Mg—Al水滑石对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色性能研究

采用共沉淀法合成出一系列镁铝摩尔比不同的碳酸根型水滑石（LDHs），经500℃高温煅烧制备出镁铝复合氧化物CLDH，并用X-射线、红外光谱对它们进行表征。考查了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、初始pH值等因素对LDHs和CLDH处理阴离子染料活性艳红X-3B模拟废水效果的影响，并对吸附机理进行探讨。实验结果表明：以镁铝摩尔比为3：1时制得的水滑石对活性艳红X-3B溶液的脱色效果最好。水滑石LDHs及其焙烧产物CLDH对活性艳红X-3B染料均具有较好的吸附性能，最佳反应时间分别为60min和30min；在较宽的pH范围内二者的脱色性能稳定，且CLDH对该染料的吸附效果要优于LDHs。LDHs及CLDH对活性艳红X-3B的吸附结果符合Langmuir吸附等温式，25℃下饱和吸附量分别为263．77mg／g和875．23mg／g。LDHs及CLDH的吸附机理分别为离子交换和层状结构重建。饱和吸附后的CLDH用高温热解法再生，吸附性能良好，随再生次数增多，脱色率下降。     

焙烧态锂铝水滑石对水中氟离子吸附性能研究

采用尿素水热法合成了不同摩尔比的锂铝水滑石(Li/Al LDHs),经480℃煅烧后制备出焙烧态锂铝水滑石(Li/AlLDOs)。研究了Li/Al LDOs对水中氟离子的吸附性能,分别考察了吸附时间、吸附温度和pH等因素对吸附效果的影响,并对吸附机制进行了探讨。结果表明,Li/Al LDOs吸附水中氟离子的行为符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温数据符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,pH对吸附效果影响较大。X射线衍射分析表明,水滑石样品经历了物相转变及重构过程,Li/Al LDOs可有效去除水体中的氟离子。     

Mg-Al水滑石对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色性能研究

采用共沉淀法合成出一系列镁铝摩尔比不同的碳酸根型水滑石（LDHs），经500℃高温煅烧制备出镁铝复合氧化物CLDH，并用X-射线、红外光谱对它们进行表征。考查了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、初始pH值等因素对LDHs和CLDH处理阴离子染料活性艳红X-3B模拟废水效果的影响，并对吸附机理进行探讨。实验结果表明：以镁铝摩尔比为3∶1时制得的水滑石对活性艳红X-3B溶液的脱色效果最好。水滑石LDHs及其焙烧产物CLDH对活性艳红X-3B染料均具有较好的吸附性能，最佳反应时间分别为60 min和30 min；在较宽的pH范围内二者的脱色性能稳定，且CLDH对该染料的吸附效果要优于LDHs。LDHs及CLDH对活性艳红X-3B的吸附结果符合Langmuir吸附等温式，25℃下饱和吸附量分别为263.77 mg/g和875.23 mg/g。LDHs及CLDH的吸附机理分别为离子交换和层状结构重建。饱和吸附后的CLDH用高温热解法再生，吸附性能良好，随再生次数增多，脱色率下降。     

煅烧的水滑石同时去除水体中砷和氟

为探讨水滑石类材料对水体中氟、砷离子的同时去除效果,采用共沉淀法合成(Mg∶Al=2∶1)纳米类水滑石(LDHs),用傅立叶转换红外光谱、电子扫描透射电镜、X射线晶体衍射等手段对合成的材料进行了表征,并研究纳米材料在不同初始浓度、pH、吸附时间、阴离子干扰条件下其同时除砷氟性能。结果表明,煅烧后的水滑石(LDOs)对砷最大吸附量为51.02 mg/g,对氟最大吸附量为36.63 mg/g。吸附动力学实验表明,煅烧水滑石对砷的吸附在前6 h内基本完成,对氟的吸附在前10 h内基本完成。砷氟共存溶液保持pH=4~10及pH=6~8时,水滑石分别对砷、氟保持良好的吸附效率。对比不同阴离子对水滑石共除砷氟效率的影响,水滑石除砷速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:HPO2-4CO2-3NO-3Cl-SO2-4;水滑石除氟速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:CO2-3HPO2-4SO2-4Cl-NO-3。材料再生循环利用4次后,对砷和氟的吸附效率均能达到90%以上。实验结果表明,所合成的水滑石是一种优秀的能共除砷氟的吸附剂。     

