水稻小麦种植模式下长期定位施肥土壤氮的垂直变化及氮储量

为了研究不同的施肥方式对土壤全氮变化及氮储量的影响,1981年在湖北省农业科学院南湖试验站设置了施用有机肥与化肥的长期定位田间试验,2006年水稻收获后田间取样分析每个处理不同土层的全氮含量与氮储量。研究结果表明：与对照相比,单施化肥与单施有机肥0～20cm土层土壤的容重下降,化肥添加有机肥比相应的单施化肥的容重要低一些。除了对照之外,其它处理都是0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量高于其它土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量最高。除了氮磷钾肥配施过量有机肥处理外,化肥配施有机肥处理土壤的全氮含量都高于单施化肥或单施有机肥处理,20～40cm土层土壤全氮含量具有相似的规律。在0～20cm土层,与对照相比,单施氮肥及氮磷肥不能增加土壤全氮储量,但是化肥配施有机肥能够增加土壤全氮的储量。单施氮磷钾肥及单施有机肥也能够增加土壤全氮的储量。在0～20cm土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理的土壤全氮储量最多,达8.82t·hm-2,而氮肥处理的氮储量最低,仅为5.38t·hm-2。在100cm深度,与单施化肥及单施有机肥相比,化肥配施有机肥都增加了土壤全氮的储量。     

华北平原夏玉米季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原夏玉米种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,对前人的15N示踪试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮、土壤氮三者之间的关系,探明夏玉米季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况。结果表明：华北平原地区玉米产量最高时施氮量平均为190 kg·hm-2;秸杆吸氮量高于籽粒,且吸氮量随施氮量增加而升高,土壤残留量和损失量有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势;土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间呈现线性极显著正相关,在秸秆50%和100%还田的两种条件下,施氮量为198 kg·hm-2和137 kg·hm-2时,土壤氮库达到平衡;推荐施氮条件下夏玉米对氮肥的吸收利用率远高于传统施氮,过量施氮会引起作物产量和氮肥利用率降低的负效应,增加土壤氮素残留和损失;施氮量在40~360 kg·hm-2范围内时,3种秸秆处理方式下,氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量之间均呈显著线性相关关系;而氮肥各去向比率与施氮量之间只有地上部吸收率和籽粒吸收率与施氮量之间呈显著线性相关关系。由此,明确了华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量：秸秆50%还田时,为198 kg·hm-2;秸秆100%还田时,为137 kg·hm-2,揭示了华北平原夏玉米施氮量与土壤氮库盈亏量呈线性极显著正相关。这为确定华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量,提高氮肥利用率,避免肥料浪费及其对环境的危害提供了理论依据。     

Effects of nitrogen addition on the growth of the salt marsh grassElymus athericus

Effects of nitrogen addition on the growth of the salt marsh grassElymus athericus were studied under greenhouse conditions. The addition of inorganic nitrogen (in the form of nitrate or ammonium and ranging from 0–24 g N/m²) stimulated the growth ofElymus athericus at the highest addition. Addition of nitrogen led to an increase of the soil nitrate concentrations both in the nitrate and ammonium treated soil in the first period of the experiment, whereas no differences were present at the end of the experiment. Ammonium in the ammonium treatments was transformed to nitrate within 15 days. In another experiment the values of the stable isotope nitrogen-15—expressed as δ¹⁵N-in nitrogen compounds used as fertilizer, in salt marsh soil and ofElymus athericus were measured. The δ¹⁵N of the N-compounds added (between ?3.2 and +2.6‰) were lower than the soil (ca.+10‰) and plants (ca.+8‰). During growth in water culture the δ¹⁵N of the leaves, stems and roots ofElymus athericus decreased from +9‰ to ?1‰. The latter value was close to the °¹⁵N of the N-compounds used in the water solution. Addition of N-compounds in soil culture, however, did not lead to such a decrease of the °¹⁵N ofElymus athericus. The difference in δ¹⁵N between soil nitrogen and the N-compounds added may be too small to be used successfully in ecological studies of nitrogen fluxes in the salt marsh environment.     

