何两种菌之间的配合效果.经氯霉素制药厂含硝基苯实际废水的检验,混合菌在降解硝基苯的同时也使COD成分得到有效去除．     

纳米银在环境水样和实验介质中的理化性质和毒性效应

纳米银在自然环境中的理化性质可能严重影响其环境效应,本文的目的是为了比较纳米银在自然水样和实验介质条件下的理化性质和毒性效应.实验表征了粒径4 nm表面包裹物为油胺的纳米银,在不同介质条件下的粒径和团聚性,并进一步研究了不同环境介质条件下纳米银暴露对枯草芽孢杆菌的毒性效应.透射电镜照片显示油胺包裹的4 nm纳米银在环境介质中发生明显团聚.油胺包裹的4 nm纳米银暴露会抑制培养基中细菌的生长速率,降低生理盐水溶液中细菌的存活率.纳米银在实验条件下对细菌的毒性呈一定剂量效应关系,但是在环境水样中剂量效应关系不明显.低浓度纳米银在环境水样中的毒性比其在实验介质中弱.纳米银的透析袋暴露实验中,细菌的存活率有显著提升,揭示纳米银与细菌的直接相互作用对毒性效应有重要作用.与实验条件的培养基和生理盐水介质相比,环境水样中的纳米银更趋向以团聚形式存在,与细菌的相互作用几率减小,因此纳米银在环境介质中对细菌的毒性会降低.     

柴油/甲醇燃烧颗粒的碳结构参数分析

为探讨非道路柴油机燃用柴油/甲醇混合燃料排气颗粒中碳结构的演变规律,降低非道路柴油机的颗粒(PM)排放,采用激光拉曼光谱仪,结合分峰拟合方法,重点针对甲醇掺混比对非道路柴油机燃烧颗粒的碳结构参数和演变规律进行分析,并用颗粒氧化特性试验对拟合分析结果进行验证. 结果表明,随着燃料中甲醇掺混比(以w计)的增加:①NO_x、CO、HC比排放呈上升趋势,与柴油相比,甲醇掺混比为15%时,3种污染物比排放分别升高约12%、49%、62%;颗粒比排放降幅明显,约为59%. ②由于颗粒碳原子和碳键的伸缩振动,在1 350和1 590 cm-1附近出现2个较为强烈并有一定重合的拉曼振动峰;颗粒中C—C的伸缩振动以及弯曲振动加剧,在345 cm-1附近出现较为强烈的拉曼振动峰. ③表征颗粒中无定形成分的D3峰的相对强度(R3值)明显升高,表明颗粒中的碳团簇含量增加,石墨晶体结构的无序程度升高;表征颗粒中石墨化程度的D1~D4、G峰的FWHM(半宽度)和D/G相对强度整体呈上升趋势,说明颗粒的石墨化程度降低,颗粒较容易被氧化. ④颗粒的活化能逐渐降低,也说明掺混甲醇后,颗粒具有较好的氧化性能,有利于加速颗粒在缸内的氧化速度,缩短颗粒捕集器中过滤体的再生时间,降低柴油机的颗粒排放.      

餐厨降解菌的生物特性研究

为了研究餐厨降解菌的生物特性,选取耐盐性、基质迁移性及其在餐厨降解中的酶活特性展开研究,以此来揭示各菌种在降解过程中的优势特性及其各自发挥的作用.结果表明,混合菌产酶优于单菌种;菌株在2.5%NaCl浓度下可正常生长,耐盐性排序为:博德特氏菌(Bordetella petrii)汉氏硝化细菌(Nitrobacter hamburgensis)螺旋巴克斯霉(Backusella circina),迁移性排序为:博德特氏菌(Bordetella petrii)汉氏硝化细菌(Nitrobacter hamburgensis)螺旋巴克斯霉(Backusella circina).综合来看,博德特氏菌在降解前期作用明显,蔗糖酶活后期保持稳定表明堆肥矿质化趋于稳定,脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活在后期逐步降低并趋于稳定表明堆肥腐熟性良好且稳定.     

