改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺生物脱氮除磷效果研究

为了提高改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺污水处理厂的脱氮除磷效果,结合某污水处理厂3年的运行实践,讨论了该工艺的处理效果,生物脱氮除磷原理及影响出水效果的因素.分析表明将DO控制在0.3～0.7 mg/L范围内,能够使出水中的TN浓度低于20 mg/L;在氧化沟中发生的同步硝化反硝化反应(SND)对总氮的去除的贡献占总系统脱氮的66%;该系统剩余污泥的含磷率为3.0%,生物细胞中平均含磷量可达细胞干重的4.2%;总磷去除率与污泥龄具有很好的线性关系,加大污泥排放量可以提高除磷效果.     

一体式PN/A耦合EBPR工艺高效低耗处理实际低C/N主流城市污水

针对低C/N城市污水脱氮除磷因碳源不足存在能耗、药耗高以及脱氮除磷效率低等问题,开发一体式短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)耦合强化生物除磷工艺(EBPR),以降低碳源消耗和能耗、提高脱氮除磷效率,从而实现高效低耗减污降碳。通过构建悬浮污泥和生物膜共存的混合系统,采用厌氧-好氧运行模式以及间歇曝气,考察短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化与强化生物除磷过程的耦合效果。结果表明,反应器能长期稳定运行,出水总无机氮(TIN)质量浓度稳定低于4 mg·L^-1,溶解态磷(DP)质量浓度约0.2 mg·L^-1,TIN平均去除率大于90%,DP的平均去除率大于85%,平均脱氮负荷为53 mg·(g·d)^-1,强化间歇曝气能够在系统内实现NOB抑制,亚硝氮积累率可达60%以上,甚至100%。控制悬浮污泥好氧污泥龄为3.5 d,NOB由悬浮污泥向填料转移。由于生物膜传质受限,系统的亚硝氮积累率并未受到影响。该系统内厌氧氨氧化活性提高了5倍,厌氧氨氧化菌以Candidatus Brocadia为主,相对丰度为1.1%,较主流条件下提高了2.75倍。本研究结...     

C/N对Carrousel 2000氧化沟同步脱氮除磷的影响研究

就C/N对Carrousel 2000氧化沟同步脱氮除磷的影响进行了研究。结果表明,进水C/N值在5～13之间时,进水C/N不影响氧化沟系统对NH₃-N的去除效果。出水NH₃-N浓度＜1 mg/L,平均去除率达到97.40%。当C/N低于11时,TN、TP的去除率随C/N的升高而快速大幅提高,分别从5时的26.47%和14.99%升至11时的93.48%和97.03%。当C/N＞11时,氧化沟TN去除率达到93.48%,TP去除率接近100%,氧化沟具有了良好的同步脱氮除磷的效果,出水水质满足国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002一级A标准)要求。TP去除率与TN去除率相关系数R₂＝0.985。     

问歇曝气周期对低C/N比污水生物脱氮的影响

研究了间歇曝气生物脱氮工艺中,曝气周期和污水的c/N比对脱氮效率的影响,以及氧化还原电位(ORP)变化规律.中试试验结果表明,TN污泥负荷为0.05 kg/(kg MLVSS.d)时,间歇曝气系统的硝化反应所需曝气时间与总反应时间比至少要在0.5以上,一周期内搅拌时间不宜超过1 h;反硝化过程中难以找到ORP曲线突变点,因此,在低c/N比污水生物脱氮中ORP难以作为工程控制参数;由于原水的碳氮比太低,TN去除率只有35%～40%左右,为提高脱氮效率有必要投入外加碳源.     

强化序批式生物膜反应器脱氮与人工湿地除磷联合工艺初探

为解决脱氮除磷对碳源的竞争及不同泥龄需要等问题,提出强化序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)脱氮与人工湿地除磷联合工艺.通过将SBBR系统分为2格,并采用交替运行的方式(进水和曝气),强化了碳源保存,进一步提高脱氮效率;SBBR系统出水进入栽种菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)的人工湿地,利用基质和植物吸附等作用进一步除磷.结果表明:(1)2格交替运行SBBR脱氮效果良好,稳定时出水COD均值为34 mg/L,去除率约为93%;出水NH+4-N均值为2.0 mg/L,去除率约为94%;出水TN维持在4.5 mg/L左右,去除率约为86%;出水TP在2 mg/L附近波动,除磷效果并不理想,有时还会出现出水TP高于进水TP的释磷现象.(2)人工湿地除磷效果良好且稳定.当进水TP为0.6～6.7 mg/L时,出水TP维持在0.3～0.7 mg/L.(3)该联合工艺有良好的脱氮除磷效果.系统出水NH+4-N、TN、TP均值分别为2.0、2.4、0.5 mg/L,去除率均值分别为94%、92%、90%.     