配施的有机无机肥料氮在红壤性水稻土中的残留特征

（１５）Ｎ追踪结果显示，熟化上（Ａ）和低肥力土（Ｃ）有机、无机肥料配施的氮的残留特征均为随配施有机成分和土壤肥力水平的变化而变化．肥力制约残留水平，肥料氮总平衡影响残留率一利用率一损失率的关系；配施有机肥是造成氮残留差异的基本因素，相关分析表明，总残留主体为有机肥氮，残留率随有机肥Ｃ／Ｎ和木质素含量的增减而增减；影响无机肥氮残留的相关因素较复杂．有机氮残留量占总残留量的百分数与无视氮残留量占总残留量的百分数之比，在Ａ，Ｃ两种土壤中约为２．肥力对氮残留作用的实质是，肥料氮在低肥力土中具固持优势，而在熟化土中具矿化利用优势．肥力因素对无机氮残留的影响更显著．根据配施组合中有机成分Ｃ／Ｎ－木质素含量与氮残留／平衡特征的关系．将不同配施组合划分为三大类型。     

氮在水稻中的行为及其品种间的差别

目前氮肥的利用效率很低，很多研究重点放在氮肥在土壤过程中的损失，对植物本身的氮素损失较少注意。作者利用^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-双标记，对Indica和Japonica水稻亚种进行水培，在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期施用，将培养液ρ(N)20mg／L的NH4NO3换成相同质量浓度的^15NH4^ NO3或NH^15NO3^；部分水稻在一周后收获，其他分别在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期、成熟期收获。植株分成根系、地上部和穗部，对各自的全氮、^15N进行测定，计算植物的总吸收量。从施用量、植株总吸收量以及三部分总和的植株氮残存量的比较来研究氮素在两种水稻亚种中的行为。研究结果表明，两种植物都近100％吸收了所施用的^15NH4NO3或NH4^15NO3，但^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-在Japonica的残存量要比Indica多，损失的部分可能往大气中散失了，意味着两种水稻亚种有着明显不同的氮素利用率。比较^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-的残存量，结果表明^15NH4^ 留在植株体内要比^15NO3^-多，尤其在抽穗期施用的情况下，植物体在后期对^15NO3^-的转化能力大大减弱，但这部分的氮如何损失掉尚不清楚。比较植株体内各部分的氮素含量，发现Japonica的穗部比Indica含有更多的氮素，表明氮在前者的体内转化效率和利用效率高。试验结果表明，不同水稻亚种对氮素的利用以及不同氮素形态在其体内的行为不同。     

土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推验证

在基于物种敏感性分布法推导土壤金属生态阈值过程中,利用毒性预测模型对来源于不同土壤的毒理学数据进行归一化处理可消除土壤性质差异的影响,但目前建立的毒性预测模型仅限于少数物种。本研究通过比较土壤中小白菜、西红柿和大麦的铜和镍的毒性预测模型应用于其他高等植物的预测效果,以及归一化前后各物种毒性阈值的种内变异程度,考察了土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型种间外推的可行性和适用范围,解决了铜和镍土壤生态阈值导出过程中的方法学问题。土壤中镍对小白菜的毒性预测模型能较好地预测芥菜和青椒的镍毒性阈值,利用该模型对芥菜和青椒在不同土壤中的镍毒性阈值进行归一化后亦能显著降低其种内变异,其种内变异系数分别从1.18和1.25降至0.31和0.06;但将镍对小白菜、西红柿和大麦的毒性预测模型应用于莴笋和莴苣的毒性阈值预测时,在pH<6.0的酸性土壤中其预测值均小于实测值,其实测值与预测值的比值在3.2到6.8之间。对小麦、黄瓜和青椒的铜毒性阈值而言,小白菜模型预测效果优于西红柿和大麦模型。利用西红柿模型归一化黄瓜铜毒性阈值,其毒性阈值的种内变异系数从0.83降至0.14。大麦的铜毒性预测模型能较准确地预测水稻、洋葱、芥菜、包菜和萝卜的毒性阈值,且这5个物种的铜毒性阈值经大麦模型归一化后其种内变异均显著降低。本研究结果可为土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推提供科学依据。     

水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明,0—20cm土层硝态氮含量主要受灌水和施氮的影响,且灌水影响程度大于施氮,灌水与0—20cm土层硝态氮含量呈负相关,而与施氮呈正相关。20—40cm土层和40—60cm土层硝态氮也主要受灌水和施氮的影响,但施氮影响程度大于灌水。灌水和施氮对0—20cm土层硝态氮含量影响有相互拮抗作用。施磷对3个层次土壤硝态氮含量影响都很小。     

