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1.
Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) live in social groups that exhibit high levels of fission–fusion dynamics, in which group members form subgroups of varying sizes and compositions. Within these fluid societies, how individuals establish contact with dispersed group members with whom they might choose to associate remains unclear. Long-range vocalizations might facilitate interactions between group members and provide a means of social coordination in fission–fusion societies. We evaluated this possibility for one spider monkey vocalization, the loud call, by examining calling behavior, the relationship between loud calls and changes in subgroup size, and the response of individuals to distant calls and playback experiments in a single study group. We found that 82 % of loud calls were emitted within 30 min of a call from a different location, suggesting that individuals frequently emit loud calls in response to the calls of distant group members. Subgroups that emitted loud calls, especially those that responded to distant calls, were much more likely to experience an increase in subgroup size within an hour after calling than those that did not. Animals also approached distant loud calls more than they avoided or ignored these calls. Finally, playbacks of male calls demonstrated that females respond preferentially to the calls of some individuals over others. Taken together, these results provide support for the hypothesis that spider monkey loud calls function to facilitate and initiate interactions between dispersed group members and suggest that vocal signals can play an important role in influencing social interactions in fission–fusion societies. 相似文献
2.
Despite a substantial resource pulse, numerous avian insectivores known to depredate periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) are detected less commonly during emergence years than in either the previous or following years. We used data on periodical cicada calls collected by volunteers conducting North American Breeding Bird Surveys within the range of cicada Brood X to test three hypotheses for this observation: lower detection rates could be caused by bird calls being obscured by cicada calls ("detectability" hypothesis), by birds avoiding areas with cicadas ("repel" hypothesis), or because bird abundances are generally lower during emergence years for some reason unrelated to the current emergence event ("true decline" hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses by comparing bird detections at stations coincident with calling cicadas vs. those without calling cicadas in the year prior to and during cicada emergences. At four distinct levels (stop, route, range, and season), parallel declines of birds in groups exposed and not exposed to cicada calls supported the true decline hypothesis. We discuss several potential mechanisms for this pattern, including the possibility that it is a consequence of the ecological and evolutionary interactions between predators of this extraordinary group of insects. 相似文献
3.
The signature whistle hypothesis states that dolphins produce highly stereotyped, individually distinctive whistles when in isolation. The presence of signature whistles has been called into question by recent studies proposing that dolphins produce a shared, simple upsweep whistle when in isolation, and that whistles produced by socializing dolphins are shared across individuals and social groups. This shared repertoire hypothesis suggests that when two animals produce the same whistle type, it is due to sharing the same common repertoire rather than one animal learning to produce the whistle of another. One difference between studies supporting or denying the existence of signature whistles is the method used to classify whistle types. We examined whistle production by 17 free-ranging bottlenose dolphins while temporarily restrained. We used both a quantitative comparison technique similar to that used to support the shared repertoire hypothesis and human judges to classify whistle types and quantify similarity between types. Contrary to recent studies that emphasize shared whistles, overall whistle sharing between isolated individuals was low (25%) and a simple upsweep did not account for the most common whistle type in half of the animals. Some species of birds, bats, and primates with stable social groups use vocal learning to converge over time to one common group distinctive call type. We examined whistle similarity between adult male dolphins that are partners in a close social alliance in order to test whether vocal learning may enable a similar vocal convergence. Whistle similarity was rated very high between partners and low between non-partners by both the quantitative technique and human observers. This suggests that as in songbirds and some other mammals, adult male bottlenose dolphins may use vocal learning to converge on similar whistles as they develop affiliative social relationships.Communicated by G. Wilkinson 相似文献
4.
