高压放电在采矿方面的应用

某些使用炸药爆破的工作可改用液体中高压放电的方法完成。高压放电装置的原理如图1。电源供给电能储存在电容C上,通过控制机构УБ及输出回路,经放电火花隙δ传输给需破碎的物体。电容上储存的电能E_O=CU~2/2,可能以冲击波Eyд或以蒸汽孔穴En形式在水内间隙中释出,其力量相当于炸药水下爆破。借助电路的输入参数保证Eyд和E_п的再分配,其中最重要的参数是电容器上积聚的工作电压U,电极间隙δ的大小及放电回路的电感L。高压放电在采矿     

MATLAB软件在静电放电模型仿真中的应用

本文运用MATLAB软件结合Runge-Kutta方法对人体金属放电模型进行仿真,得出了符合IEC61000-4-2标准规定的放电波形,并在此基础上仿真了人体老虎车模型,讨论电路参数的设置,提出了进一步研究的方向.     

废旧车用动力电池安全放电研究

在动力电池回收处理流程中,对于发生过进水、过火、碰撞等情况的危险性动力电池需要进行放电安全处理。此外,动力电池从电动汽车上退役时残余电压很高,动力电池单体带电拆解极易发生起火甚至爆炸,拆解前也需要进行放电处理。以退役车用锂离子动力电池单体为研究对象,对比物理放电和化学放电的安全性,考察放电的安全截止电压、戳穿安全阀、电解质浓度对化学放电的影响。结果表明,电池电压值高于1.0 V时,电池拆解会产生火星,极易起火,电压值不高于1.0 V可实现安全拆解。物理放电后电池电压会反弹,拆解时仍有安全风险;化学放电后电池电压不反弹,可实现安全拆解。化学放电时戳穿安全阀并添加5%的Na Cl可满足产业化放电要求,SOC=100%的动力电池放电至安全截止电压需要15.3 h。对于10 Ah以上的动力电池,戳入深度应控制在5 mm以内,10 Ah以内的动力电池不建议戳穿安全阀。     

常见室外传感器的应用(之二)

电容式传感器的工作原理就是所谓的电波共振现象。如果将一个电容器C和电感L平行放置，然后在其两端加上电压，那么在电路中就会产生一个电流I.该电流的值等于通过电容的电流IC和通过电感的电流IL之和。如果电路中的电流变换频率发生变化，那么上述的两部分电流也会发生变化。频率越高，IC     

论本质安全与清洁生产和绿色化学的关系

分析了本质安全的内涵及本质安全与清洁生产和绿色化学之间的联系及区别.通过对清洁生产和本质安全的基本原则的分析,比较了本质安全与清洁生产的理论基础、设计方法、评价指标体系和实施技术步骤,提出了发展本质安全技术的若干建议.本文为本质安全理论的发展提供了理论基础.     

本质安全化管理思想及实证研究框架

分析国内本质安全化管理研究现状及存在问题,指出两类系统本质安全化实现路径的差异性:①技术系统本质安全性等于构成要素的本质安全性乘积,只要保证要素本质安全化,系统也趋于本质安全化;②社会技术系统关键要素是智能体,从根本上无法达到本质安全化,但智能体自身具有一定容错性和自组织性,在相对可靠条件下,需要通过和谐交互机制使系统而获得本质安全化。分析和研讨的基础上,提出交互式安全管理理论的本质安全化管理研究基本思路:基于3层次和谐交互机制的本质安全化动态演化机制;并对系统本质安全化进行了量化;给出判定系统能否实现本质安全化条件以及本质安全化管理的基本函数关系;得出了系统本质安全化是系统安全性极限的结论。     

化工过程开发中本质安全化设计策略

本质安全化设计是预防人为失误及设备失效、降低化工过程风险应优先采用的技术。在比较传统设计方法与本质安全化设计方法的基础上,讨论了化工过程开发各阶段实现本质安全的机会,认为在开发初期,实施本质安全化的成本低,难度小;通过分析可行性研究、工艺研究、概念设计、基础设计、工程设计等阶段本质安全化设计的影响因素、设计目标和设计方法,探索化工过程开发中本质安全化设计策略,提出了化工过程本质安全化设计流程。通过工艺过程本质安全设计、工艺流程的简化和优化、不同设计方案的本质安全度评估等措施,可提高化工过程本质安全水平。     