Inorganic element uptake by barley from soil supplemented with flue gas desulphurization waste and fly ash

To evaluate the influence of waste products from coal- and oil-fired power plants on the inorganic element content of plants, barley was grown in pots each with 22 kg of sandy loam supplied with increasing amounts of six waste products. The plants were harvested at maturity and analysed for a number of inorganic elements. The salinity of the soil was the limiting factor for the amount added in terms of plant growth. Concerning the quality of the plants as fodder, addition of the waste to the soil at levels of about 0.5% by weight increased the Se concentration of the barley from a level deficient for animals to that approaching sufficiency for animals. The increase in Cd from the flue gas desulphurization (FGD) products was deemed undesirable, even though the concentrations following this single addition were far from toxic. All other increases in element concentrations were without any biological significance.Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1988,10(1), 21–25     

不同种稻方式对后茬大麦产量和土壤微生物量的影响

通过田间试验研究盖草、覆膜、裸露、水作4种种稻方式对后茬大麦产量、生物量、土壤微生物量和氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,大麦籽粒产量以盖草后茬最高,比覆膜、裸露和水作后茬增产6.0%、16.4%和37.0%.大麦收获期地上部生物量也是盖草后茬最高,分别比覆膜、裸露和水作3个处理增加3 424、6 059、6 961 kg·hm-2.4个处理后茬大麦生长期间土壤微生物量碳、氮随着大麦生育期进程呈先升高后降低的趋势,且各个生育期均表现为盖草＞覆膜＞裸露＞水作.盖草处理氮肥农学利用率比覆膜、裸露、水作高0.9、2.2和8.0 kg·kg-1;氮肥生产率也表现出上述趋势,分别高2.8、7.0和13.3 kg·kg-1.说明旱作水稻覆盖秸秆下的稻-麦轮作是一种优化的种植模式,具有良好的生态效益和社会效益.     

包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响

大量施用氮素化肥所引起的氮素损失和环境污染正日益受到重视。通过土柱模拟氮素养分的淋洗试验,探讨包膜控释氮肥和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特点及其对土壤和地下水质量的影响。研究结果表明,不同氮肥施入土壤后氮素的淋失率有着显著的差异,其中硝酸钾中氮素淋失率最高,其次为尿素,硫酸铵和碳铵的氮素淋失量明显较小。然而控释氮肥因其控制释放的特点,在氮素释放的高峰期,其模拟淋失量较高,但如果在田间条件下此释放高峰期与作物吸肥高峰期相吻合,则会显著地降低其淋失率。除尿素外,被淋失的氮素均以硝态氮为主,尿素则以酰胺分子态被淋溶。大量速效化肥的施入会形成土壤中的肥料"微域点",引起交换性Ca2+、Mg2+离子的淋失,从长远来看可引起土壤结构的破坏,而施用控释肥则很少形成这种"微域点",有利于土壤结构和肥力的维持。不同氮肥处理淋洗后对土壤pH值和有效氮含量变化的影响差异较大,其中以控释肥对土壤pH值变化的影响较小。大多数氮肥处理在淋洗后,土壤中各层速效氮含量较淋洗前有所降低,然而两种控释氮肥处理的土壤表层却能持续保持较高的有效氮含量。     

有机─无机复混肥的性质与肥效研究

有机—无机复混肥（以下简称有机复肥）是由单一的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ化肥加入一定量的优质有机物质经造粒制成．颗粒直径大部分＞３ｍｍ。其性质：在水中比等氮、磷、钾量的无机复肥溶解快，不溶物少，氮的释放量大，密封条件下氨的挥发和在土壤中被水淋洗后氮的损失量均小。对水稻的增产效果比等量的氮、磷、钾单一化肥明显；对玉米的增产效果与进口复肥的相比，若两者的施用量相等，则其产量相当。     

不同施氮水平条件下烤烟对氮素的利用研究

大田中设置盆栽试验，采用１５Ｎ示踪法对不同施氮水平条件下的烤烟的氮素吸收、肥料氮素的利用和土壤ＡＮ值进行研究．试验结果表明，烤烟全生育期吸收的氮素主要来自于土壤可利用性氮．随着氮肥用量的增加，烤烟对肥料氮的吸收量增加，对土壤氮的吸收量减少，土壤对肥料氮素的固定和氮肥损失量增加．ＡＮ值有随氮素用量的增加而逐渐减小的趋势，但以处理４的（６７．５ｋｇ氮素／ｈｍ２）最小．肥料中的氮素利用率以处理４最高，达到５２．３％。     

