RPTC系统功能简介

由于NRPTC系统的数据量大,数据关系、数据项和小系统繁多,程序量大(各类源程序及命令过程约有36万条),功能面广,为了利于该系统的开发研制和维护管理、整个NRPTC系统共建立了3套功能系统,在下面3节将简单介绍这3套系统的功能.     

射流加压溶气系统浮上法研究及其在水处理中的应用

目前,国内外在加压溶气浮上法水处理工艺中,溶气水的制取通常采用水泵、空气压缩机系统。射流加压溶气系统(JDF—Ⅰ型)是一种新型的溶气系统。该系统主要依据高效射流器所具有的自吸气、溶气及加压等特性研制的。内循环式射流加压溶气系统(JDF—Ⅱ型)是在JDF—Ⅰ型的基础上研究出的一种溶气系统。它不仅保持了JDF—Ⅰ系统的所有优点,而且还具有很强的适应性、稳定性,溶气水量可以自由调节以及操作运行更为简单等性能。在能耗上,该系统比JDF—Ⅰ型可节省30％以上。本文论述了系统的基本理论,两个系统的工艺流程。     

扬州市污染源自动监控系统中的难点及解决方案

介绍了扬州市污染源监控系统的组成、系统建设过程中出现的难点和解决方法，以及系统今后的改进。     

输煤系统粉尘污染治理技术

概述了输煤系统粉尘污染治理的现状，分析了采用常规方法治理输煤系统粉尘污染存在的缺点及除尘效率低的原因。介绍了近几年研究开发的2种输煤系统粉尘污染治理新技术的除尘机理、适用范围、系统组成及主要特点。     

输煤系统粉尘污染治理技术

概述了输煤系统粉尘污染治理的现状,分析了采用常规方法治理输煤系统粉尘污染存在的缺点及除尘效率低的原因。介绍了近几年研究开发的2种输煤系统粉尘污染治理新技术的除尘机理、适用范围、系统组成及主要特点。     

低温环境下内置腐殖土填料SBR系统处理糠醛废水

在水温为5～10℃左右的条件下，通过实验对比了传统SBR系统与内置腐殖土填料式SBR系统处理糠醛废水的效能，结果表明：由于内置腐殖土填料的作用，填料式SBR系统的去除效能要高于未装填料的SBR系统；传统SBR系统的COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为89%、85%和59%，出水浊度为8.6 NTU；填料式SBR系统的COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为95%、90%和71%，出水浊度为1.7 NTU。     

第二章 系统分析应用于环境—经济决策

“系统”含义极广,到目前为止有许多并存的、互相补充的系统概念。钱学森提出的系统的定义是:“把极其复杂的研究对象称为‘系统’,即,相互作用和相互依赖若干部分结合成具有特定功能的有机整体,而这个‘系统’本身又是它所从属的更大系统的     

固体废弃物的推马化处理技术

固体废弃物已成为限制城市发展的重要环境问题。堆肥化处理是固体废弃物资源化利用的一种方式,已逐渐被国内外所重视。本文综述了现有的三种堆肥化系统,条式系统、通气静态垛式系统和发酵仓式系统,介绍了三种系统的优缺点。     

人工湿地系统处理污水新模式的探讨

本文简述了污水处理方法的概况，全面论述了人工湿地系统这一处理污水新模式的发展、工艺、基本原理。提出了设计的一般过程，结合实例说明了该系统投资省、运行费用低以及良好效果。通过总结该系统的一般特征，展示了该系统在处理污水方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

间歇曝气对垂直流人工湿地长期性能的影响

构建4个垂直流人工湿地(CWs)系统,其中系统Ⅰ、Ⅱ为陶粒CWs,系统Ⅲ、Ⅳ为河砂CWs,调节各CWs系统的间歇曝气速率,评价其对CWs系统长期运行下污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明,4个CWs系统对化学需氧量和氨氮的去除率分别能够稳定在96%、98%左右。陶粒CWs与河砂CWs相比具有更高的污染物去除能力和稳定性;硝态氮、总氮、磷酸盐去除效果受CWs系统曝气速率和基质组成的共同影响。微生物分析表明,norank Saccharimonadales是各CWs系统硝态氮去除的关键功能菌属。合适的曝气速率和基质类型对于垂直流CWs的长期稳定运行至关重要。     

