新型填料床-逐级曝气池一体化反应器水处理技术

为解决低浓度污水处理工艺脱氮除磷过程中存在的微生物碳源不足的问题,本文研制了新型填料床-逐级曝气串联反应器.填料床分别采用珊瑚砂、竹炭颗粒、钢渣为填料,在好氧、厌氧兼顾的环境下,实现化学除磷、生物除氮.试验采用模拟生活污水,COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度为170—190 mg.L-1、27—30 mg.L-1、8—10 mg.L-1,23—25 mg.L-1.反应器在第27天启动成功,100 d稳定运行结果显示,当HRT为14 h,曝气池DO为3.5 mg.L-1,反应器处理效果良好,出水中COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度分别为30.7 mg.L-1、5.59 mg.L-1、1.0 mg.L-1、4.67 mg.L-1,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B排放标准.经钢渣填料床处理后的污水,TP浓度降到1 mg.L-1左右,在不排泥的情况下,实现TP的高效去除,同时有效避免了除磷与脱氮过程对碳源的竞争,实现了生物法对水体中富余氮、磷的高效去除.     

序批式膜反应器处理高氨氮渗滤液同步硝化反硝化特性

应用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理实际垃圾渗滤液,在DO浓度分别为0.45mg.l-1和1.19mg.l-1条件下,研究了系统的有机物,氨氮和总氮去除特性以及游离氨(FA),DO对系统同步硝化反硝化(SND)类型的影响.250d试验研究表明:SBRR系统能够稳定高效地同步去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和高浓度氨氮.在初始COD浓度为122—2385 mg.l-1的情况下,出水COD浓度为23—929 mg.l-1,有机物最大去除速率25.6 kgCOD.m-2载体.d-1.在初始NH4+-N浓度为40—396.5 mg.l-1的情况下,出水NH4+-N浓度为0—41.2 mg.l-1,最大硝化速率2.87 kgN.m-2载体.d-1.SBBR系统内发生了明显的同步硝化反硝化(SND)现象,TN平均去除率分别为73.8%(DO=0.45 mg.l-1)和30%(DO=1.19 mg.l-1)左右.当FA浓度在1.5—11.6 mg.l-1范围内时,系统中共存硝酸型SND和亚硝酸性SND.当FA从18.6 mg.l-1增加到56 mg.l-1,系统中形成稳定的亚硝酸SND.因此,FA是影响系统SND类型的主要因素,DO可促进亚硝酸性SND向硝酸型SND转化.     

序批式生物膜法同步除磷脱氮特性研究

对淹没序批式生物膜法去除有机物和磷及同步部分脱氮的特性进行了研究。其适合的载体装填密度为30％，水力停留时间为9h，其中厌氧3h，好氧6h，进水COD负荷从0．27kg/(m^3.d)到1．32kg/(m^3.d)均可使除磷率达90％以上，脱氮率达50％－60％。淹没式生物膜法除磷脱氮工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属，其次依顺序为气单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属，微球菌属，硝化矸菌属，生物膜具有生物量大（MLVSS达5531．7mg/L)，脱落污泥含磷量高（达5．67％），沉降性好（SVI为101．7）的特点，污泥产率为0．1996kg干泥／kgCOD。     

邯郸西污水厂处理工艺的优化控制

由于实际进水水质与设计值有偏差,造成采用改良氧化沟工艺的邯郸市西污水处理厂,运行管理困难且费用较高。针对该厂的实际运行情况,探讨了曝气系统的溶解氧(DO)、混合液污泥浓度(MLSS)、泥龄等运行参数的控制问题,并对各参数进行了分析、优化调整。结果显示:该厂好氧区出水DO控制在2.5~3.5 mg/L,缺氧区DO控制在0.3~0.7 mg/L时,可保证良好的除磷效果;将MLSS控制在5000 mg/L左右,并通过排泥将泥龄控制在16~19 d时,氧化沟系统可在最低运行能耗下获得最优硝化、脱氮效果;避免过多的硝酸盐随回流污泥进入厌氧选择池也是该系统工艺控制的关键,适宜的进水BOD5/TN比值以及稳定可靠的反硝化控制,可进一步提高该系统的处理效果,尤其是脱氮效果。     