Janette Wenrick Boughman 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(1):61-70
Individually distinctive vocalizations are ubiquitous; however, group distinctive calls have rarely been demonstrated. Under
some conditions, selection should favor calls indicating social group membership in animals that forage in groups. Greater
spear-nosed bats (Phyllostomus hastatus) give calls that appear to facilitate recognition of social group mates who are unrelated. Females give loud broadband (4–18 kHz)
vocalizations termed screech calls when departing on foraging trips and at foraging sites. Screech calls help to establish
foraging groups among social group members, and to maintain contact over the long distances they travel while foraging. I
test two hypotheses about how screech calls may be structured to convey caller identity. Individual calls may be distinct
and group members may learn to recognize each individual's calls and to associate the individual with the social group. Alternatively,
groups may give distinct calls and individuals within groups may share call characteristics. To test these hypotheses I conducted
multivariate acoustic analysis of multiple calls from 28 bats from three social groups. Although the ubiquity of individually
distinctive calls in other taxa makes this result more likely, the results reveal that group calls are highly distinctive.
Individual bats within groups are statistically indistinguishable. Calls appear to decrease slightly in frequency as bats
age. Call convergence among unrelated group mates implies vocal learning in this species.
Received: 28 March 1996 / Accepted after revision: 6 October 1996 相似文献
5.
The identification of appropriate companions and mates is essential to both speciation and the maintenance of species through
prezygotic isolation. In many birds, social assortment is mediated by vocalizations learned through imitation. When imitative
vocal learning occurs throughout life, emergent shared signals reflect current social associations. However, when vocal and
genetic variation arises among populations, shared learned signal variants have a potential to reflect cultural or genetic
origin and to limit social and reproductive intermixing, provided that signal learning occurs prior to dispersal. The red
crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) is a bird species in which discrete contact call variants are associated with morphological variation, raising the possibility
that learned calls play a role in limiting intermixing. I examined the process of early call learning to determine if contact
call variants have a potential to limit intermixing in crossbills. I conducted a captive playback study to nestlings to evaluate
potential learning predispositions. I also cross-fostered nestlings to adoptive adult pairs of either their own or a different
call variant than their biological parents to assess the degree of vocal learning plasticity. Results show that young crossbills
imitate the call structures of adoptive parents, generating shared family-specific calls, which could facilitate family cohesion.
Learning processes that generate family-specific calls could also ensure that discrete call variants are transmitted across
generations, making call variants reliable signals of crossbills’ morphological and genetic backgrounds. 相似文献
6.
Delayed plumage maturation in Lazuli buntings: tests of the female mimicry and status signalling hypotheses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vincent R. Muehter Erick Greene Laurene Ratcliffe 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(4):281-290
The evolutionary importance of delayed plumage maturation (DPM) in passerines, the condition when more than 1 year is required
to achieve adult-like coloration, remains highly contentious. Adaptive hypotheses propose that aggression from after 2nd-year
(ASY) males or predation favors DPM in 2nd-year (SY) males, thereby increasing SY male survivorship or reproductive success.
However, each hypothesis suggests a distinct selective mechanism explaining “how” this is accomplished. Alternatively, DPM
may be a consequence of a nonadaptive molt constraint. We tested the female mimicry and status signalling hypotheses in territorial
ASY male lazuli buntings (Passerinaamoena) using three sets of model presentation experiments. The female mimicry hypothesis proposes that dull SY male plumage deceptively
mimics female plumage, and predicts that ASY males can not distinguish SY male from female plumage. The status signalling
hypothesis proposes that dull SY male plumage honestly signals low competitive threat, and predicts that ASY males respond
less aggressively to dull versus bright, ASY-like plumage. Contrary to the female mimicry hypothesis, ASY males distinguished
between SY male and female plumage, as they were aggressive to SY male models exclusively and attempted to copulate with female
models. Supporting the status signalling hypothesis, ASY males were significantly less aggressive to SY versus ASY male plumage.
While DPM may result from a physiological constraint on bright SY male plumage, our results support the idea that dull plumage
in an SY male's first breeding season may be maintained by selection to reduce aggression from ASY males, serving as a signal
of competitive status.
Received: 21 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 16 June 1997 相似文献
7.
8.