Spatial and temporal variations of mercury levels in Okefenokee invertebrates: southeast Georgia

Accumulation of mercury in wetland ecosystems has raised concerns about impacts on wetland food webs. This study measured concentrations of mercury in invertebrates of the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia, focusing on levels in amphipods, odonates, and crayfish. We collected and analyzed total mercury levels in these invertebrates from 32 sampling stations across commonly occurring sub-habitats. Sampling was conducted in December, May, and August over a two-year period. The highest levels of mercury were detected in amphipods, with total mercury levels often in excess of 20 ppm. Bioaccumulation pathways of mercury in invertebrates of the Okefenokee are probably complex; despite being larger and higher in the food chain, levels in odonates and crayfish were much lower than in amphipods. Mercury levels in invertebrates varied temporally with the highest levels detected in May. There was a lack of spatial variation in mercury levels which is consistent with aerial deposition of mercury.     

Accumulation of metallic elements by Amanita muscaria from rural lowland and industrial upland regions

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out on the accumulation and occurrence of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sr and Zn in the mushroom Amanita muscaria and forest topsoil from two lowland sites in the Tuchola Pinewoods in the north-central region and an upland site in the ?wietokrzyskie Mountains in the south-central region of Poland. Topsoil from the upland location showed Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Na and Zn at significantly higher concentration levels (pseudo-total fraction and often also the labile or extractable fraction) than at both lowland locations, where topsoil was richer in Mg, and similar in Rb. Amanita muscaria from the upland region differed from individuals collected in the lowland sites by higher concentration levels of Cd, Cu, Hg and Mn in caps. This could be related to higher concentration levels of the metallic elements in topsoil in the upland region. On other side, A. muscaria from the upland site was poorer in Co and Fe in caps, and in Ca, Co, Fe and Sr in stipes. In spite of the differences in content of the geogenic metallic elements in topsoil between the lowland and upland locations, A. muscaria from both regions was able to regulate uptake and accumulation of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Rb and Zn, which were at similar concentration levels in caps but not necessarily in stipes.     

Phytoavailability and extractability of potassium,magnesium and manganese in calcareous soil amended with olive oil wastewater

Abstract

Land disposal of olive oil wastewater using it as a soil amendment requires a knowledge of the effects that its application may produce on the status of the mineral nutrients in the plant‐soil system. A pot experiment using calcareous soil was performed in a growth chamber to examine the effects of olive oil wastewater on the availability and postharvest soil extractability of K, Mg and Mn. The experiment included 6 treatments: two rates of olive oil wastewater, two mineral fertilizer treatments containing K (which supplied K in amounts equivalent to the K supplied by the olive oil wastewater treatments), a K‐free mineral fertilizer treatment, and a control. The pots were sown with ryegrass as the test plant, harvesting 3 times at intervals of one month. Olive oil wastewater has demonstrated a considerable capacity for supplying K that can be assimilated by the plant, tending in fact to surpass the mineral potassium fertilizer tested. The application of olive oil wastewater tends to reduce the concentration of Mg in the plant, similarly to the effect of adding mineral potassium fertilizer. An enhancement of Mn availability takes place in the soil amended with olive oil wastewater, which on occasion has produced Mn concentrations in plant that could be considered phytotoxic or at least excessive. After harvesting, we observed an increase in the amount of exchangeable K in soil with added industrial wastewater. However, these increases are lower than those in soil treated with mineral potassium fertilizer. The levels of exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic‐bound and residual Mg in soil were higher in treatments incorporating olive oil wastewater than in those with added mineral K, with the opposite tendency occurring in the amount of Fe‐Mn oxides‐bound Mg in soil. Treatments based on olive oil wastewater, especially in high doses, increased the amount of exchangeable and carbonate‐bound Mn in soil, in comparison with treatments adding mineral fertilizers with or without K. In contrast, the addition of industrial wastewater caused a drop in the amount of Fe‐Mn oxides‐bound and organic‐bound Mn in soil.     