Interplay between Senecio jacobaea and plant, soil, and aboveground insect community composition

To elucidate the factors that affect the performance of plants in their natural environment, it is essential to study interactions with other neighboring plants, as well as with above- and belowground higher trophic organisms. We used a long-term field experiment to study how local plant community diversity influenced colonization by the biennial composite Senecio jacobaea in its native range in The Netherlands in Europe. We tested the effect of sowing later-succession plant species (0, 4, or 15 species) on plant succession and S. jacobaea performance. Over a period of eight years, the percent cover of S. jacobaea was relatively low in communities sown with 15 or 4 later-succession plant species compared to plots that were not sown, but that were colonized naturally. However, after four years of high abundance, the density of S. jacobaea in unsown plots started to decline, and the size of the individual plants was smaller than in the plots sown with 15 or 4 plant species. In the unsown plots, densities of aboveground leaf-mining, flower-feeding, and stem-boring insects on S. jacobaea plants were lower than on plants in sown plots, and there was a strong positive relationship between plant size and levels of herbivory. In a greenhouse experiment, we grew S. jacobaea in sterilized soil inoculated with soil from the different sowing treatments of the field experiment. Biomass production was lower when S. jacobaea test plants were grown in soil from the unsown plots than in soil from the sown plots (4 or 15 species). Molecular analysis of the fungal and bacterial communities revealed that the composition of fungal communities in unsown plots differed significantly from those in sown plots, suggesting that soil fungi could have been involved in the relative growth reduction of S. jacobaea in the greenhouse bioassay. Our results show that, in its native habitat, the abundance of S. jacobaea depends on the initial composition of the plant community and that, on a scale of almost a decade, its interactions with plant and soil communities and aboveground invertebrates may influence the dynamics of this colonizing species.     

秸秆掩埋还田对黄淮海平原耕层土壤温度及作物生长的影响

通过大田试验,研究了作物秸秆行间掩埋配施不同类型氮肥（矿质化肥和鸡粪）下耕层土壤温度的变化及对作物生长的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田初期配施氮肥对秸秆有激发效应,能提高耕层的土壤温度,提高幅度受大气温度、降水的影响。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为16%总氮的鸡粪和24%总氮的化学氮肥耕层土壤的增温效果明显,土壤温度分别上升0.7和0.8℃。秸秆行间掩埋还田对作物生长的影响因作物类型和生育期而异,从不同生育期来看,作物前期的生长受秸秆行间掩埋还田的影响最大。从作物类型来看,配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的鸡粪,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照38.7%、29.4%和27.9%,3个处理分别与对照差异显著（P〈0.05）,玉米没有差异。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的矿质氮肥,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照25.7%、30.9%和14.1%,配施低、中量化学氮肥与对照差异显著（P〈0.05）;各处理玉米生物量高于对照0.9%、50.8%和19.8%,配施中量化学氮肥与对照有明显差异（P〈0.05）。     

Microbial nitrogen limitation increases decomposition

With anthropogenic nutrient inputs to ecosystems increasing globally, there are long-standing, fundamental questions about the role of nutrients in the decomposition of organic matter. We tested the effects of exogenous nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on litter decomposition across a broad suite of litter and soil types. In one experiment, C mineralization was compared across a wide array of plants individually added to a single soil, while in the second, C mineralization from a single substrate was compared across 50 soils. Counter to basic stoichiometric decomposition theory, low N availability can increase litter decomposition as microbes use labile substrates to acquire N from recalcitrant organic matter. This "microbial nitrogen mining" is consistently suppressed by high soil N supply or substrate N concentrations. There is no evidence for phosphorus mining as P fertilization increases short- and long-term mineralization. These results suggest that basic stoichiometric decomposition theory needs to be revised and ecosystem models restructured accordingly in order to predict ecosystem carbon storage responses to anthropogenic changes in nutrient availability.     