Behavioural responses of Diana monkeys to male long-distance calls: changes in ranging,association patterns and activity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although much is known about the relationship between vigilance, group size and predation risk, behavioural responses to predation risk and their resultant costs are less clear. We investigated the response of Diana monkeys to increased predation risk by looking at behavioural changes associated with male long-distance calls, which are reliably given to certain predators. After male long-distance calls, group spread and nearest-neighbour distance decreased whilst travel and association rates for the group increased. The average height and exposure level of individuals in the group did not change after calls. Individual Diana monkeys changed their behaviour and were more likely to be vigilant or travel and less likely to engage in social or resting behaviours after long-distance calls. In addition, movement rates increased with the number of species the Diana monkeys were associated with. Diana monkey long-distance calls facilitate the joining of groups of other species. Black and white colobus and lesser spot-nosed monkeys were more likely to be in an association following a long-distance call than before. Behavioural responses, such as increased travel or association rates, that reduce foraging efficiency are interpreted as evidence of a non-lethal impact of increased predation risk. 相似文献
9.
Long-distance calls produced by males are common among vertebrate species. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain features of male long-distance calls and their phylogenetic distribution in primates, but the putative functions of male long-distance calls have yet to be tested comprehensively. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate hypotheses for the function of male long-distance calls. We focused on the mate defense hypothesis, which states that male long-distance calls function in intra-sexual competition for mates, but we also examined factors involving resource defense, mate attraction, and habitat. Phylogenetic reconstruction of male long-distance calls in 158 primate species indicates that the presence of male long-distance calls is the ancestral state. The carrying distance of male long-distance calls is correlated with the size of the home range, which is consistent with the role of male long-distance calls in defending mates, attracting mates, and defending resources. However, measures of male intra-sexual competition were not associated with the evolution of male long-distance calls. Evolutionary transitions were only partly correlated with factors related to mate attraction. Instead, the strongest correlates of male long-distance calls were activity period, body mass, home range, habitat and some measures of resource defense. Our results are consistent with long-distance call production as a costly signal, but detailed study within species is required to assess these costs and the functions of long-distance calls in individual cases. Electronic Supplementary Material is available if you access this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/. 相似文献
10.
Daniel T. Blumstein Louise Cooley Jamie Winternitz Janice C. Daniel 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(3):457-468
We conducted four experiments to determine whether yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, discriminate among predator vocalizations, and if so, whether the recognition mechanism is learned or experience-independent.
First, we broadcast to marmots the social sounds of coyotes, Canis latrans, wolves, Canis lupus, and golden eagles, Aquila chrysaetos, as well as conspecific alarm calls. Coyotes and eagles are extant predators at our study site, while wolves have been absent
since the mid-1930s. In three follow-up experiments, we reversed the eagle call and presented marmots with forward and reverse
calls to control for response to general properties of call structure rather than those specifically associated with eagles,
we tested for novelty by comparing responses to familiar and unfamiliar birds, and we tested for the duration of predator
sounds by comparing a wolf howl (that was much longer than the coyote in the first experiment) with a long coyote howl of
equal duration to the original wolf. Marmots suppressed foraging and increased looking most after presentation of the conspecific
alarm call and least after that of the coyote in the first experiment, with moderate responses to wolf and eagle calls. Marmots
responded more to the forward eagle call than the reverse call, a finding consistent with a recognition template. Marmots
did not differentiate vocalizations from the novel and familiar birds, suggesting that novelty itself did not explain our
results. Furthermore, marmots did not differentiate between a wolf howl and a coyote howl of equal duration, suggesting that
the duration of the vocalizations played a role in the marmots’ response. Our results show that marmots may respond to predators
based solely on acoustic stimuli. The response to currently novel wolf calls suggests that they have an experience-independent
ability to identify certain predators acoustically. Marmots’ response to predator vocalizations is not unexpected because
25 of 30 species in which acoustic predator discrimination has been studied have a demonstrated ability to respond selectively
to cues from their predators. 相似文献
11.
The katydid Neoconocephalus triops exhibits in North America substantial developmental plasticity of male mating calls. The AM rate of the summer calls is significantly
faster than that of the winter calls at the same temperature. In the tropics, where N. triops originated, males express only the fast summer-call phenotype. We tested two alternative hypotheses: (1) call plasticity
in the population from North America evolved in response to selection by female preference after N. triops colonized North America, or (2) call plasticity evolved before N. triops expanded into North America and its expression in the novel environment led to adaptive change of female preferences. First,
we tested whether call plasticity was present in tropical populations of N. triops. Tropical males expressed the winter-call phenotype when reared under winter conditions, indicating that call plasticity
did not evolve in response to temperate climates. Second, we compared female preferences among temperate and tropical populations.
