Effects of elevated CO_2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of alga

Introduction The atm ospheric C O 2 concentration increases at a rate of 1.5 滋 m ol/(m ol·a) and w ill double com pared to pre-industrial levels around the year 2050 (W atson et al., 1990). Its effects and m echanism by elevated CO 2 on global clim ate,…     

纳米氧化镍对3种绿藻的毒性效应

通过配制不同浓度(0,60,120,180,240,300mg/L)纳米氧化镍(nNiO)悬浊液,对四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)进行连续胁迫10d的毒性试验,测定nNiO对3种绿藻生长状况、叶绿素a、蛋白质、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响.结果表明,nNiO胁迫对四尾栅藻、普通小球藻和羊角月牙藻的生长均有一定抑制作用,在同一时间段内,总体呈明显剂量效应;nNiO低浓度(60~120mg/L)胁迫对供试藻的影响表现为“抑制—促进—抑制”,在一定时间内对供试藻有促进生长的作用;nNiO胁迫对四尾栅藻、普通小球藻和羊角月牙藻的毒性效应表现为叶绿素a和蛋白质含量减少,MDA含量升高,抗氧化活性降低;羊角月牙藻对nNiO的耐受性较强,四尾栅藻和普通小球藻较敏感.     

光照与磷的交互作用对两种淡水藻类生长的影响

采用一次性单种培养的方法,研究了磷和光照对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长以及叶绿素形成的影响.结果表明,光照水平的提高能够提高藻类最大比增长率,延长藻类指数生长期;但达到一定水平后,光照水平的增加会抑制单细胞藻类体内叶绿素的合成.在试验设定的浓度范围内,磷对藻类最大比增长率的影响不大;而不利于藻类叶绿素的形成.对于铜绿微囊藻的生长,磷与光照表现出明显的交互作用,但对于四尾栅藻,二者的交互作用并不明显.     

古夫河着生藻类优势种体积与水质因子的相关性研究

通过研究长江三峡库区古夫河着生藻类优势种体积的变化,探索影响其体积的主要水质因子,为河流水质评价提供依据.于2010年12月至2012年2月,对古夫河着生藻类和地表水采样11次,共鉴定着生藻类197种,检测水质指标10项.选取Mcnaughton优势度指数(Y)>0.02的着生藻类(共30种)作为优势种并计算体积;利用主成分分析(PCA)分析优势种藻类在不同月份的体积变化.结果显示,硅藻门对冷暖季的变化较为敏感.将水质因子与优势种藻类体积进行典范对应分析(CCA),结果显示水质因子与藻类体积相关性大小为:溶解氧>氨氮>叶绿素a>酸碱度>硝态氮>总磷>水温>总氮>总有机碳>化学需氧量.Monte Carlo显著性检验结果为溶解氧和氨氮对着生藻类体积的影响最大,其次为叶绿素a、酸碱度和硝态氮.硅藻门藻类体积的变化可以判断古夫河水体中溶解氧、氨氮、叶绿素a、酸碱度、硝态氮的含量与变化.     

两种褐藻对铜和镉的吸着及洗脱研究

运用缸式及柱式吸着方法研究了两种大型褐藻对溶液中Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 的吸着能力。以探索生物吸着法去除工业废水中重金属的可行性。结果表明，在室温下当ｐＨ 在４－０ ～５－０ 之间时，海黍子和海带的吸着性能均较强：ｐＨ＝ ５－００ ±０－０５ 时，海黍子对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 单独存在于水中的饱和吸着量分别是＞ １－５０ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－８０ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重，对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 共存于水中的饱和吸着量分别是１－２４ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－１６ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重；相同条件下，海带对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 单独存在于水中的饱和吸着量分别是＞ １－１０ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－８０ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重，对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 共存于水中的饱和吸着量分别是１－２４ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－３５ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ干重；柱式洗脱实验表明ＨＣｌ 和ＥＤＴＡ是两种有效的洗脱剂，二者对Ｃｕ 的洗脱回收率均接近１００ ％ 。由此可以认为，海黍子和海带这两种大型褐藻，对于吸着废水中的重金属有实用价值，值得进一步探索。     

藻类的光谱吸收特征及其混合藻吸收系数的分离

利用定量滤膜技术测定了实验室培养的聚球藻(Synechococcus 7942)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、直链硅藻的吸收光谱(Melosira granulate Var.angustissima),通过其标准化吸收谱,分析了同种藻不同生长时期的吸收谱特征,并比较分析了不同藻类的标准化吸收谱.结果表明,同一藻的标准化吸收光谱在不同生长时期基本恒定不变.色素组成及其比例的不同是引起藻类间吸收光谱变化的主要原因,同时也是大型浅水湖泊中浮游植物种群演替的原因之一.蓝藻光谱主要存在620nm左右的吸收峰,使得其在水体中较易获取生长所需的光能.直链硅藻在短波范围内稍强的吸收能力被非藻类颗粒物、黄质所弱化,而其在630nm的吸收峰较低,因而难以成为浅水湖泊中的优势种;绿藻在655nm处的吸收肩峰有利于其光能竞争.通过纯种藻的标准化吸收谱,较为成功地对混合藻的吸收谱进行了分离.     