生活污水的好氧反硝化研究

采用强化生物絮凝工艺处理生活污水,试验结果验证了好氧反硝化的存在;好氧反硝化的效率依赖三个因素:溶解氧浓度、絮体大小、有效碳源。低溶解氧质量浓度有利于好氧反硝化脱氮,当ρ(DO)为0.5mg·L-1时,TN去除率达到57.7%。结合理论分析,对好氧反硝化的机理以及影响因素进行了探讨。     

活性污泥-悬浮生物膜系统处理低C/N污水深度脱氮性能

通过农业废弃物玉米芯悬浮生长生物膜的载体,构建了活性污泥-悬浮生物膜混合系统,以SBR工艺运行方式对低浓度低C/N污水的深度脱氮性能进行了研究.探究了挂膜启动阶段系统脱氮效果;在工艺稳定运行后,考察了温度、HRT、DO、进水C/N、进水pH等参数对工艺脱氮性能的影响.经过24 d挂膜后,结合污染物去除情况及镜检显示生物膜挂膜成功.运行结果表明,以预处理后的生活污水作为模拟原水,控制反应温度为26—30℃,HRT=8 h,COD/TN为(4.0±0.1),DO=(2.2±0.1) mg·L^-1,进水pH=(8.0±0.1)的条件下,系统达到最佳运行条件,COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN平均去除率分别为70.2%、94.8%和80.8%,平均出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN浓度分别为14.89 mg·L^-1、0.57 mg·L^-1和2.40 mg·L^-1.好氧阶段DO浓度对TN去除率有一定的影响,当好氧阶段DO浓度为(2.2...     

全程补碳的A~2/O工艺对同步脱氮除磷的影响

为解决A2/O工艺处理低浓度城市生活污水的碳源问题,采用了甲醇、葡萄糖、乙酸分别作为A2/O系统的碳源,结果表明,甲醇作为系统外加碳源最经济、最合适,其中TN、TP去除率分别达到75.81%和76.21%,NO-x-N被去除时间为30 min.研究最大化利用碳源,得到外加碳源甲醇在厌氧/缺氧/好氧区段的投加比例为1∶2∶0、投加量为400 mg·L-1,硝酸盐回流比为250%时,系统运行效果最佳,TN、NH3-N和TP去除率分别为90.56%、96.67%和92.56%,出水浓度分别为12.3 mg·L-1、4.1 mg·L-1和0.45 mg·L-1,达到GB18918—2002一级A类标准.通过一段时间的运行,在缺氧段发生了反硝化吸磷的现象,有利于碳源的节省和系统的高效运行.     

MAP法和SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

氨氮浓度为2570.45mg·l-1的垃圾渗滤液经磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理后的处理出水中TN约为79.35mg·l-1,TP约为10.35mg·l-1,电导率约为78000μS·cm-1.研究用SBR法进一步处理处理出水的可行性.用常规的活性污泥,探讨了污水的含盐量和系统运行周期对TN,TP和COD去除率的影响.结果表明,当垃圾渗滤液处理出水和生活污水以1: 4混合后,TN约为48.0mg·l-1,TP约为6.0mg·l-1,COD约为1150.0mg·l-1,电导率略为15000μS·cm-1.运行的适宜周期为12h(其中厌氧2.0h,好氧5.0h,缺氧3.5h,后耗氧0.5h,沉淀排水和闲置1.0h).在此条件下,出水TN小于15 mg·l-1,TP小于1.0mg·l-1,COD约为110mg·l-1.TN,TP和COD去除率分别约为77%,87%和90%.     

纤毛状生物膜脱氮除磷工艺调试研究

纤毛状生物膜脱氮除磷工艺(CNR)是一种高效的生物脱氮除磷工艺.好氧池中纤毛状生物膜填料的添加,固化了大量世代时间长的硝化菌,提高了硝化反应速度,而且成功地解决了好氧段硝化菌与聚磷菌的泥龄矛盾.通过对天津某污水处理厂进行CNR工艺中试,得出结论如下:填料比表面积大,微生物附着量高达1 350～1 500g·m~(-2);填料容易挂膜、脱膜,无堵塞现象,更不需要反冲洗,维护管理简单;填料上形成的生物膜中,微生物体系稳定,种群丰富,微生物相包括钟虫(vorticella)、轮虫(rotaria)、表壳虫(arcella)、吸管虫(tokophrya)等;采用CNR工艺对污水处理,常规项目的去除率均达到80%以上,出水水质除总氮达到一级B标准,其他均达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)的一级A排放标准.     