Changes of organic acid exudation and rhizosphere pH in rice plants under chromium stress.

The effect of chromium (Cr) stress on the changes of rhizosphere pH, organic acid exudation, and Cr accumulation in plants was studied using two rice genotypes differing in grain Cr accumulation. The results showed that rhizosphere pH increased with increasing level of Cr in the culture solution and with an extended time of Cr exposure. Among the six organic acids examined in this experiment, oxalic and malic acid contents were relatively higher, and had a significant positive correlation with the rhizosphere pH, indicating that they play an important role in changing rhizosphere pH. The Cr content in roots was significantly higher than that in stems and leaves. Cr accumulation in plants was significantly and positively correlated with rhizosphere pH, and the exudation of oxalic, malic and citric acids, suggesting that an increase in rhizosphere pH, and exudation of oxalic, malic and citric acid enhances Cr accumulation in rice plants.     

Oxidative stress,hematological and biochemical alterations in farmers exposed to pesticides

In this study, a cohort of farmers from the Mateur region in the North of Tunisia, were interviewed and examined for the biochemical effects of pesticides. We studied their haematological profile, lipid parameters, serum markers of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. We also evaluated the activities of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and thiolactonase-paroxonase (PON). Moreover, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined. The duration of pesticide use and the farmers’ age were considered in the analysis. Our results revealed significant differences in some haematological parameters, in liver and kidney functions, in the lipidic status of the pesticide-exposed group. We also reported an increase in the index of incidence of cardiovascular risk in farmer populations. A significant decrease in AChE, BChE and PON levels was found among farmers. Lipid peroxidation, however, increased. The activities of SOD and CAT were remarkably elevated in farmer populations. There was a significant relation between changes in biological markers, the duration of pesticide use and the farmers’ age. This study indicates that a long-term exposure to pesticides may play an important role in the development of vascular diseases via metabolic disorders of lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, inhibition of BChE and decrease in thiolactonase-PON levels.     

Effects of sewage sludge amendment on heavy metal accumulation and consequent responses of Beta vulgaris plants

Use of sewage sludge, a biological residue produced from sewage treatment processes in agriculture is an alternative disposal technique of waste. To study the usefulness of sewage sludge amendment for palak (Beta vulgaris var. Allgreen H-1), a leafy vegetable and consequent heavy metal contamination, a pot experiment was conducted by mixing sewage sludge at 20% and 40% (w/w) amendment ratios to the agricultural soil. Soil pH decreased whereas electrical conductance, organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable Na, K and Ca increased in soil amended with sewage sludge in comparison to unamended soil. Sewage sludge amendment led to significant increase in Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni concentrations of soil. Cd concentration in soil was found above the Indian permissible limit in soil at both the amendment ratios.

The increased concentration of heavy metals in soil due to sewage sludge amendment led to increases in heavy metal uptake and shoot and root concentrations of Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn in plants as compared to those grown on unamended soil. Accumulation was more in roots than shoots for most of the heavy metals. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were more than the permissible limits of Indian standard in the edible portion of palak grown on different sewage sludge amendments ratios. Sewage sludge amendment in soil decreased root length, leaf area and root biomass of palak at both the amendment ratios, whereas shoot biomass and yield decreased significantly at 40% sludge amendment. Rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content decreased whereas lipid peroxidation, peroxidase activity and protein and proline contents, increased in plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil as compared to those grown in unamended soil.

The study clearly shows that increase in heavy metal concentration in foliage of plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil caused unfavorable changes in physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants leading to reductions in morphological characteristics, biomass accumulation and yield. The study concludes that sewage sludge amendment in soil for growing palak may not be a good option due to risk of contamination of Cd, Ni and Zn and also due to lowering of yield at higher mixing ratio.     