改良型一体化氧化沟工艺在低碳源条件下脱氮除磷

针对在低碳源条件下脱氮除磷效果不佳,将倒置A2/O工艺的思想运用于一体化氧化沟工艺中,构建一种新型污水处理系统,即改良型一体化氧化沟工艺。实验考查了系统在低碳源条件下的脱氮除磷能力;结果表明:当缺氧区进水分配比r=0.8,泥龄SRT=10 d,好氧区水力停留时间HRT=12 h时,该系统对COD、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别达70.8%、89.3%和72.1%,出水NOx--N为1.65 mg/L,同时处理效果稳定,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准的要求。     

UniFed SBR工艺除磷脱氮机理研究

采用UniFed SBR工艺试验装置处理实际生活污水,确定了出水不受进水扰动影响的合适排水比.当将进水/排水时间固定为2 h,排水比不高于41.67%时,可以实现进水与出水的分离,保证良好的出水水质.通过试验分析了UniFed SBR工艺的除磷脱氮机理在于:进水/排水阶段在反应池底部先后发生了反硝化作用和厌氧释磷反应,后续曝气阶段发生硝化作用和好氧吸磷,因此通过该工艺,可实现同步除磷脱氮.     

一种基于脱氮和除磷分开的强化污染物去除组合工艺中试研究

针对北京等严重缺水地区提高污水综合排放标准,用于地表水和地下水补充水的需求,以强化COD、N和P去除为目的,研发了N和P不同单元处理的缺氧立体循环氧化沟单元/好氧立体循环氧化沟单元/除磷过滤器单元组合工艺,通过中试实验研究了该工艺的去除效果,并优化了该工艺水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)参数。结果表明,当缺氧和好氧立体循环氧化沟单元的HRT和DO分别为12 h、DO 0.5 mg/L和6 h、2.0 mg/L,除磷过滤器滤速6~8 m/h时,该工艺的平均出水浓度COD 25 mg/L,TN 11 mg/L,NH_4~+-N 1.2 mg/L,TP 0.15 mg/L,平均去除率分别为88%、57%、94%和96%。其中缺氧立体循环氧化沟单元COD、NH_4~+-N和TN平均去除率为70%、80%和57%,好氧立体循环氧化沟单元进一步去除COD和NH_4~+-N(去除率为18%和14%);经缺氧、好氧氧化沟处理去除50%左右的TP,除磷单元吸附作用去除46%的TP。经过该组合工艺处理,COD、N和P都能达到北京市2013年出台的地方污水排放新标准一级B排放要求。     

传统和氧化沟型A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷性能对比

为了对比研究传统A~2/O工艺和氧化沟型A~2/O工艺的脱氮除磷性能,通过实验分析了2种工艺在不同水力停留时间、不同混合液回流比、不同污泥回流比、不同污泥浓度条件下的脱氮除磷效果及典型工况下的污染物去除过程。结果表明,2种工艺在大多数情况下均可实现良好的脱氮除磷性能,出水COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP等各项水质指标均可满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A要求。在传统A~2/O工艺的缺氧段发生了反硝化除磷反应,在氧化沟型A~2/O工艺中则未发生。     

内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺脱氮除磷性能研究

针对传统Pasveer氧化沟内缺氧段碳源难以被反硝化菌充分利用的问题,采用内置缺氧区的改良型Pasveer氧化沟工艺,并进行中试规模实验研究,考察了不同内回流比条件下系统的脱氮除磷效果。研究结果表明,在内回流比为200%的情况下,系统的脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TN和TP的浓度分别降至12.7 mg/L和0.34 mg/L,去除率分别达到61.9%和89.2%。内置缺氧区的设置一方面能使有限的碳源充分用于反硝化,另一方面,促使了反硝化吸磷现象的发生,这使得系统在进水碳源较低的情况下仍能够获得上佳的脱氮除磷效果。但是,过高的内回流比会导致好氧区亚硝酸盐的积累,这对生物除磷是不利的。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.