Comparative toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Escherichia coli

With the increase in silver(Ag)-based products in our lives, it is essential to test the potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) and silver ions(Ag ions) on living organisms under various conditions. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Ag NPs with Ag ions to Escherichia coli K-12 strain under various conditions. We observed that both Ag NPs and Ag ions display antibacterial activities, and that Ag ions had higher toxicity to E. coli K-12 strain than Ag NPs under the same concentrations. To understand the toxicity of Ag NPs at a cellular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) enzymes were detected for use as antioxidant enzymatic biomarkers. We have also studied the toxicity of Ag NPs and Ag ions under various coexistence conditions including: fixed total concentration, with a varied the ratio of Ag NPs to Ag ions; fixed the Ag NPs concentration and then increased the Ag ions concentration; fixed Ag ions concentration and then increasing the Ag NPs concentration.Exposure to Ag NPs and Ag ions clearly had synergistic toxicity; however, decreased toxicity(for a fixed Ag NPs concentration of 5 mg/L, after increasing the Ag ions concentration) to E. coli K-12 strain. Ag NPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from Ag NPs under the single and coexistence conditions. Further works are needed to consider this potential for Ag NPs and Ag ions toxicity across a range of environmental conditions.Environmental Significance Statement: As silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)-based products are being broadly used in commercial industries, an ecotoxicological understanding of the Ag NPs being released into the environment should be further considered. Here, we investigate the comparative toxicity of Ag NPs and silver ions(Ag ions) to Escherichia coli K-12 strain, a representative ecotoxicological bioreporter. This study showed that toxicities of Ag NPs and Ag ions to E. coli K-12 strain display different relationships when existing individually or when coexisting, and in the presence of L-cysteine materials. These findings suggest that the toxicology research of nanomaterials should consider conditions when NPs coexist with and without their bioavailable ions.     

Constructing a Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectral reference library for fine-particle analysis

Fine particles associated with haze pollution threaten the health of over 400 million people in China. Owing to excellent non-destructive fingerprint recognition characteristics, Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are often used to analyze the composition of fine particles to determine their physical and chemical properties as well as reaction mechanisms. However, there is no comprehensive Raman spectral library of fine particles. Furthermore, various studies that used SERS for fine-particle composition analysis showed that the uniqueness of the SERS substrates and different excitation wavelengths can produce a different spectrum for the same fine-particle component. To overcome this limitation, we conducted SERS experiments with a portable Raman spectrometer using two common SERS substrates (silver (Ag) foil and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)) and a 785 nm laser. Herein, we introduced three main particle component types (sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA), organic material, and soot) with a total of 39 chemical substances. We scanned the solid Raman, liquid Raman, and SERS spectra of these substances and constructed a fine-particle reference library containing 105 spectra. Spectral results indicated that for soot and SNA, the differences in characteristic peaks mainly originated from the solid-liquid phase transition; Ag foil had little effect on this difference, while the Au NPs caused a significant red shift in the peak positions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, with various characteristic peak positions in the three types of spectra, we could quickly and correctly distinguish substances. We hope that this spectral library will aid in the future identification of fine particles.     

抗生素和纳米银对大肠杆菌耐药性的联合效应

以大肠杆菌（E.coli）为模式生物,研究了磺胺类抗生素（SAs）和纳米银（AgNPs）在单一或联合作用下对RP4质粒接合转移效应及E.coli突变效应的影响,并对联合作用方式进行了判别,基于分子对接技术和线性回归分析,探讨了两种效应的机制及其与毒性效应的关系.结果表明,在较低浓度范围内,所测12种SAs以及AgNPs在单一或联合暴露下对接合转移和突变均有促进作用,12组SAs-AgNPs混合物对接合转移频率促进率峰值的最大值和最小值分别为105.32%和46.96%,对突变体促进率峰值的最大值和最小值分别为1410.25%和238.38%.此外,SAs和AgNPs联合暴露对RP4质粒接合转移效应主要表现为协同作用,对E.coli突变效应主要表现为拮抗作用,且接合转移效应、突变效应与毒性效应之间具有良好的相关性.     

抗生素和纳米银对大肠杆菌耐药性的联合效应

以大肠杆菌（E.coli）为模式生物,研究了磺胺类抗生素（SAs）和纳米银（AgNPs）在单一或联合作用下对RP4质粒接合转移效应及E.coli突变效应的影响,并对联合作用方式进行了判别,基于分子对接技术和线性回归分析,探讨了两种效应的机制及其与毒性效应的关系.结果表明,在较低浓度范围内,所测12种SAs以及AgNPs在单一或联合暴露下对接合转移和突变均有促进作用,12组SAs-AgNPs混合物对接合转移频率促进率峰值的最大值和最小值分别为105.32%和46.96%,对突变体促进率峰值的最大值和最小值分别为1410.25%和238.38%.此外,SAs和AgNPs联合暴露对RP4质粒接合转移效应主要表现为协同作用,对E.coli突变效应主要表现为拮抗作用,且接合转移效应、突变效应与毒性效应之间具有良好的相关性.     