超薄水滑石纳米片除磷效果与机理

为了开发一种新型高效的除磷吸附剂,通过甲酰胺一步合成法制备了不同镁铝反应物浓度的水滑石纳米片(LDHns-F1~4),并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等技术对LDHns-F的形貌进行了表征。结果表明,该方法成功合成了超薄水滑石纳米片,横向尺寸约30 nm,呈板状形貌和六角形微晶的特点。冷干后的水滑石纳米片具有水滑石XRD特征峰,干燥过程会造成纳米片的部分堆叠。等温吸附实验结果表明,纳米片LDHns-F3(镁铝反应物摩尔浓度为0.08、0.04 mol·L-1)对磷酸盐的饱和最大吸附量为128.0 mg·g-1,固磷能力比层状水滑石LDH-P提高61%。吸附反应在15 min后达到平衡,吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学方程,表明化学吸附可能是LDHns-F3吸附磷酸根的速率控制步骤。通过Zeta电位和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对吸附机制进行分析,结果表明磷酸盐在水滑石纳米片层板表面通过羟基络合形成了内层络合物。水滑石纳米片层表面存在的大量羟基使其对含氧阴离子型污染物具有良好的吸附性能,在高浓度含磷水体处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

水铁矿吸附磷酸根的影响因素

为了修复水体富营养化,选取了人工合成的水铁矿作为除磷吸附剂。通过批量实验研究了震荡速度、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、溶液初始p H、含磷初始浓度、反应温度和共存离子等因素对吸附作用的影响。结果表明:水铁矿的吸附具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的特点;随着投加量的增加,溶液中磷酸根的去除率逐渐增加;溶液初始p H在酸性条件下,溶液中磷酸根的去除率最好;在室温25℃下,水铁矿对不同浓度的磷酸根溶液均具有很好的吸附效果;溶液共存离子的存在对磷酸根去除率有一定影响,HCO_3~-的影响最大。     

纳米零价铁颗粒除磷反应机理

从溶液化学与固相表征两方面对纳米零价铁(NZVI)去除水中磷酸根(PO3-4)的机理进行初步探究。分别研究不同初始p H值、溶解氧(DO)对NZVI除磷效果的影响,结果表明,酸性环境(p H为3.0~7.0)有利于NZVI除磷,且初始p H值越低,磷去除率越高;好氧环境较厌氧环境更利于磷的去除,DO8.0 mg/L时对磷酸根的去除率是厌氧条件(DO0.1 mg/L)下的2倍。采用Na OH对反应后含磷NZVI进行解析,发现磷解析率不到30%,说明吸附并非NZVI除磷惟一作用机理。微米铁、NZVI和Ca(OH)2等7种不同去除材料中以Ca(OH)2的共沉淀作用去除率最大(99.9%),NZVI次之(87.2%),表明NZVI除磷机理中还存在共沉淀作用。采用多种固相表征手段对NZVI除磷前后进行分析:扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示反应后出现不规则颗粒;X射线衍射(XRD)表明Fe3(PO4)2是主要反应产物;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析未发现磷被还原成低价态。研究表明,NZVI可有效去除水中磷酸根,主要去除机理包括:NZVI对磷酸根的吸附作用、NZVI在水中腐蚀产生的Fe2+离子对磷酸根的化学沉淀作用及铁氢氧化物与磷酸根的共沉淀作用。     

磁性水滑石快速吸附水体中Cu(Ⅱ)离子

为了探究磁性水滑石对水体中Cu(Ⅱ)离子的去除效果,利用四氧化三铁对水滑石进行磁化,用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪表征磁性水滑石。然后,探究磁性水滑石在不同吸附温度、时间、pH、投加量等条件下去除模拟废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的性能。结果表明,磁性水滑石对Cu(Ⅱ)最大吸附量为32.36 mg/g,吸附动力学结果表明,磁性水滑石对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附在前90 min基本完成。溶液保持pH 5.6~6.5时,磁性水滑石对Cu(Ⅱ)有良好的吸附效率。磁性水滑石可以再生循环利用3~4次。实验证明,磁性水滑石是一种良好的Cu(Ⅱ)吸附剂。     

