森林与径流关系——一致性和复杂性

@论文综述国外近一个世纪以来在配对集水区研究方面所取得的结论,从水的自然属性出发,从森林变化对径流(年径流量、洪峰与枯水径流)的影响,径流响应的干扰临界值及水文恢复各方面探讨森林变化与径流关系的一致性与复杂性。森林变化与径流关系的一致性主要表现在由较长时间尺度表达的年径流量上。绝大多数的配对集水区的试验研究表明,采伐森林就会增加年径流量,而在荒地上造林就会减少年径流量。而由较短时间尺度表达的洪峰径流与枯水流量则呈现较大的复杂性和难预估性。综述表明,对径流特别是洪峰与枯水径流的定义及分析方法的不同也是造成森林与径流关系复杂性的重要原因。森林与径流关系的复杂性要求人们在研究及应用其关系时就必须有系统观,必须考虑植被、径流与其它过程(土壤变化、气候变化等)的相互作用。论文还认为尽管配对集水区试验作为一种研究方法为研究者提供了许多可靠的结论,但由于许多研究者只把集水区看作是“黑箱”Q从而对认识森林与径流关系的复杂性有一定的局限性。未来的研究应把配对集水区的试验与其它对过程的研究技术(同位素、GIS等技术)结合起来。     

机动车尾气与雾霾天气

从雾和霾形成的原因以及与机动车尾气的关系等方面的论述,阐述了机动车尾气对人体健康的危害,提出了对机动车尾气的预防、治理办法。     

阴阳观念与古代文学

阴阳观念与古代文学的关系密切。在文学创作方面,阴阳对举、"物生有两"、"惟两能化"的宇宙发生观,导致了古代文人重视骈丽的创作倾向,是古代骈文发生发展及古代文学语言形式普遍骈化的深层文化原因;在文学的变化方面,"物生有两"、"惟两能化"的自然变化观,导致了古人以天道自然变化以解释文学发展变化的现象,形成了以刘勰为代表的"质文代变,变不失常"文学发展观;在文艺的审美方面,阴阳交感、、刚柔相济、得中为吉的万物根本论,导致了古人普遍以"中和"为美的现象,使"中和"美论成为古代几千来的审美主潮。     

科技与可持续发展

科学技术对生产力发展的巨大作用。不仅表现在它对生产力3个要素的渗透性影响。而且表现在它促进生产力结构的优化和系统功能的发挥，但经济发展会带来资源破坏和环境污染等负面影响。应在发挥科技作为第一生产力作用的同时，遏制其带来的负面影响，以促进可持续发展。     

中国瑞典环境影响评价和战略环境影响评价比较分析

环境影响评价作为各国预防和控制环境污染的一项制度和技术,都与政府的环境管理机制有着直接的关系。中瑞两国的环评制度都体现了“环评为先,项目决策在后”原则。所不同的是,在瑞典,政策颁布前必须进行战略评价;环评审查按A、B、C类项目分别由不同机构负责;公众参与的方式也更为多样。     

油气集输联合站火灾爆炸危险分析与事故后果模拟

以某联合站为例,根据油气集输联合站站场功能,将联合站划分为油气处理、储运及污水处理3个单元,对各单元发生火灾爆炸事故的可能条件进行分析,并利用DNV公司的SAFETI软件对事故后果进行模拟计算,根据事故影响范围数据,提出相应的安全措施。     

民族教育和谐健康发展浅论

贯彻落实党的十八大精神,继续加大对民族教育的投资和扶持力度,深入改革现行单一的教育考核评价体系,执行特殊灵活的更为有利于少数民族学生健康成长成才的考核考试选拔机制,对于进一步实现教育公平,推进民族教育和谐健康发展,增强民族团结,构建和谐的社会主义社会,具有重要的现实意义。     

