广东下庄铀矿田土壤的天然放射性研究

用γ能谱分析方法测量了广东下庄铀矿田土壤中放射性核素^>226Ra,^>232Th 和 K 的含量,分别为 111.7(40.2～441.5)Bq/kg,71.5(32.6～4088.1)Bq/kg, 672.1(441.8～912.6)Bq/kg.同全国和广东省的平均值相比,^>226Ra 的含量明显偏高.在此基础上,计算了距地面 1m 高处空气γ辐射吸收剂量率、等效镭浓度和外照射指数,平均值分别为 123.9nGy/h, 265.7Bq/kg, 0.7,表明广东下庄铀矿田的γ辐射外照射水平远高于正常值.应用氡的对流和扩散理论,计算了空气中氡的理论浓度,平均值为 80.2Bq/m³计算结果与实测值基本吻合.     

雨后短时间环境地表γ剂量率数值变化研究

雨后数小时内近地表x-γ空气吸收剂量率数值将显著上升,持续一段时间之后,近地表x-γ空气吸收剂量率数值再次恢复为通常水平,为探明成因,通过大气氡分布理论得出氡子体沉降模型,利用该模型和γ场理论计算出近地表x-γ空气吸收剂量率数值上升区间,与近年杭州某辐射环境自动站x-γ空气吸收剂量率连续监测系统的实测历史数据比较,证明γ场理论和氡子体沉降模型对雨后短时间环境地表γ剂量率数值上升具有较好的理论解释和预测,并对辐射自动站选址和环境地表γ剂量率监测提供指导意义.     

空气中氡浓度的测量及不确定度分析

本文总结了空气中氡浓度的测量方法及注意事项、控制标准,重点结合本单位的RAD7测氡仪对空气中氡浓度测量的不确定度进行了分析及计算,最后指出该测氡仪达到GB50325-2001中对空气中氡检测方法的测量不确定度的要求.     

空气中氡及其子体对人体健康的影响

自从发现铀矿开采工人肺癌发病率与井下空气中氡及子体浓度存在一定的线性关系以后,氡及子体对人体健康的影响愈来愈引起人们的关注。国际上有些辐射防护机构为此进行了大量的调查工作,并对产生高浓度氡及子体的工作场所制订了相应的限制标准和防护措施。但是,在一般环境里,室内外空气中也存在着氡及其子体,对人体所产生的辐射剂量约占整个天然辐射剂的一半。为了解室内外空气中氡及子体对人体产生的影响,近年来我国和国外都相继开展不同规格的调查,并公布了调查数据。本文利用已公布的一些数据,介绍其对人体健康的影响。 1 氡及其子体 1.1 气态放射性核素氡—222、氡—220、氡—219 自然界存在3个天然放射性系列,铀系(u)、钍系(Th)和锕系(Acu)。在其衰变过程中,都会产生气态放     

徐州市环境氡及其子体水平分析

在自然环境中,人类接受的环境辐射剂量大部分来自天然辐射,而天然辐射中的主要贡献来自于放射性气体氧及其子体。人类吸入过量的氡及其子体,健康将受到影响,肺癌的发病率将增加。而氡却是居室内空气中重要污染物之一,所以对生活环境中氡的研究已引起了人们的重视。为了了解徐州地区环境中氡及其子体的含量,进而了解其危害程度,我们对徐州地区空气中的氡及其子体的含量进行了调查,并估算了徐州地区居民所受的年有效剂量当量。一、调查方法本次调查采用双滤膜法测氡和三段法测子体的联合监测方法,调查前全省统一刻度,并对测量系统进行标定,在监测过程中不时使用镅—241标准源对仪器进行监督。双滤膜法测氡时利用洗筒时间(5分钟),     

珠江三角洲地区抽水蓄能电站环境放射性调查

依据放射性监测及评价标准,对位于珠三角地区的三处在建中的抽水蓄能电站的地质探洞进行了放射性调查,通过对环境γ辐射空气吸收剂量率和环境氡浓度的测量、分析,估算了抽水蓄能电站地质探洞环境天然放射性对施工、运行人员所致剂量,明确了氡为探洞内主要放射性污染因素,突出强调了辐射防护的必要性,并提出了相关措施.     