Sex hormones of brown algae

Female gametes of brown algae (Phaeophyta) lure their male partners into copulation by species-specific messengers. The attractants belong to a class of polyunsaturated open-chain or cyclic hydrocarbons which are biogenetically closely interconnected. Studies on the specificity and sensitivity of chemotaxis in brown algae also give insight into evolution and phylogenesis.     

Sustainable biofuels from algae

There is currently great interest in microalgae as sources of renewable energy and biofuels. Many algae species have a high lipid content and can be grown on non-arable land using alternate water sources such as seawater. This paper discusses in detail the issue of sustainability of commercial-scale microalgae production of biofuels with particular focus on land, water, nutrients (N and P) and CO₂ requirements and highlights some of the key issues in the very large scale culture of microalgae which is required for biofuels. The use of genetically modified algae is also considered.     

Effects of typical algae species (Aphanizomenon flosaquae and Microcystis aeruginosa) on photoreduction of Hg2+ in water body

Photoreduction characteristics of divalent inorganic mercury(Hg~(2+)) in the presence of specific algae species are still not well known. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the present study to identify the effects of different concentrations of living/dead algae species, including Aphanizomenon flosaquae(AF) and Microcystis aeruginosa(MA), on the photoreduction rate of Hg~(2+)under various light conditions. The experimental results showed that percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was significantly influenced by radiation wavelengths, and dramatically decreased with the presence of algae. The highest percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was induced by UV-A, followed by UV-B, visible light and dark for both living and dead AF, and the order was dark UV-A UV-B visible light for both living and dead MA. There were two aspects, i.e., energy and attenuation rate of light radiation and excrementitious generated from algae metabolisms, were involved in the processes of Hg~(2+)photoreduction with the presence of algae under different light conditions. The percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)decreased from 15% to 11% when living and dead AF concentrations increased by 10 times(from 106 to 105 cells/mL), and decreased from 11% to ～ 9% in the case of living and dead MA increased. Algae can adsorb Hg~(2+)and decrease the concentration of free Hg~(2+), thus inhibiting Hg~(2+)photoreduction, especially under the conditions with high concentrations of algae. No significant differences were found in percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)between living and dead treatments of algae species.The results are of great importance for understanding the role of algae in Hg~(2+)photoreduction.     

光照、温度和氮磷限制对6种典型鱼毒性藻类生长及产毒的影响

为了探究温度、光照、和营养盐对鱼毒性藻类产毒的影响,本文分析了6种我国沿海典型具溶血活性的鱼毒性藻类在不同温度(15℃,25℃,30℃)、光照强度(20 mol/m2/s,60 mol/m2/s,100 mol/m2/s)、氮磷限制(1:1;1:16;1:128)条件下的生长和溶血活性的变化。结果表明,鱼毒性藻类的溶血活性在不同生长期差异明显。海洋卡盾藻(香港株)(Chattonella marina)、卵圆卡盾藻(C.ovata)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)在对数期溶血活性较高,衰亡期溶血活性较低,而球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)与小定鞭藻(Prymnesium parvum)在稳定期溶血活性最高,对数期溶血活性最低。藻类的培养环境和营养条件对鱼毒性藻类溶血毒素的合成有明显的影响,在光照强度、温度和氮磷限制条件下,藻类单个细胞的溶血活性会发生明显变化,6种藻类的溶血活性均随光照强度的升高而增强,在培养温度15~30℃范围内,除球形棕囊藻外,其他5种藻类的单个藻细胞溶血活性随温度的上升而增加,氮磷限制可促进溶血毒素的合成。     

灵菌红素对有害藻类的除藻活性研究

研究了沙雷氏菌的天然产物灵菌红素对引起海洋赤潮和淡水水华的有害藻类的除藻活性和光解性质.结果表明,5.0μg/mL灵菌红素能够在24h内将新月菱形藻、中肋骨条藻、水华鱼腥藻和微小平列藻培养液中的藻类全部杀死,除藻活性高达100%.5.0μg/mL灵菌红素在30000lx光强下36h完全分解,不会给自然环境带来二次污染.     