基于本质安全理论的安全管理体系研究

传统安全方法是通过附加的安全和防护装置或系统来保护人和设备的安全,本质安全方法强调从源头上消除或减小生产系统中的危险。本质安全理论及方法已从技术层面向系统管理方向发展。笔者简要介绍本质安全的内涵及其设计应用的基本原则。从系统综合防范风险的角度,分析了本质安全方法与传统安全方法在应用上的区别,强调在实际安全管理过程中,应当将本质安全方法与传统安全方法相结合,形成以本质安全理论为基础的综合风险管理理念。笔者将本质安全思想与PDCA管理模式融合,提出了具有可操作性的基于本质安全化的PDCA管理模式。     

浅析本质安全理论发展与实践

正安全理论的发展、应用及实践以及本质安全型企业的特征分析研究表明,本质安全的实现,必须从基础抓起,从提高企业的本质安全水平抓起,要以全员、全过程、全方位的系统方法实施企业内部管理。本文介绍了本质安全理论的研究现状、本质安全在企业的实践应用,并分析了本质安全型企业特征,供读者参考借鉴。本质安全理论研究现状国外研究现状美国化工安全中心出版的《生产安全工程设计导则》,介绍了本质安全设计方法,强调实现生产安全     

冶金企业本质安全建设探讨与研究

阐明了冶金企业构建本质安全的重要性及紧迫性。分析了本质安全的理论基础,阐述了本质安全的内涵。详细介绍了冶金企业在人、物、环境和管理等四个方面,构建本质安全的具体措施和方法,对冶金企业安全生产及监管具有现实的指导意义。     

Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.     

Testing of dust clouds for the electrostatic-spark ignition hazard in industry. Need for a modified approach?

Current standard test methods for electric-spark minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds in air require that a series inductance of at least 1–2 mH be included in the electric-spark discharge circuit. The reason is to prolong the spark discharge duration and thus minimize the spark energy required for ignition. However, when assessing the minimum electrostatic energy ½CU² for dust cloud ignition by accidental electrostatic-spark discharges, current testing standards require that the series inductance of at least 1–2 mH be removed from the spark discharge circuit. No other changes of apparatus and test procedure are required. The present paper questions whether this simple approach is always adequate. The reason is that in practice in industry accidental electrostatic-spark discharge circuits may contain large ohmic resistances due to corrosion, poor electrical grounding connections, poorly electrically conducting construction materials etc. The result is increased spark discharge durations and reduced mechanical disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave emitted by the spark. Therefore, testing for minimum ½CU² for ignition by accidental electrostatic spark discharges may not only require removal of the series inductance of 1–2 mH from the standard MIE spark discharge circuit. Additional tests may be needed with one or more quite large series resistances R_s inserted into the spark discharge circuit. The present paper proposes a modified standard test procedure for measurement of the minimum electrostatic-spark ignition energy of dust clouds that accounts for these effects.     

Minimum ignition energy (MIE) — a basic ignition sensitivity parameter in design of intrinsically safe electrical apparatus for explosive dust clouds

In general terms, the purpose of any safety standard is to define borderlines between safe and unsafe conditions, with reasonable safety margins. The electrical spark ignition sensitivity of dust clouds (MIE) varies over at least eight orders of magnitude. Therefore, in the case of intrinsically safe electrical apparatus to be used in the presence of explosive dust clouds, substantial differentiation of the minimum requirements to prevent ignition by electrical sparks is needed. The present paper proposes a method by which adequate differentiation of required maximum permissible currents and/or voltages in intrinsically safe electrical circuits to be used in explosive dust clouds can be achieved. In essence, the concept is to use conservative first-order ignition curves, calculated or estimated from the experimental MIE value of clouds in air of the actual dust. Charts to be used for design purposes are given in the paper. Internationally standardised test methods allow MIE for clouds of any dust to be determined, at least down to the range of a few mJ. There is, however, a need for a supplementary method covering the range of lower energies, down to 0.01 mJ.     

High voltage and break spark ignition of propylene/air mixtures at various initial pressures

The original break spark test apparatus for intrinsically safe circuits was modified to allow the measurements of minimum ignition currents (MICs) at different initial pressures between 20 and 120 kPa. The MICs of different propylene/air mixtures at ambient temperature and at both atmospheric and sub-atmospheric pressures were measured. The corresponding minimum ignition energies (MIEs) using break sparks were calculated and compared with those derived from MIE/quenching distance correlations using high voltage sparks between flanged electrodes.     