立体种植与水土保持

与自然相协调的立体种植，迁用于护堤、护岸、渠道衬砌和城市绿化，具有良好的保持水土作用，将其与生态开发相结合，会带来巨大的经济和社会效益。     

真菌和细菌对染料的吸附脱色及再生能力的研究

进行了真菌和细菌共培养对染料的吸附脱色和吸附脱色能力再生的研究。结果表明，青霉菌G－1首先对偶氮染料S－119、蒽醌染料艳紫KN－B（C．I．Reactive violet 22）水溶液中染料进行快速吸附去除，菌丝对同种染料的吸附速度随菌丝培养液中葡萄糖浓度的增加而加快，吸附染料的G－1菌丝在与细菌的共培养中完成对染料的脱色降解，脱色速度受培养液中葡萄和氮源浓度影响较大，从吸附速率和完全脱色时间综合评价，以葡萄糖浓度为5g/L、酒石酸铵为20mmol/L的培养基中培养的菌丝对染料的吸附脱色效果最好，吸附在菌丝上的艳紫KN－B脱色后菌丝吸附脱色能力得到再生，菌丝对100mg/L的艳紫KN－B染料水溶液可重复处理4次。青霉菌G－1对酸性染料废水处理3h，色度去除率为75．9％，吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养中完成对染料的脱色，对试验所用染料废水，菌丝的处理能力获得1次再生。     

Homology and phylogeny and their automated inference

The analysis of the ever-increasing amount of biological and biomedical data can be pushed forward by comparing the data within and among species. For example, an integrative analysis of data from the genome sequencing projects for various species traces the evolution of the genomes and identifies conserved and innovative parts. Here, I review the foundations and advantages of this "historical" approach and evaluate recent attempts at automating such analyses. Biological data is comparable if a common origin exists (homology), as is the case for members of a gene family originating via duplication of an ancestral gene. If the family has relatives in other species, we can assume that the ancestral gene was present in the ancestral species from which all the other species evolved. In particular, describing the relationships among the duplicated biological sequences found in the various species is often possible by a phylogeny, which is more informative than homology statements. Detecting and elaborating on common origins may answer how certain biological sequences developed, and predict what sequences are in a particular species and what their function is. Such knowledge transfer from sequences in one species to the homologous sequences of the other is based on the principle of 'my closest relative looks and behaves like I do', often referred to as 'guilt by association'. To enable knowledge transfer on a large scale, several automated 'phylogenomics pipelines' have been developed in recent years, and seven of these will be described and compared. Overall, the examples in this review demonstrate that homology and phylogeny analyses, done on a large (and automated) scale, can give insights into function in biology and biomedicine.     

对SBR池和CASS池的研究与改进

介绍了综合池的两种结构与运行方式：连续式进水、出水工艺;间歇式进水、出水(同时进行)工艺。同时阐述了连续式进水,出水工艺与CASS池的联系和区别：间歇式进水,出水(同时进行)工艺与SBR池的联系和区别。     

砷的污染、检测与防治

在环境化学污染物中,砷是最常见、最严重的污染物之一.随着现代工农业生产的发展,砷对环境的污染日趋严重.为了更好地评价砷污染对环境和人体的影响,介绍了砷污染的来源、对人体的危害、标准的检测方法和目前砷污染治理的现状.     

In-cloud scavenging and deposition of sulfates and nitrates: Case studies and parameterization

Scavenging of sulfates and nitrates—two most common ions leading the cloudwater acidity—was investigated during field studies atop a site in Mt. Mitchell (35°44′05″N, 82°17′15″W) State Park where the highest peak (2038 m MSL) of the eastern U.S. is located. Experiments were conducted during the growing seasons (15 May–30 September) of 1986 and 1987 using an instrumented meteorological tower (16.5 m tall) and a passive cloudwater collector. A cloud episode that occurred on 12 October 1987, was also comprehensively investigated. Clouds were frequently observed in which the Fraser fir and red spruce stands stayed immersed 28% and 41% of the time during the 1986 and 1987 seasons, respectively. Rate of cloudwater deposition on the forest canopy was determined using an inferential cloud deposition model. It was found by analysing nine short duration (lasting 8 h or less) and 16 long duration cloud events that the ionic concentration (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) is inversely proportional to the rate (I_c) of cloudwater deposition (in mm h⁻¹) and can be expressed by the following relationship: [SO₄²⁻] = aI_c^−b or [NO₃⁻] = aI_c^−b. Theoretical arguments leading to these relationships are presented. The b values for predicting NO₃²⁻ concentration are found in the range of 0.14–1.24 (mean = 0.48) for short duration and 0.062–0.63 (mean = 0.27) for long duration cloud events, respectively. The corresponding b values for predicting NO₃⁻ concentrations are 0.19–1.16 (mean = 0.49) and 0.072–0.59 (mean = 0.27), respectively. When the b parameter was between 0.2 and 0.6, the correlation coefficients between measured and predicted ionic concentrations were found to exceed 0.7. The parameter a is shown to represent the maximum ionic flux for a given cloud event. The ratio of the a parameter for SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ varied between 1.75 and 6.95, indicating that the SO₄²⁻ contributes to the total ionic concentration substantially more than the NO₃⁻ leading to the conclusion that the cloudwater acidity is primarily due to the presence of sulfuric acid which has been demonstrated to cause foliar injury and growth retardation in red spruce trees. The above parameterization is similar to the one that is frequently used to relate ionic concentration in precipitation to the rainfall rate. In order to understand physico-chemical processes leading to the proposed parameterization schemes, meteorological and chemical variables are comprehensively analysed for one short duration and two long duration cloud events. The concentrations of principal ions (SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, H⁺ and NH₄⁺) during the short duration cloud events were found to be much higher than those during the long duration ones, especially at colder temperatures. Such short cloud events have a potential of causing foliar narcosis in red spruce stands because of unusually acidic cloudwater to which these stands stay exposed intermittently during each growing season.     