Vermiculite addition to soil decreases N water pollution by over 30%

The large amounts of nitrogen-containing mineral fertilisers in industrial agriculture are leading to water pollution with effects such as eutrophication and death of aquatic life. There is therefore a need for techniques to keep N in the soil to prevent leaching in waters. Here, we tested the effect of the addition of vermiculite, a phyllosilicate mineral, to the soil, on fertiliser NH₄ ⁺-N retention in laboratory experiments during 14–45 days. The added amount of vermiculite was twice the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer added. Our results show that addition of vermiculite increases NH₄ ⁺-N retention by over 30%, compared to a control. Adding vermiculite is thus a promising technique to control the eutrophication of water systems as well as reducing agriculture cost.     

The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants

When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate soil, the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the soil is altered. The added carbon stimulates microbial numbers but causes an imbalance in the C:N ratio which may result in immobilization of soil nitrogen by the microbial biomass, leaving none available for plant growth. As members of Leguminosae fix atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own nitrogen for growth, they may prove more successful at growing on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. During a wider study on phytoremediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil, particular attention was given to the performance of legumes versus other plant species. During harvesting of pot experiments containing leguminous plants, a recurring difference in the number and formation of root nodules present on control and contaminated Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants was observed. The total number of nodules per plant was significantly reduced in contaminated plants compared to control plants but nodules on contaminated plants were more developed than corresponding nodules on control plants. Plant performance of Common vetch and Westerwold's ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) was compared to illustrate any difference between the ability of legumes and grasses to grow on diesel fuel contaminated soil. Common vetch was less affected by diesel fuel and performed better in low levels of diesel fuel contaminated soil than Westerwolds ryegrass. The total amount of diesel fuel remaining after 4 months in Common vetch planted soil was slightly less than in Westerwolds ryegrass planted soil.     

Effects of fly ash, Pseudomonas striata and Rhizobium on the reproduction of nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea

Glasshouse experiments were conducted twice to assess the ash amendments (0, 20, and 40% with soil), a phosphate solubilizing microorganism Pseudomonas striata and a root-nodule bacterium Rhizobium sp on the reproduction of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea. Amendments of fly ash with soil had no effect on transpiration. However, M. incognita reduced the rate of transpiration from 1st week onward after inoculation while inoculation of Rhizobium sp and P. striata increased transpiration from 1st week onward after their inoculation both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Increase in transpiration was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Addition of 20 and 40% fly ash with soil was beneficial for plant growth both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Inoculation of above organisms also increases plant growth of nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants in different fly ash soil mixture but increase in growth was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Use of 20% fly ash increased galling and nematode multiplication over plants grown in without fly ash while 40% fly ash had adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication. Rhizobium sp had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than P. striata. Use of both organisms together had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than caused by either of them alone. Highest reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when both organisms were used in 40% fly ash amended soil. However, highest transpiration was observed in plants without nematodes and inoculated with both organisms together both in with or without fly ash amended soil.     

不同土壤水分条件下添加硅对紫花苜蓿茎叶和土壤氮磷钾含量的影响

为提高植物氮磷钾利用能力,采用盆栽试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下添加硅对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)茎叶和土壤氮、磷、钾含量的影响.结果表明,土壤含水量为饱和含水量的35%和80%时添加硅对紫花苜蓿生物量没有明显影响,而土壤含水量为饱和含水量的50%和65%时则显著提高了紫花苜蓿生物量(P<0.05);添加硅对紫花苜蓿茎叶内氮含量没有显著影响,但显著提高了茎叶内钾和磷含量(P<0.05);添加硅对土壤全氮、速效氮、全钾和全磷含量没有显著影响,而显著提高了土壤速效磷含量(P<0.05),显著降低了土壤速效钾含量(P<0.05).说明添加硅能够显著增加紫花苜蓿茎叶内磷和钾的积累量,刺激土壤速效磷释放,降低土壤速效钾含量.     

氮肥对土壤氧化大气甲烷影响的机制

综合评述了氮素对土壤氧化甲烷的抑制机制。包括 :( 1)竞争甲烷单氧化酶的竞争抑制机制 ,( 2 )代谢产物的毒害抑制机制 ,( 3)外源盐引起的微生物生理缺水抑制机制和 ( 4)氮素周转作用引起的抑制机制。提出了氧化菌竞争利用土壤空气有限O2 的竞争抑制机制 ,即氨氧化菌利用更多的土壤有限氧气→产生优势氨氧化菌→形成优势菌群→限制甲烷氧化菌繁殖和功能发挥的氨长期抑制土壤氧化大气甲烷的机制 ,并认为这种抑制作用是不可逆的