We found that the temperature dependence of preferred AM rate was significantly steeper in temperate N. triops than in a tropical population of N. triops. Third, we compared temperature dependence of female preference of the N. triops populations to three Neoconocephalus species without call plasticity. Only temperate N. triops had significantly steeper temperature dependence than the other species. This steeper temperature dependence matched female
preference to the fast summer call at high temperatures and to the slow winter call at low temperatures in temperate populations.
These results support the hypothesis that female preference changed in N. triops in North America to compensate for the plasticity of male calls. 相似文献
12.
Divorce and extrapair mating in female black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus): separate strategies with a common target 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. M. Ramsay K. A. Otter D. J. Mennill L. M. Ratcliffe P. T. Boag 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,49(1):18-23
Patterns of divorce and extrapair mating can provide insights into the targets of female choice in free-living birds. In resident,
site-faithful species with continuous partnerships, the better options and the incompatibility hypotheses provide the most
likely explanations for divorce. Extrapair mating can be explained by a number of hypotheses often making similar predictions.
For example, the good genes and future partnerships hypo- theses predict similar patterns if males with good genes also make
the best future partners. By considering both divorce and extrapair mating, it may be possible to distinguish between these
comparable hypotheses. We examined natural patterns of divorce and extrapair mating in a long-term study of black-capped chickadees
(Parus atricapillus). Out of 144 partnerships over 8 years, we observed 11 divorces and 38 faithful pairs between seasons. Females usually divorced
between their first and second breeding seasons for males of higher social rank than their previous partners, had similar
reproductive success prior to divorce as females who retained their previous partners, and did not divorce on the basis of
previous reproductive success. These results confirm earlier experimental evidence that females divorce for better options.
Females who divorced were significantly more likely to have had mixed-paternity broods prior to divorce than females who stayed
with their previous partners. There was no evidence that females divorced in favour of previous extrapair partners. These
results support the good genes hypothesis for extrapair mating, suggesting that female chickadees use divorce and multiple
mating as separate strategies sharing a common target.
Received: 4 February 2000 / Revised: 20 July 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000 相似文献
13.
Christine R. Hurd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(4):287-292
The species and number of birds attracted to playbacks of mobbing calls and song of the black-capped chickadee, Parus atricapillus, were compared. The chickadee vocalizations were played at abandoned chickadee nests, and the numbers and species of other
birds that approached the speaker were tallied. Few non-chickadees were observed in the area when the song was played. That
significantly more birds approached the speaker and displayed mobbing behavior during the mobbing call playback suggests that
black-capped chickadee mobbing vocalizations carry meaning for at least ten other avian species. This finding supports the
idea that species subjected to the same predators in an area may benefit by recognizing each others’ predator calls. This
recognition may be facilitated by the similar structure of different species’ mobbing calls and also a learned association
of another species’ call with the presence of a predator.
Received: 23 March 1995 /Accepted after revision: 28 October 1995 相似文献
14.
Kinneret Yoktan Eli Geffen Amiyaal Ilany Yoram Yom-Tov Adit Naor Noam Leader 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(7):1389-1402
At least four hypotheses have been suggested to explain the formation and maintenance of song dialects among birds: historic
processes (epiphenomenon), genetic or local adaptation, acoustic adaptation, and social adaptation. We studied spatial and
temporal distribution of dialect in the orange-tufted sunbird (Nectarinia osea), a small nectarivorous bird that expanded its breeding range in Israel during the past 100 years from the southern part
of Rift Valley to the entire country. Sunbird range expansion was concurrent with the establishment of many small settlements
with an ethos of gardening, which introduced many ornithophilous plants. We recorded songs and genetically screened individual
sunbirds in 29 settlements distributed across a 380 km north–south gradient along the Rift Valley. We show that dialects cluster
together into geographical regions in 70% of cases, a moderate concurrence to geography. Settlement establishment date, geographical
position, and genetic distance between local populations (i.e., settlements) were all poor predictors for the variance among
song dialects. The specific effect of habitat was not tested because all sampled localities were similar in their physical
and acoustic properties. Using a network analysis, we show that dialects seem to aggregate into several network communities,
which clustered settlement populations from several regions. Our results are best explained by either the epiphenomenon hypothesis
or the social adaptation hypothesis, but at present our data cannot state unequivocally which of these hypotheses is better
supported. Last, we discovered a negative association between network centrality and genetic diversity, a pattern that requires
further examination in other systems. 相似文献
15.