湖北省典型伴生放射性矿区域放射性水平调查研究

在第一次全国污染源普查成果的基础上,筛选出湖北省伴生矿中具有典型代表性类型的四个矿点作为进一步深入调查研究的对象。本研究对典型矿点区域各类环境介质的放射性污染水平进行了全面监测(包括陆地γ空气吸收剂量率、大气氡浓度和氡析出率、气溶胶中总α、总β、固体样品中的天然放射性核素、水体中的天然放射性核素等);对典型矿点区域的放射性污染水平监测结果进行了分类统计与分析;对伴生放射性矿物资源开发利用过程中的放射性污染问题,提出了防控对策与措施以及进一步探讨的建议。     

辽宁省部分城市室内氡浓度水平

对辽宁省 7个市区的办公室和居室内空气氡浓度水平进行了调查研究 ,结果表明 ,办公室室内空气中氡的平衡当量浓度为 3 9.3 / Bq· m- 3。居室空气中氡的平衡当量浓度为 43 .2 / Bq·m- 3,居民由室内氡及其子体所致年有效剂量为2 .6m Sv     

碱性元素——隐伏金-银矿化的标志

本文叙述了把碱性元素用作隐伏金-银矿化标志的研究历史,提出了当前将航空γ射线能谱测量法用于找金时所应注意的若干问题。以苏联等国金-银矿床为例,介绍了把碱性元素用作找矿标志的研究成果。对航空γ射线能谱测量法在应用于找全方面的进一步完善提出了重要建议。     

Ge(Li)γ谱仪在核事故应急监测中的应用

本文应用Ge(Li)γ谱仪,研究快速测定环境样品中γ放射性核素的方法。由大面积沉降物的γ能谱判断其受核污染的情况;制备标准源γ射线能量与探测效率曲线,计算环境样品中γ放射性核素的含量。     

室内氡浓度与建筑材料表面氡析出率的关系研究

采用RAD7测氡仪对某8层教学楼第5层的房间进行24 h连续测定,测得室内氡浓度范围为5.65~48.7 Bq/m3,不超标。测定结果表明,清晨氡浓度较高,在5:00左右氡浓度达最高值;中午氡浓度较低,11:00左右氡浓度达最低值。经测定房间内墙面抛光瓷砖的表面氡析出率大于地板砖的表面氡析出率。房间室内的氡主要来源于建筑材料表面氡的析出和室外空气,利用氡析出率和室外氡计算的室内氡浓度与测定结果相符。     

尾矿库覆土效果参数确定

文章根据氡析出率和覆盖层厚度关系的指数减弱规律原理,在某铀尾矿库222Rn释出率研究和所获得资料的基础上,重点探讨了尾矿库覆土厚度与覆土效果的关系。通过使用实验室和野外实测结果比较相近的两种不同的222Rn析出率测定方法测定了不同容重、尾矿砂不同含水量的条件下的不同覆土层厚度的对降低222Rn析出率的效果,从而确定了在降低天然降水的入渗量的最佳条件下覆土效果参数、覆土后γ辐射水平以及安全粘土覆盖层厚度和费用,为尾矿库的治理设计提供了理论基础。当粘土覆盖层厚度80～120cm,平均厚度为l00cm时,尾矿库滩面氡析出率降低至国家规定限值0.74Bq/m2·s,覆土费用4200～4800万元。     

地下工程中空气离子环境和氡害

近年来国内外大量研究资料表明:环境中空气离子和氡是两个与人舒适感及人体健康密切相关的环境因素。地下工程中空气离子和氡问题比地面室内环境更为突出。随着地下空间广为开发利用,如何改善地下工程中空气离子环境及防氡害问题正在引起人们的极大关注。我们对我国五个地区的37个     

Determination of arsenic in air particulates and diesel exhaust particulates by spectrophotometry

A method was developed for the determination of trace arsenic by spectrophotometry. The proposed method is rapid, simple,and inexpensive. This method can be used for sensitive determination of trace arsenic in environmental samples and especially in air particulates. The results obtained by this method as a proposed method were compared with those obtained by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry as a popular reported method for the determination of arsenic and an excellent agreement was found between them. The method was also used for determination of arsenic associated with airborne particulate matter and diesel exhaust particulates.The results showed that considerable amount of arsenic are associated with diesel engine particulates. The variation in concentration of arsenic was also investigated. The atmospheric concentration of arsenic was different in different sampling stations was dependent to the traffic density.     

珠海市大气环境中氡浓度的测定

采用固体径迹探测器累积氡测定方法对珠海市不同地质背景、不同的建筑风格的房室内室、外地面水平氡浓度进行了测定。结果表明,珠海市室内、外空气中氡浓度的平均值分别为：１６４。２Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３和７５．２Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３,居全国各大城市之首,仅次于我国的个旧地区,但大多数住房室内氡浓度都低２００Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３。研究发现秋冬季的室外氡浓度高于春夏季的室外氡浓度。而室内氡浓度的浓度的变化情况则相反,春夏季高于秋冬季,室     

Use of natural basement ventilation to control radon in single family dwellings

Natural basement ventilation has always been recommended as a means of reducing radon levels in houses. However, its efficacy has never been documented. In these experiments, natural ventilation has for the first time been studied systematically in two research houses during both the summer cooling season and the winter heating season. Ventilation rates, environmental and house operating parameters, as well as radon levels, have been monitored.It can be definitively concluded from radon entry rate calculations that natural ventilation can reduce radon levels two ways. The first is by simple dilution. The second is by reducing basement depressurization and thus the amount of radon-contaminated soil gas drawn into the structure.Therefore, basement ventilation can be an effective mitigation strategy under some circumstances. It might be especially useful in houses with low radon concentrations (of the order of 370 Bq m ⁻¹) or those with low levels and which cannot be mitigated cost-effectively with conventional technology.     