Intracellular biosynthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Brassica oleracea L. and studies on their physicochemical and biological properties

In this present study, we reported broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) as a potential candidate for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) in green chemistry method. The synthesized metal nanoparticles are evaluated their antimicrobial efficacy against different human pathogenic organisms. The physico-chemical properties of gold nanoparticles were analyzed using different analytical techniques such as a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer. In addition, gold and silver NP antimicrobial efficacy was checked by disc diffusion assay. UV–Vis color intensity of the nanoparticles was shown at 540 and 450 nm for gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. Higher magnification of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy image shows the variable morphology of the gold nanoparticles such as spherical, rod and triangular shapes and silver nanoparticles were seen in spherical shapes. The average spherical size of the particles was observed in 24–38 nm for gold and 30–45 nm for silver NPs. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles which were crystalline in nature. Additionally, the functional metabolites were identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. IR spectra revealed phenols, alcohols, aldehydes (sugar moieties), vitamins and proteins are present in the broccoli extract which are accountable to synthesize the nanoparticles. The synthesized gold and silver NPs inhibited the growth of the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens at the concentration of 50 μg/mL respectively. In addition, broccoli mediated gold and silver nanoparticles have shown potent antimicrobial activity against human pathogens.     

Silver nanoparticles tolerant bacteria from sewage environment

Silver nanoparticle (SNP) is a threat to soil, water and human health. Protection of environment from silver nanoparticles is a major concern. A sewage isolate, Bacillus pumilus treated with SNPs showed similar growth kinetics to that without nanoparticles. A reduction in the amount of exopolysaccharides was observed after SNPs – B. pumilus culture supernatant interaction. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) peaks for the exopolysaccharides extracted from the bacterial culture supernatant and the interacted SNPs were almost similar. The exopolysaccharide capping of the SNPs was confirmed by UV-Visible, FT-IR and X-ray di raction analysis. The study of bacterial exopolysaccharides capped SNPs with E. coli, S. aureus and M. luteus showed less toxicity compared to uncoated SNPs. Our studies suggested that the capping of nanoparticles by bacterially produced exopolysaccharides serve as the probable mechanism of tolerance.     

Comparative study of heavy metal and pathogenic bacterial contamination in sludge and manure in biogas and non-biogas swine farms

The objective of this study is to determine and compare the heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) and bacterial (E. coli, coliform and Salmonella spp.) contamination between swine farms utilizing biogas and non-biogas systems in the central part of Thailand. Results showed that average levels of E. coli, coliform, BOD, COD, Zn, Cu and Pb in sludge from the post-biogas pond were higher than the standard limits. Moreover, the levels of E. coli, coliform, Cd and Pb were also higher than the standard limits for dry manure. The levels of E. coli, coliform and BOD on biogas farms were lower than on non-biogas farms. Following isolation of Salmonella spp:; it was found that Salmonella serovars Rissen was the most abundant at 18.46% (12/65), followed by Anatum 12.31% (8/65), and Kedougou 9.23% (6/65). The pathogenic strains of Salmonella serovars Paratyphi B var. java and Typhimurium were present in equal amounts at 4.62% (3/65) in samples from all swine farms. This study revealed that significant reduction in E. coli and coliform levels in sludge from covered lagoon biogas systems on swine farms. The presence of Salmonella as well as Cd and Pb, in significant amount in dry manure, suggests that there is a high probability of environmental contamination if it is used for agricultural purposes. Thus, careful waste and manure disposal from swine farms and the regular monitoring of wastewater is strongly recommended to ensure the safety of humans, other animals and the environment.     

载银活性碳纤维对大肠杆菌吸附作用的研究

以大肠杆菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ）为对象，通过细菌吸附实验研究了载银活性碳纤维（ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ））对大肠杆菌的吸附特性．借助扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）进行细菌分布形态的观察和细菌数量的计算．结果表明，大肠杆菌易分布于ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ）表面的沟槽处；ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ）吸附的细菌数量随银含量、比表面积的增加而增大．此外，细菌吸附量还与ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ）表面银颗粒的大小有关．对吸附细菌的动力学亦进行了研究．     

Inactivated properties of activated carbon-supported TiO2 nanoparticles for bacteria and kinetic study

The activated carbon-supported TiO2 nanoparticles(TiO2/AC)were prepared by a properly controlled sol-gel method.The effects of activated carbons(AC)support on inactivated properties of TiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated by photocatalytic inactivation experiments of Escherichia coli.The key factors affecting the inactivation effciency were investigated,including electric power of lamp, temperature,and pH values.The results show that the TiO2/AC composites have high inactivation properties of E.coli in compari...