Pesticides and trace elements in cannabis: Analytical and environmental challenges and opportunities

Cannabis is increasingly used for both medicinal and recreational purposes with an estimate of over 180 million users annually. Canada has recently legalized cannabis use in October 2018, joining several states in the United States of America (e.g., Colorado, California, and Oregon) and a few other countries. A variety of cannabis products including dry flowers, edibles, and oil products are widely consumed. With high demand for cannabis products worldwide, the quality of cannabis and its related products has become a major concern for consumer safety. Various guidelines have been set by different countries to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of cannabis products. In general, these guidelines require control of contaminants including pesticides, toxic elements, mycotoxins, and pathogens, as well as residual solvents in regard to cannabis oil. Accordingly, appropriate analytical methods are required to determine these contaminants in cannabis products for quality control. In this review, we focus on the current analytical challenges and method development for detection of pesticides and toxic elements in cannabis to meet various guidelines.     

Comparison of transabdominal and transcervical CVS and amniocentesis: Sampling success and risk

A total of 2931 women randomized to either transabdominal CVS, transceirvical CVS, or amniocentesis were studied. Unless intended or unintended abortion had occurred, they had completed up to 28 weeks of pregnancy. No significant difference was seen between total fetal loss in the transabdominal CVS group and the amniocentesis group (6.5 and 6.8 per cent, respectively, SE difference = 0.92 per cent, p = 0.01). The total fetal loss in the transcervical CVS group was 10.1 per cent. After pooling our data with data from the Canadian randomized study and the American non-randomized study, the difference in risk between trans-cervical CVS and amniocentesis was 1.8 per cent (SE difference = 0.64 per cent, p = 0.8). When the number of failed procedures and those cases evaluated as infeasible for the assigned method-for anatomical reasons-are compared, the overall sampling efficacy is poorer transcervically than transabdominally.     

装置施工和检修中法兰、垫片的更换和选择

文章对法兰、垫片泄漏对石油化工企业的安全、环保造成的威胁进行了分析，提出在设计中合理选用管道器材是保证管道和设备正常运行的关键。     

中小企业污染治理及投融资分析研究

针对中小企业污染治理及投融资分析问题,本文阐述了中小企业的发展与环境污染现状,分析了中小企业在发展过程中所造成的环境污染问题,讨论了中小企业环境污染防治所面临的资金和技术的双重困境,剖析了中小企业环境污染防治的复杂特点,提出了中小企业污染治理的投融资建议,包括发行市政债券筹集治污资金和采用污染治理的市场化模式,建立中小企业污染治理的投融资机制,加快推进中小企业环境污染的治理,进一步完善中小企业污染治理和保障机制。     

Risk and Uncertainties,Analysis and Evaluation: Lessons for Adaptation and Integration

This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be encouraged and embraced.     

夏秋季长江口及毗邻海域N、P营养盐分布及其潮汐变化

根据2005年7月和11月在长江口及毗邻海域进行的现场观测数据,分析表明:夏秋季表层N、P营养盐的高值区(N＞65 μmol/L,P＞1.3 μmol/L)多位于长江口及杭州湾海域,而低值区(N＜40 μmol/L,P＜0.5μmol/L)多存在于长江口东北海域以及舟山东南海域,底层N、P营养盐在夏季存在-向东北方向的舌状扩散,而秋季等值线比较均匀且呈南北向分布;调查海域表层N/P值都超过30,羽状锋区可达到200以上,表明浮游植物的生长存在着磷限制;连续观测站位的PO-P含量在夏秋季大都表现为小潮高于大潮,而NO3-N含量变化复杂.