Allelopathic effect of Acorus tatarinowii upon algae

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡ .ｔａｔａｒｉｎｏｗｉｉＳｃｏｔｔ,ａｐｅｒｅｎｎｉａｌｉｍｍｅｒｇｅｄｈｅｒｂｉｎｗｅｔｌａｎｄｓ ,ｂｅｌｏｎｇｓｔｏＡｒａｃｅａｅ ,Ａｃｏｒｕｓ.ＩｔｓｆｌｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅｗａｓｆｒｏｍＡｐｒｉｌｔｏＪｕｌｙａｎｄｉｔｓｒｈｉｚｏｍｅｗａｓｆｒａｇｒａｎｔ.ＩｔｉｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｏｖｅｒｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｐａｒｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａ ,ＥａｓｔＩｎｄｉａｎ ,ＶｉｅｔｎａｍａｎｄＮｏｒｔｈＴｈａｉｌａｎｄ .Ｉｔｗａｓｃｏｍｍｏｎｉｎｗｅｔｌａｎｄｓ ,ｂｒｏｏｋｓｏｒｔｈ…     

A method to extract algae toxin of microcystin-LR

A simple and low-cost method to obtain cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR(MC-LR) was developed. A new strain of Microcystis aeruginosa,named DC-1, producing microcystin-LR but not microcystin-RR, was separated from the field blooming algae samples of Dianchi Lake.in southwest of China. Following three times‘freeze and thaw treatment, the cultivated DC-cells were extracted with 40% methanol in water.The extract was centrifuged and the supernatant applied to a Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance(HLB) SPE cartridge.Eluted impuries with a certain gradient from 30% to 50% methanol in water, MC-LR was finally eluted from the HLB cartridge with 60%.may be used in adsorption and biodegradation experiments instead of using expensive standard reagents.     

赤潮藻类的适应与竞争策略

赤潮藻类的生活策略与赤潮发生的机理紧密相关。在漫长的自然进化过程中,赤潮藻类发展出一系列独特的生活策略以适应环境的变化。赤潮藻类可以在不良环境下形成孢囊以度过寒冷的冬季或者营养缺乏时期并在条件合适时萌发。甲藻可以通过主动迁移或者产生粘液的行为来适应水流和光照,甚至有时能够改变藻细胞周围的微环境。赤潮藻类采用多种营养方式如自养、异养或混养进行生长和繁殖,这对我们就赤潮与富营养化的关系的研究带来了全新的理解。赤潮藻类与其他生物存在复杂的相互关系,某些蓝绿藻可以与细菌或病毒共生,而有毒藻类也许可以通过抑制捕食或者植化相克为自身获利。最后,我们提出了赤潮藻类的形态结构上的不同也许可以解释某些生态策略的差异。     

Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae

Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae under a medium pressure mercury lamp (15 W, λ_max = 365 nm) was investigated. Results indicated that the photodegradation of Norfloxacin could be induced by the algae in the heterogeneous algaewater systems. The photodegradation rate of Norfloxacin increased with increasing algae concentration, and was greatly influenced by the temperature and pH of solution. Meanwhile, the cooperation action of algae and Fe(III), and the ultrasound were beneficial to photodegradation of Norfloxacin. The degradation kinetics of Norfloxacin was found to follow the pseudo zero-order reaction in the suspension of algae. In addition, we discussed the photodegradation mechanism of Norfloxacin in the suspension of algae. This work will be helpful for understanding the photochemical degradation of antibiotics in aqueous environment in the presence of algae, for providing a new method to deal with antibiotics pollution.     

河口水及藻类对三丁基锡的降解作用

研究了海河河口水在不同条件下对三丁基锡（TBT）的降解作用。不同条件下TBT的降解半衰期为5.7天～84.5天。提高温度、光照和加入营养盐和腐殖酸均加快TBT的降解,说明TBT的降解与生物作用有关。为此,进一步研究了两种藻——淡水斜生栅藻（_{Scenedesmusobliquus}）和生于河口地区的扁藻（_{Platymonassp．}）及藻液中细菌群落对TBT的降解作用。结果表明,光降解是微乎其微的。细菌群落对TBT有一定的降解作用,栅藻、扁藻中的细菌群落对TBT降解半衰期分别为54.3天和20.2天。藻类对TBT的降解速度比细菌快很多,是TBT降解的主要因素,栅藻、扁藻对TBT降解半衰期分别为5.2天和1.7天。