Andreas P. Modlmeier Carl N. Keiser Taylor A. Shearer Jonathan N. Pruitt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(12):1929-1937
The success of a social group is often driven by its collective characteristics and the traits of its individuals. Thus, understanding how collective behavior is influenced by the behavioral composition of group members is an important first step to understand the ecology of collective personalities. Here, we investigated how the efficiency of several group behaviors is influenced by the aggressiveness of its members in two species of Temnothorax ants. In our manipulation of group composition, we created two experimentally reconstituted groups in a split-colony design, i.e., each colony was split into an aggressive and a docile group of equal sizes. We found strong species-specific differences in how collective behaviors were influenced by its group members. In Temnothorax longispinosus, having more aggressive individuals improved colony defense and nest relocation efficiency. In addition, source colony identity strongly influenced group behavior in T. longispinosus, highlighting that manipulations of group compositions must control for the origin of the chosen individuals. In contrast, group composition and source colony did not influence collective behaviors in Temnothorax curvispinosus. This suggests that the mechanisms regulating collective behaviors via individual differences in behavior might differ among even closely related species. 相似文献
16.
The advertisement call of frogs and toads is an example of multiple message signal because different acoustic properties encode
different kinds of biologically significant information. In the Italian treefrog, Hyla intermedia, pulse rate and frequency have been found to be under stabilizing female preferences and to encode information important
for mate recognition, whereas the number of calls per call group have been found to be under directional preferences and,
thus, to be important for mate quality assessment. In this study, we investigate preferences for calls that differ simultaneously
in frequency, pulse rate, and number of calls per call group, and we ask how these properties interact with each other in
influencing female mating decisions. Results of two-choice phonotaxis experiments provide no evidence to support the hypothesis
that females process multi-attribute signals in a hierarchical way. In contrast, the pattern of preferences is consistent
with the ‘preference function’ hypothesis, that is, with the hypothesis that females rank signals along an ordinal scale of
values and choose accordingly. Pulse rate and frequency influence mating preferences more than does the number of calls per
call group. The interaction between pulse rate and frequency is not additive but multiplicative: small differences in either
pulse rate or frequency that, alone, have no effects on female choice, interact synergistically so that their combination
has strong influence on female preferences. A preference repeatability test shows strong among-female differences in preference
for multi-attribute signals. We suggest that this result reveals not only a variation in attribute values among females, but
also a variation in the way females weight and combine attribute values into a single preference score. 相似文献
17.
Michael S. Reichert 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(9):1739-1751
In addition to producing signals, males of chorusing species also act as receivers by adjusting properties of their vocalizations
in response to those of other nearby individuals. Although it is likely that males are responsive to more than one other individual,
most playback studies investigating male response have involved dyads in which vocal responses are measured to stimuli presented
from a single speaker. In this study, I explored changes in both the propensity to give aggressive calls and the temporal
properties of those calls in response to the playback of multiple aggressive call stimuli in the treefrog Dendropsophus ebraccatus. I found that males were sensitive to both the number of simulated aggressive callers and their specific call characteristics.
Males generally gave a highly aggressive response to the first stimulus presented, but their response to the modification
of this stimulus by the addition or subtraction of a simulated competitor depended on the degree of aggressiveness of the
stimuli. Males tended to decrease their aggressive responses when either a more aggressive call was silenced or a less aggressive
call was added and to increase their aggressive responses in the opposite situation. Aggressive calling in this species is
clearly affected by complex changes in the social environment and I suggest that future studies explore these issues in other
species to improve the understanding of communication interactions. 相似文献
18.