Performance of bamboo fxed-bed-polyurethane fluidized bed integrated reactor treating domestic sewage

为解决剩余污泥问题,研制了产泥率少的片状竹炭固定床-聚氨酯切块流化床一体化反应器,在保证流化床高浓度微生物的同时,维持竹炭固定床的好氧,兼性厌氧,以实现污泥的原位分解.试验采用南京林业大学紫湖溪生活污水,COD为140—170 mg·L-1,TP为1—2 mg·L-1,TN为35—45 mg·L-1,氨氮25—30 mg·L-1,SS为35—40 mg·L-1.反应器在第30 d启动成功.稳定的运行结果显示,水力停留时间为10 h时,反应器对有机物的去除效果较好,出水中COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度分别为19 mg·L-1、7 mg·L-1、0.47 mg·L-1、4.5 mg·L-1,去除率达到87%、76%、72%、84%,出水中各指标均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中的一级B排放标准.经竹炭固定床处理的出水SS浓度很低,长期维持在14 mg·L-1左右,二沉池出水中的SS平均浓度为12.7 mg·L-1,整个反应器对二沉池依赖性较小.     

Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an SBBR treating domestic wastewater

An aerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) packed with Bauer rings was used to treat real domestic wastewater for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The SBBR is advantageous for creating an anoxic condition, and the biofilm can absorb and store carbon for good nitrification and denitrification. An average concentration of oxygen ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/L was proved very efficient for nitrification and denitrification. Volumetric loads of TN dropped dramatically and effluent TN concentration increased quickly when the concentration of average dissolved oxygen was more than 4.0 mg/L. The efficiency of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) increased with increasing thickness of the biofilm. The influent concentration hardly affected the TN removal efficiency, but the effluent TN increased with increasing influent concentration. It is suggested that a subsequence for denitrification be added or influent amount be decreased to meet effluent quality requirements. At optimum operating parameters, the TN removal efficiency of 74%–82% could be achieved.     

Control of sludge settleability and nitrogen removal under low dissolved oxygen condition

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is an energy-saving condition in activated sludge process. To investigate the possible application of limited filamentous bulking (LFB) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), two lab-scale SBRs were used to treat synthetic domestic wastewater and real municipal wastewater, respectively. The results showed that prolonging low DO aeration duration and setting pre-anoxic (anaerobic) phase were effective strategies to induce and inhibit filamentous sludge bulking, respectively. According to the sludge settleability, LFB could be maintained steadily by adjusting operation patterns. Filamentous bacteria content and sludge volume index (SVI) were likely correlated. SVI fluctuated dramatically within a few cycles when around 200 mL·g^-1, where altering operation pattern could change sludge settleability in spite of the unstable status of activated sludge system. Energy consumption by aeration reduced under low DO LFB condition, whereas the nitrification performance deteriorated. However, short-cut nitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) were prone to take place under such conditions. When the cycle time kept constant, the anoxic (anaerobic) to aerobic time ratio was determining factor to the SND efficiency. Similarity keeping aerobic time as constant, the variation trends of SND efficiency and specific SND rate were uniform. SBR is a promising reactor to apply the LFB process in practice.     

可降解聚合物PCL、PBS在低有机污染水中固相反硝化脱氮效果比较

为了解决低有机污染高氮素水中由于低碳氮比而造成的后续脱氮问题,通过设反应填充床,外加固相碳源,对比了2种可降解聚合物PBS和PCL的反硝化效果。结果表明,（1）在进水TN质量浓度维持在14.33～18.31 mg.L-1,HRT为15.6 min时,PBS填充床平均TN去除率为94.93%,高于PCL填充床。（2）PBS填充床平均反硝化速率为13.55 mg.L-1.h-1（以N计）,高于PCL填充床的9.07 mg.L-1.h-（1以N计）。（3）PBS填充床NO3-N、NO2-N、NH3-N的出水质量浓度分别维持在0.37～0.87、0～0.20、0.01～0.07 mg.L-1,优于PCL填充床。（4）PBS和PCL颗粒表面附着的微生物以杆菌为主,伴有少量的弧菌。该研究为日后新型固相碳源的开发提供了科学依据。     