Experimental evaluation of the possibility of ignition and flame propagation in accumulated difluoromethane (R32) from a kerosene cigarette lighter

The possibility of ignition and flame propagation in accumulated difluoromethane (CH₂F₂, R32) was examined experimentally, simulating a situation in which a service operative uses a kerosene lighter for smoking. To simulate the situation where a kerosene cigarette lighter is used in accumulated R32, electrodes fixed in the windbreak of the lighter were remotely supplied with electricity to generate sparks of various durations but of similar energies to those of actual sparks generated by rubbing a flint to ignite the fuel in the lighter. We identified several cases of ignition and formation of an open flame in the windbreak of the lighter, and the flame propagated to the accumulated R32 when it was supplied with sufficient energy from the spark. Gas chromatographic analyses confirmed that the mixture in the windbreak of the kerosene lighter consisted mainly of vaporized fuel and air, with no R32. Therefore, even if the lighter is located in accumulated R32, an open flame can be generated in the windbreak of the kerosene cigarette lighter through ignition by the spark energy generated by friction between the flint and the flint wheel. Our results confirmed that there is a real possibility of ignition and flame propagation when a kerosene cigarette lighter is used in accumulated R32 under the leak rate conditions of the present experiment.     

外浮顶油罐雷击起火概率计

大型外浮顶储罐多次发生雷击起火事故,因此对其安全性做出客观评价,计算雷击起火概率现实意义重大。通过分析雷电对外浮顶油罐的危害方式,利用蒙特卡洛方法结合电气几何模型计算外浮顶油罐年雷击率。分析采用导静电线和可伸缩接地装置（RGA）的防护效果差别。最后计算安装可伸缩接地装置后油罐遭受雷击产生火花放电的年事故率。计算结果表明:年雷击率随着油罐直径和罐壁高度的增大而增加;采用可伸缩接地装置的防护效果明显优于传统导静电线;安装多个可伸缩接地装置可以明显降低产生火花的概率和年事故率。两个RGA就可以将油罐遭受雷击产生火花放电的年事故率降至10-5以下。     

不同物质组合摩擦火花引燃特性的研究

在本研究中,对碳钢、铍青铜和铜镍锰合金等三种金属与砂轮和45号钢轮摩擦时产生火花的能力和引燃能力作了对比实验。用于实验的可燃混合气为液化石油气/空气和氢/空气。实验表明,碳钢和砂轮摩擦产生的火花最强烈,但仍很难引燃液化石油气/空气混合气;铍青铜与砂轮摩擦时几乎看不到火花,铜镍锰合金在同样条件下产生火花的几率销大。在摩擦时间较长的条件下,两者均能引燃极易爆炸的氢/空气混合气,但爆炸却并不是在火花出现时立即发生的。可以推断:在上述条件下,摩擦造成的炽热表面是引燃的主要原因,而材料的引燃能力的强弱,不能只以是否产生火花为判断基准。     

地铁隧道电缆阴燃时优化通风的数值模拟

地铁隧道电缆阴燃火灾相比明燃火灾,具有更高的隐蔽性和更大的危害性。根据地铁隧道电缆的阴燃特点,采用数值模拟方法,对阴燃电缆热解产物在不同通风模式下的毒害性分布进行研究。结果表明,隧道断面2 m/s的送风风速并不能最大程度地确保疏散人员的安全,而与列车驶入时刻满足三次多项式关系的最优送风风速,可以使列车内安全距离达到最大,且不会影响到人员的安全疏散。     

Incendiary characteristics of electrostatic discharge for dust and gas explosion

Paying attention to the ignition potentiality of static electricity, the relation between the discharge characteristics and the ignition of a dust cloud and the gas produced was studied, applying an electrical power supply of which the electrical circuit is adjustable. The effect of ignition characteristics on dust and gas explosions was investigated. The results of the study indicate that the probability of an explosion is influenced by the minimum ignition energy, spark duration time, feeding rate of ignition energy, circuit capacitance, ignition voltage, etc.     

浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电危险性研究

储罐在实际运行中,受浮盘的上下移动、机械应力、老化、油污、金属腐蚀等因素的影响,很难确保导电片与罐壁紧密贴合,容易形成微小间隙,在这种情况下遭受雷击易产生间隙放电,出现打火现象.为了分析导电片与储罐罐壁导电片产生间隙放电的危险性,根据Townsend气体放电理论计算了导电片和储罐罐壁间的击穿电压,采用1.2/50μs冲击电压波开展了导电片间隙放电实验,分析了导电片击穿电压与空气间隙距离的关系.结果证明:当导电片和罐壁贴合不良时,导电片和罐壁之间极易产生火花放电;当空气间隙d=0.1cm时,平均空气击穿电压仅为5280V;随着间隙的增大,空气击穿电压也随之增大;导电片间隙放电实验数据与Townsend气体放电理论值吻合.最后,根据以上结论,针对浮顶储罐导电片间隙放电的危险性,提出了改进措施.