Refuge sharing by otherwise solitary individuals during periods of inactivity is an integral part of social behaviour and
has been suggested to be the precursor to more complex social behaviour. We compared social association patterns of active
versus inactive sheltering individuals in the social Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa, to empirically test the hypothesis that refuge sharing facilitates social associations while individuals are active. We
fitted 18 neighbouring lizards with Global Positioning System (GPS) recorders to continuously monitor social associations
among all individuals, based on location records taken every 10 min for 3 months. Based on these spatial data, we constructed
three weighted, undirected social networks. Two networks were based on empirical association data (one for active and one
for inactive lizards in their refuges), and a third null model network was based on hypothetical random refuge sharing. We
found patterns opposite to the predictions of our hypothesis. Most importantly, association strength was higher in active
than in inactive sheltering lizards. That is, individual lizards were more likely to associate with other lizards while active
than while inactive and in shelters. Thus, refuge sharing did not lead to increased frequencies of social associations while
lizards were active, and we did not find any evidence that refuge sharing was a precursor to sleepy lizard social behaviour.
Our study of an unusually social reptile provides both quantitative data on the relationship between refuge sharing and social
associations during periods of activity and further insights into the evolution of social behaviour in vertebrates. 相似文献
19.
Caroline Regina Schöner Michael Gerhard Schöner Gerald Kerth 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(12):2053-2063
Many bat species regularly need to find new day roosts as they require numerous shelters each breeding season. It has been
shown that bats exchange information about roosts among colony members, and use echolocation and social calls of conspecifics
in order to find roosts. However, it is unclear if wild bats discriminate between social calls of conspecifics and other bat
species while searching for roosts. Furthermore, the extent that bats are attracted to potential roosts by each of these two
call types is unknown. We present a field experiment showing that social calls of conspecifics and other bat species both
attract bats to roosts. During two summers, we played back social calls of Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii) and Natterer’s bats (Myotis nattereri) from different bat boxes that can serve as roosts for these species. All experimental bat boxes were monitored with infrared
video to identify the approaching bat species. Three species (M. bechsteinii, M. nattereri, and Plecotus auritus) approached the boxes significantly more often during nights when bat calls were played compared to nights without playbacks.
Bechstein’s bats and Natterer’s bats were both more attracted to social calls of conspecifics than of the other species, whereas
P. auritus did not discriminate between calls of either Myotis species. Only Bechstein’s bats entered experimental boxes and only at times when calls from conspecifics were played. Our
findings show that wild bats discriminate between social calls of conspecifics and other bat species although they respond
to both call types when searching for new roosts. 相似文献
20.
Melissa Hughes Stephen Nowicki William A. Searcy Susan Peters 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(6):437-446
One hypothesis for the function of song repertoires is that males learn multiple song types so that they may share songs
with neighbors, allowing them to match during territorial interactions. In at least one song sparrow population, in Washington,
territorial males share a high proportion of song types with their neighbors and use these shared songs in matching. We recorded
song sparrows in Pennsylvania and quantified sharing of whole songs and song segments. We found that song sharing is an order
of magnitude less common in the Pennsylvania population. We found sharing of song segments to be significantly more common
than the sharing of whole songs in three of the five fields we examined, while we found no significant differences between
whole and partial song sharing in the remaining two fields. Finally, we found no evidence that sharing is greater between
birds in the same field compared to birds in different fields. Taken with the data from Washington song sparrows, these results
provide evidence for intraspecific geographic variation in the organization of song repertoires, and suggest that song sharing
has not been a strong selective force in the evolution of song repertoires in song sparrows as a species. Furthermore, Washington
and Pennsylvania song sparrows differ in how they learn song, in that Washington birds copy whole songs, while Pennsylvania
birds appear to copy and recombine song segments, as has been found in laboratory studies of song learning. Thus both song
learning and the function of song repertoires differ between populations of song sparrows. Such intraspecific geographic variation
offers a unique opportunity to explore the ecological and historical factors which have influenced the evolution of song.
Received: 30 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 8 March 1998 相似文献