竹炭固定床-聚氨酯流化床一体化反应器处理生活污水

为解决剩余污泥问题,研制了产泥率少的片状竹炭固定床-聚氨酯切块流化床一体化反应器,在保证流化床高浓度微生物的同时,维持竹炭固定床的好氧,兼性厌氧,以实现污泥的原位分解.试验采用南京林业大学紫湖溪生活污水,COD为140—170 mg·L-1,TP为1—2 mg·L-1,TN为35—45 mg·L-1,氨氮25—30 mg·L-1,SS为35—40 mg·L-1.反应器在第30 d启动成功.稳定的运行结果显示,水力停留时间为10 h时,反应器对有机物的去除效果较好,出水中COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度分别为19 mg·L-1、7 mg·L-1、0.47 mg·L-1、4.5 mg·L-1,去除率达到87%、76%、72%、84%,出水中各指标均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B排放标准.经竹炭固定床处理的出水SS浓度很低,长期维持在14 mg·L-1左右,二沉池出水中的SS平均浓度为12.7 mg·L-1,整个反应器对二沉池依赖性较小.     

Practical consideration for design and optimization of the step feed process

Based on the anoxic/oxic (A/O) step feed process, a modified University of Cape Town (UCT) step feed process was developed by adding an anaerobic zone and adjusting sludge return pipeline. Performance evaluation of these two types of processes was investigated by optimizing operational parameters, such as the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic volumes, internal recycle ratios, and sludge retention times, for removal of chemical oxygen demanding (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. Results showed high removal efficiencies of COD of (85.0±1.7)%, ammonium of (99.7±0.2)%, total nitrogen (TN) of (85.5±1.7)%, phosphorus of (95.1±3.3)%, as well as excellent sludge settleability with average sludge volume index of (83.7±9.5) L·mg^-1 in the modified UCT process. Moreover, (61.5±6.0)% of influent COD was efficiently involved in denitrification or phosphorus release process. As much as 35.3% of TN was eliminated through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in aerobic zones. In addition, the presence of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DNPAOs), accounting for approximately 39.2% of PAOs, was also greatly beneficial to the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Consequently, the modified UCT step feed process was more attractive for the wastewater treatment plant, because it had extremely competitive advantages such as higher nutrient removal efficiencies, lower energy and dosages consumption, excellent settling sludge and operational assurance.     

Improved nitrogen removal in dual-contaminated surface water by photocatalysis

River waters in China have dual contamination by nutrients and recalcitrant organic compounds. In principle, the organic compounds could be used to drive denitrification of nitrate, thus arresting eutrophication potential, if the recalcitrant organics could be made bioavailable. This study investigated the potential to make the recalcitrant organics bioavailable through photocatalysis. Batch denitrification tests in a biofilm reactor demonstrated that dual-contaminated river water was short of available electron donor, which resulted in low total nitrogen (TN) removal by denitrification. However, the denitrification rate was increased significantly by adding glucose or by making the organic matters of the river water more bioavailable through photocatalysis. Photocatalysis for 15 min increased the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the river water from 53 to 84 mg·L^-1 and led to a 4-fold increase in TN removal. The increase in TN removal gave the same effect as adding 92 mg·L^-1 of glucose. During the photocatalysis experiments, the COD increased because photocatalysis transformed organic molecules from those that are resistant to dichromate oxidation in the COD test to those that can be oxidized by dichromate. This phenomenon was verified by testing photocatalysis of pyridine added to the river water. These findings point to the potential for N removal via denitrification after photocatalysis, and they also suggest that the rivers in China may be far more polluted than indicated by COD assays.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L^-1) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS^-1) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV+ PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

SBR短程硝化的实现、维持及稳定性

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,控制SBR反应器内pH值在7.5～8.5的条件下,实现了短程硝化生物脱氮工艺,NO2--N/NOx--N的比率始终维持在90%以上,同时发现pH值和DO浓度变化特征曲线在短程硝化过程中具有良好的重现性。另外,保持DO浓度在0.5～1.0mg/L,硝化时间为5.5h,可较好的维持短程硝化生物脱氮过程,且经过1个月的运行硝化类型没有发生改变,亚硝酸盐积累率仍保持在90%以上。在此基础上,研究了系统对COD和NH4+-N浓度的抗冲击负荷能力。结果表明,该系统具有较强的抗冲击能力。