Comparision of the waterborne and dietary routes of exposure on the effects of Benzo(a)pyrene on biotransformation pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

BaP is one of the most studied PAH, due to its ubiquitous presence in aquatic environments and toxicity to aquatic organisms. The main goal of this study was to assess BaP effects in Nile Tilapia after waterborne and dietary exposures, through the evaluation of EROD and GST activities in liver, gills and intestine, and BaP metabolites in bile; and also to evaluate the usefulness of these commonly used biomarkers after two different routes of exposure. Waterborne exposure to BaP led to a significant induction of EROD in all tissues analyzed (644%, 1640% and 2880% in relation to solvent in liver, gill and intestine respectively) while in dietary exposures EROD was induced only in intestine (3143%) after exposure to high BaP concentrations. GST activities with CDNB were slightly induced in liver (40%) and in gill (66%) after water exposure to BaP, and in intestine after dietary exposure to low BaP concentrations (182%). BaP metabolites in bile increased after both exposure routes, and were highly correlated with EROD activity after water exposure. In summary, this work has shown that the effects of BaP on biotransformation pathways depend on the route of exposure. Moreover, barrier tissues like gills and intestine also have an important role in the first-pass metabolism of BaP, reducing the amount of parent compound that reaches the liver to be metabolized. For that reason, EROD activity as a biomarker of exposure should also be applied in extrahepatic organs, like gills and intestine, in monitoring studies. Biliary BaP type metabolites are good reflectors of contamination levels under both exposure routes, while GST activity with CDNB as substrate, as a phase II enzyme, does not seem a reliable biomarker of exposure to BaP regardless the route of exposure.     

Sedimentation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia,the Baltic Sea

Sediment trap material was collected during May–December in the period 1996–2008 in three coastal areas and four open sea stations in the Finnish territory of the Baltic Sea. The highest sedimentation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) with a typical source-related congener profile from chlorophenol production dominated by highly chlorinated dibenzofurans was found close to a historical source in the Kymijoki estuary. This was an order of magnitude higher than in other river estuaries and two orders of magnitude higher than in the open sea stations. The sedimentation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was also higher in river estuaries than in other areas. No significant decrease over a 12 year period of monitoring was found in concentration or in sedimentation in the Kymijoki estuary. In the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, the dominating congeners, calculated as toxic equivalent (TEQ) in sedimentation were 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD and 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF, often reported as the main congeners in deposition.     

Food contamination control in European new Member States and associated candidate countries: Data collected within the SAFEFOODNET project

This paper reports the results obtained from the data collected within the European Commission funded project SAFEFOODNET regarding the state of the art in the control of chemical food contaminants in twelve European New Member States and one Associated Candidate Country (Turkey). Information has been gathered on institutions involved in food chemical contamination control, types of contaminants and matrices analyzed, procedures for data quality assurance, purposes of the analyses and accessibility of data in the participant countries. The resulting picture points out the general availability of adequate capabilities for the analysis of food contaminants in the laboratories in charge of control and the performance of the analysis of a large variety of chemicals (persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, radionuclides) in almost each country with few exceptions (dioxins in Bulgaria, Turkey, Latvia, persistent organic pollutants in Lithuania and Malta, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Malta). The application of validated analytical methods and the process of laboratory accreditation are partially fulfilled within the investigated countries, but still forthcoming for some countries, as in Romania, Turkey and Malta. Information collected on food controls is only partially available online and the language used is prevalently local and English to a lesser extent.     

Reduced downward mobility of metribuzin in fly ash-amended soils

Metribuzin, a triazine herbicide, is poorly sorbed in the soils, therefore leaches to lower soil profile. Fly ash amendment, which enhanced metribuzin sorption in soils, may play a significant role in reducing the downward mobility of herbicide. Therefore, the present study reports the effect of Inderprastha fly ash amendment on metribuzin leaching in three soil types. Fly ash was amended at 1, 2 and 5% levels in the upper 15 cm of 30 cm long packed soil columns. Results suggested a significant reduction in the leaching losses of metribuzin in fly ash-amended columns of all the three soil types and effect increased with increase in the level of fly ash. Even after percolating water equivalent to 362 mm rainfall no metribuzin was recovered in the leachate of 5% fly ash-amended columns. Fly ash application affected both metribuzin breakthrough time and its maximum concentration in the leachate. Further, it resulted in greater retention of metribuzin in the application zone and better effect was observed in the organic carbon poor soils.