Mg/Al/Fe型类水滑石焙烧产物吸附去除水中硫酸根离子

通过共沉淀法制备了Mg/AUFe型类水滑石(MgAlFe-HTLCs)并在500℃下焙烧得焙烧产物(HTLCs-500),利用HTLCs-500吸附去除水中的硫酸根离子,并用X射线衍射对MgAlFe-HTLCs及HTLCs-500吸附硫酸根离子前后的结构进行了表征,研究了环境中其他因素对HTLCs-500吸附硫酸根离子的影响.结果表明,实验数据对准二级动力学模型的拟合结果最好;吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,通过实验得到HTLCs-500对硫酸根离子的最大吸附量为157.73 mg/g,和Langmuir等温线得到的理论最大吸附量161.29 mg/g相差不大,对硫酸根离子具有良好的吸附性能;硫酸根溶液的初始pH值对HTLCs-500吸附硫酸根离子的性能影响不大,最佳pH值为3;X射线衍射结果表明,HTLCs-500吸附去除硫酸根离子的机理之一为HTLCs-500通过吸附硫酸根离子来恢复层状结构.     

Mg/Al/Fe复合氧化物吸附去除水体中氟化物的研究

采用水热法合成了不同铁掺杂量的Mg/Al/Fe型类水滑石(MAF),根据X射线衍射(XRD)的测定结果,铁存在一个最佳投加量,铁的掺杂量过大则会导致水滑石的层状结构被破坏。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和比表面分析仪(BET)研究了MAF焙烧后的复合金属氧化物(CMAF)的结构和性能,并考察了CMAF对水中氟离子的吸附性能。与CMA相比(铁掺杂量为零),CMAF对氟离子的吸附去除效率明显提高(最大吸附容量75.2 mg/g),整个吸附过程可以用Langmuir吸附等温线更好地描述。通过XRD测定和晶格参数计算,CMAF的结构由吸附前的复合氧化物恢复到层状水滑石结构,表明氟离子在水滑石重构过程中作为层间阴离子进入到水滑石内部,从而达到较高的除氟效率。     

Analytical Problems Posed by Pollution by Fluorine Compounds

The author sets forth the analytical problems posed by fluoride pollution and makes a critical study of the methods which are being used. He reports on the results that have been discovered over several years of investigation.     

Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants

Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants as well. Besides being used for human therapy, antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural purposes. Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can contaminate natural environments. The clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The same resistance genes found at clinical settings are currently disseminated among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination. Nevertheless, the effect of antibiotics on the biosphere is wider than this and can impact the structure and activity of environmental microbiota. Along the article, we review the impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and for the evolution of environmental microbial populations.     

真空紫外光降解五氯酚钠以及过硫酸盐对反应的促进作用

研究了真空紫外光(VUV,185 am)对于水溶液中五氯酚钠的降解,反应2 h后,初始浓度为10 mg/L的五氯酚钠的去除率达到99%以上,有机氯的脱除率达到70%以上,有效地实现了五氯酚钠的脱毒.溶液初始pH值对五氯酚钠的真空紫外光解有很大影响,pH=10.9时的降解速率常数是pH=3.1时的3倍.表观一级反应速率常数随初始浓度的增加而线性下降.在反应溶液中加入过硫酸盐,可有效提高五氯酚钠的真空紫外光降解速率和矿化速率,过硫酸盐和五氯酚钠摩尔比为24时,降解速率提高3倍,反应4 h后TOC去除率达到95%.     

Absorption of selenium by Lactuca sativa as affected by carboxymethylcellulose

Several organic compounds of high molecular weight present in soil interact with selenium and may act as active binding agents affecting its availability in soil, and, consequently, selenium uptake by plants. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of polysaccharides on selenium speciation in soil and on selenium absorption by Lactuca sativa L. plants. Three-week-old seedlings were transplanted into pots filled with soil, and sodium selenite at rates of 1.5 and 5mgSekg(-1) of soil, or sodium selenate at a rate of 1.5mgSekg(-1) of soil were applied. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added to the soil at rates of 0, 3 and 30mgkg(-1) of soil. After 48 and 110d from transplanting plants were harvested, separated into root and shoot, and fresh and dry matter weights were recorded. Total selenium was determined in both soil and plant samples. A sequential extraction was used to investigate the different Se oxidation states and assess the availability of Se in soil after the final harvesting. Both selenite and selenate were absorbed by roots, but plants amended with Se(VI+) showed higher selenium concentration than plants amended with Se(IV+). Selenite appears to be less mobile than selenate both in soil and plants. The addition of carboxymethylcellulose to soil decreased the amount of selenium absorbed by plants. CMC interacted with Se, making it less mobile as evidenced by the increase in the insoluble fractions. The insoluble Se forms in soil may represent environmental Se sinks potentially available for plants if the substrate is re-used for subsequent growth cycles and selenium species are mobilized as a result of biological and chemical processes.     