Dependency of radon entry on pressure difference

Radon levels, ventilation rate and pressure differences were monitored continuously in four apartment houses with different ventilation systems. Two of them were ventilated by mechanical exhaust, one by mechanical supply and exhaust, and one by natural ventilation. The two-storey houses were constructed from concrete elements on a slab and located on a gravel esker. It was surprising to find that increasing the ventilation rate increased levels of radon in the apartments. Increased ventilation caused increased outdoor-indoor pressure difference, which in turn increased the entry rate of radon and counteracted the diluting effect of ventilation. The increase was significant when the outdoor-indoor pressure difference exceeded 5 Pa. Especially in the houses with mechanical exhaust ventilation the pressure difference was the most important factor of radon entry rate, and contributed up to several hundred Bq m⁻³ h⁻¹.     

Removal of airborne microorganisms emitted from a wastewater treatment oxidation ditch by adsorption on activated carbon

Bioaerosol emissions from wastewater and wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. Most previous work has focused on the evaluation of their biological risks. In this study, however, the adsorption method was applied to reduce airborne microorganisms generated from a pilot scale wastewater treatment facility with oxidation ditch. Results showed adsorption on granule activated carbon (GAC) was an e cient method for the purification of airborne microorganisms. The GAC itself had a maximum adsorption capacity of 2217 CFU/g for airborne bacteria and 225 CFU/g for fungi with a flow rate of 1.50 m3/hr. Over 85% of airborne bacteria and fungi emitted from the oxidation ditch were adsorbed within 80 hr of continuous operation mode. Most of them had a particle size of 0.65–4.7 m. Those airborne microorganisms with small particle size were apt to be adsorbed. The SEM/EDAX, BET and Boehm’s titration methods were applied to analyse the physicochemical characteristics of the GAC. Relationships between GAC surface characteristics and its adsorption performance demonstrated that porous structure, large surface area, and hydrophobicity rendered GAC an e ective absorber of airborne microorganisms. Two regenerate methods, ultraviolet irradiation and high pressure vapor, were compared for the regeneration of used activated carbon. High pressure vapor was an e ective technique as it totally destroyed the microorganisms adhered to the activated carbon. Microscopic observation was also carried out to investigate original and used adsorbents.     

中子活化分析环境样品干扰元素的分离

环境样品使用中子活化法分析,在γ多道测量过程中,常有干扰发生。若将铜载体加入松叶分解液中,可与CH_3CSNH_2反应形成硫化物沉淀,在共沉淀过程中可去除干扰元素。在不同的pH条件下,松叶中各种被测元素的回收率不同。使用放射性核素示踪方法测量,当pH增大时,Ag、Cd和Cu的回收率随之增大,而Sb和As的回收率将减小,Hg的回收率变化不大。     

Transport and deposition of indoor radon decay products—II. Influence of environmental conditions

The effects of indoor radon decay product behavior on overall concentrations have generally been characterized using uniformly-mixed models, mathematical formulations based on steady-state macroscopic mass-balances, assuming uniform concentrations within the enclosure. The uniformly-mixed model parameterizes the deposition process as a constant volumetric removal rate, given different values for the free and attached progeny. The model requires prior knowledge of the deposition rates, and assumes them to be constant, independent of environmental conditions, and identical for all decay products. There has generally been little agreement regarding the actual values of the deposition rates, and the uncertainty in these required values presents an important limitation.In response to the limitations of existing mass-balance models, an indoor radon mass-transport model, RADTRAN, was developed using a microscopic mass-balance. Deposition by molecular diffusion is accounted for through boundary conditions, and deposition velocity is calculated based on the concentration distribution near the wall. Parametric sensitivity studies using RADTRAN examined the sensitivity of the deposition of radon decay products to several factors: the size of the free progeny (measured by its diffusivity, D^f), particle concentration (using the attachment rate, X), and air motion. Deposition is described in terms of the deposition velocities of the free and attached progeny, u^f and u^a. The development of RADTRAN is described in a companion paper. This paper presents the results of the parametric sensitivity studies examining the influence of environmental conditions on radon progeny deposition. Results primarily focus on the influence on the free mode of the first radon decay product, ²¹⁸Po. RADTRAN is also used to examine the variations of deposition velocity between the decay products.