北京山区泥石流灾害保险的风险评判方法研究

泥石流是北京山区主要的自然灾害,在1989-1999年期间,泥石流灾害造成的经济损失高达3.09亿元.对泥石流灾害保险风险的评判是首先按北京山区各区县的泥石流危险度分区划分风险区,然后对各风险区进行灾害危险性和灾害易损性评判.在危险性评判中,按各风险区的泥石流危险度等级赋予危险度评判指标值.在易损性评判中,选择国内生产总值、固定资产、人口密度和人口自然增长率等4个因素作为评判指标,并分为两个层次进行评判.第一层次是经济易损性与社会易损性评判,第二层次是泥石流灾害易损性评判.最后用泥石流灾害保险风险分析数学模型,计算出各风险区的泥石流灾害保险风险度,并由此绘制了北京山区泥石流灾害保险风险区划图.     

沿海城市风暴潮灾害风险评估研究述评

对风暴潮灾害形成机理、风暴潮灾害风险评估方法、灾害风险区划与等级评估、灾害损失评估等方面进行了梳理和分析,认为:①风暴潮灾害风险评估指标体系目前多为主要社会因子和经济损失因子,而忽视主要气象水文指标(最大增水、中心风速等)对风暴潮灾害的影响,研究发现,最大增水和风暴潮灾害呈正相关关系;可通过主成分分析等相关数学模型提取指标因子,避免指标选取主观随意性,又能够客观的确定指标因子的权重;②应建立统一的风暴潮灾害风险评估综合指标;提出建立灾害熵综合风险评估方法,定量的反映所研究区域灾害损失整体水平,灾害熵值也可作为划分灾害等级的分级量度。     

面向巨灾保险的营运期公路边坡多灾害风险评估

为应对运营期公路边坡的巨灾风险,减少经济损失,提出了一种服务于巨灾保险的公路边坡风险评估方法。该方法建立了结合事故可能性和事故损失的营运期公路边坡灾害风险矩阵决策模型。其中的事故可能性评估采用加权层次分析法,指标体系包含致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾载体3个因素,致灾因子涵盖保险所涉及的台风及强热带风暴、暴雨、龙卷风、洪水及水库溃坝等自然灾害。事故损失则按照保险赔额划分等级,同时提出利用结构物价值和交通量、居民数的线性组合计算方法以实现系统自动化。另外,在单灾害风险评估的基础上,提出基于概率理论的多灾害耦合计算方法。最后,通过宁波市国省道巨灾风险评估及软件平台实施以来的实践,对所提评估方法进行了验证,结果表明评估结果与实际相符。风险评估的相关结论为灾害发生前、发生时、发生后的公路状况巡检提供了理论依据,有利于消除风险隐患,提高保险收益,创造社会效益。     

四川洪水保险试点研究

洪水保险是行之有效的灾害风险转移手段。通过数据采集与实地调研，分析四川省洪涝灾情与我国洪水保险实践，探讨四川省开展洪水保险试点的必要性，并对川东达州、巴中、广安三市洪水灾害频次与损失进行分析研究，建议在达州市先行开展洪水巨灾保险试点。从试点目标、基本原则、保险模式、风险范围、保险标的、保险金额、保险费率、保费补贴、保险给付、风险分担、洪水保险基金以及制度保障等方面设计洪水保险试点方案。     

风暴潮灾害风险的精细化评估研究

以龙口市北部沿海风暴潮灾害为研究对象,结合风与浪潮致灾因子、空间与地形等孕灾环境、承灾体类型等影响风暴潮灾害损失变化的有关因素,基于GIS空间分析技术建立了风暴潮灾害风险评估的定量模型,开展了风暴潮灾害风险的精细化评估。结果表明,在风速增大的情况下,淹没范围和可能性损失程度都相应增大;可能性损失呈有规律分布,离海岸线越近,风险值越大。研究结果可供沿海地区的风暴潮灾害风险区划和风险管理参考。     

区域滑坡风险评估中的风险区划与概率分析

区域滑坡风险评估应该建立在可靠的前期基础工作之上,而滑坡风险区划和滑坡概率分析是滑坡风险评估的主要技术支撑,相互之间具有层次链的关系。通过滑坡风险的类型研究介绍了三者之间的关联性。根据研究的理论方法,选择三峡库区万州区进行实例应用,说明滑坡风险区划和滑坡概率对滑坡风险评估的贡献作用。在此基础上,进行了滑坡风险分布、滑坡风险概率、滑坡风险损失综合评估,构成了较完整的滑坡风险评估体系。     

四川省泥石流风险评价

通过对1990年和2000年四川省泥石流灾害易损度的对比分析,得出了泥石流灾害风险度10年来的变化情况.攀枝花市、泸州市、眉山市、绵阳市、广元市、宜宾市、广安市、巴中市和凉山州的泥石流灾害风险度均有不同程度的增大.特别是眉山市、广安市和巴中市增幅较大.通过对泥石流灾害风险的定量计算,得出了2000年四川省泥石流灾害风险评价结果.凉山州、甘孜州、阿坝州、攀枝花市和雅安市为四川省泥石流灾害高风险区.     

四川省石棉县安顺场飞水岩沟泥石流综合评判及风险性分析

飞水岩泥石流位于四川省石棉县安顺场乡,是一条中频中等规模的泥石流沟。该泥石流沟严重威胁着沟口附近的医院、办公楼和民居等安全。在对该沟进行详细调查和研究的基础上,采用数量化综合评判法和模糊数学综合评判法对其严重性进行了分析。综合评判结果显示飞水岩沟属中等严重的泥石流沟。运用泥石流风险评价理论,结合泥石流的危险度评价和易损度评价,综合飞水岩沟泥石流危险度评价(H单=0.52)和灾害的易损度评价(V单=0.59),运用自然灾害风险度模型,得出了飞水岩沟泥石流的风险度为0.31,为中度风险泥石流沟。针对飞水岩沟的特点提出了相应的防治建议。     

泥石流风险评估综述

阐述了泥石流灾害风险的现状及内容,从区域和单点两个角度综述泥石流风险评估方法。研究现状表明:泥石流风险的计算公式得到广大学者的普遍认同,泥石流风险评估方法比较成熟;但在泥石流风险权重系数的确定、发生概率计算及易损性的研究尚需深入。因此,在今后的评估研究中,需要加强这些方面的研究探索,进一步提高泥石流风险评估结果的可信度及实用性。     

基于综合赋权分析的东北水稻低温冷害风险评估及区划研究

农业气象灾害风险评估与区划对农业防灾减灾对策的制定意义重大。以东北三省为研究区,利用日均温、水稻生长发育期、产量和面积数据对水稻冷害风险中的致灾因子危险性、承灾体脆弱性及损失度三要素进行了多指标分析。结合熵值法与层次分析法综合计算指标权重,应用加权综合评价法构建了东北水稻冷害风险综合评估模型。结果表明,冷害风险综合评估指标与典型冷害年水稻单产平均减产率在0.01水平下极显著相关,冷害综合风险等级区划与历史任意冷害发生频率分布大体一致。因此,对冷害风险综合评估模型及区划所做的研究具有合理性,可为防灾减灾提供科学合理的依据。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.