亚铁离子活化过硫酸氢钾复合盐降解水溶液中萘普生

在不同pH值、Fe2浓度和过硫酸氢钾复合盐(PMS)浓度下,探究降解萘普生(NPX)的最佳条件,并通过分批投加Fe2+和改变投加顺序的方式,提高降解NPX的效率.结果表明,NPX在pH =3的条件下,降解效果最好;Fe2+浓度改变时,PMS/Fe2+/NPX=1/0.75/1条件下,NPX去除率最高;分批投加Fe2+和先投加Fe2+均可大幅提高NPX去除率.缓慢少量的产生硫酸根自由基(SO4--)更利于处理有机物,Fe2+的浓度则在产生自由基方面起着重要作用.     

Treatment of phenolic wastewater by horseradish peroxidase immobilized by bioaffinity layering

Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized by bioaffinity layering and used for the treatment of wastewater containing p-chlorophenol. For this purpose, lectin Concanavalin A was bound to Sephadex beads. The glycoenzyme peroxidase was layered upon this Con A layer. Subsequently, alternate layers of the enzyme and Con A were applied. The most efficient design consisted of three layers of Con A and peroxidase each. This immobilized enzyme preparation retained 80% of the activity of the free peroxidase used for immobilization. PEG at the concentration of 0.1 mg ml(-1) was found to prevent enzyme inactivation by the products, although it increased the process time. Thus 60 U ml(-1) of enzyme completely converted the p-chlorophenol (into products) in 4 min in the absence of PEG. On the other hand, only 0.05 U ml(-1) of enzyme was required for this purpose in the presence of PEG but the process required 60 min. Peroxidase converts phenol molecules into free radicals. These free radicals then polymerize and get precipitated. As a further means of minimizing exposure of the enzyme to free radicals and enhancing the reusability, it was decided to remove the enzyme from reaction medium after 10 min. With this strategy, the bioaffinity layered peroxidase preparation could be reused five times without any loss of activity.     

Effect of soil sterilization by mercuric chloride on herbicide sorption by soil

Microbial inhibitors such as mercuric chloride are frequently used to sterilize soil or soil-water slurries in experimental studies on the fate of xenobiotics in the environment. This study examined the influence of mercuric chloride additions to soil-water slurries on the sorptive behaviour of a phenoxy herbicide (2,4-D) in soil. The results demonstrated that mercuric chloride strongly decreased the capacity of the soil to retain herbicides, and that the interference of mercuric chloride with herbicide sorption increased with increasing soil organic carbon contents. Because of the competitive sorption between mercuric chloride and the phenoxy herbicide, we conclude that mercuric chloride may not be a good soil sterilization procedure for use in xenobiotic fate studies.     

Predictability by Box-Behnken model for carbaryl adsorption by soils of Indian origin

This study was undertaken to investigate the adsorption capacity of carbaryl on four Indian soils with different physiochemical properties. A batch adsorption study was carried out in order to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity of carbaryl using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of operating parameter such as initial carbaryl concentration (1–20 mgL^?1), adsorbent dosage (0.5–6 g) and contact time (10–180 min) were examined. The proposed quadratic model for Box-Behnken design fits very well to the experimental data because it may be used to navigate design space according to ANOVA results. The regression co-efficient (R²) of the models developed and the results of validation experiments conducted at optimal conditions strongly suggests that the predicted values are in good agreement with experimental results. Contour and response surface plots are used to determine the interactions effects of main factors and optimal conditions of the process. The experiment can be utilized as a guideline for better understanding of carbaryl adsorption onto soil under different operating conditions. The results show that the forest soil is most efficient in binding carbaryl (Sevin) than the other types of soil tested.