深圳典型红树林湿地重金属累积特征比较研究

随着珠江河口地区经济的快速发展,红树林生态环境受人类的影响日益严重。红树林湿地内的重金属污染物具有不能被生物降解、残留时间长、容易通过食物链富集等特征而受到越来越多的关注。选取深圳福田红树林和宝安红树林湿地,采集0~30 cm深度的表层沉积物,并以沉积物的基本理化指标(TOC、TN、p H)以及重金属(Cd、Cu,、Zn和Pb)为研究对象,探讨深圳典型红树林湿地的重金属积累和历史污染特征。结果表明:(1)与宝安红树林湿地相比,福田红树林湿地沉积物存在较高的TOC含量(福田TOC 4.52%~7.74%宝安TOC 2.14%~3.21%)和较低的TN含量(福田TN 0.35‰~0.55‰宝安TN 0.77‰~1.44‰);(2)福田红树林湿地沉积物中Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的质量分数分别为5.10~6.65μg·g~(-1)、75.38~92.37μg·g~(-1)、303.05~429.93μg·g~(-1)和303.05~429.93μg·g~(-1),低于宝安红树林湿地,体现出保护区管理模式对污染管控的优势;(3)聚类分析和主成分分析表明,福田红树林重金属污染主要受工业和生活污水污染共同影响,宝安红树林主要为工业污染;(4)宝安红树林湿地沉积物重金属的地质累积指数(I_(geo))值和潜在生态危害指数(RI)值均高于福田红树林湿地,表明宝安红树林湿地的重金属的生态风险高于福田红树林。福田红树林湿地中Cd的I_(geo)和E_r~i分别为4.09~4.47和765.00~997.50,存在严重的生态风险。宝安红树林湿地中的Cd和Cu均存在严重的生态风险,其中Cd的I_(geo)和E_r~i分别为4.66~4.95和1 000.00~1 392.50,Cu的I_(geo)和E_r~i分别为6.71~6.85和784.20~862.43。因此,深圳福田和宝安红树林湿地由于受到不同的人类活动的影响而具有不同的重金属污染特征。研究结果可为深圳红树林湿地重金属污染控制和修复提供科学支撑。     

珠海近岸海域表层沉积物中的重金属及生态危害评价

为了研究珠江口近海海域重金属的污染状况,2009年8—12月对珠海珠江口4个站点的表层沉积物进行了6次采样,测定了表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、Fe和金属Al的质量分数,分析了它们质量分数间的相关性,依据Lars Hakanson提出的沉积物中金属污染物评价方法,对Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu和Zn等6种典型重金属的潜在危害进行了评价。结果表明,Cd、Cu和Zn是该调查区域的主要重金属污染物,应该予以优先控制和治理。位于马骝洲水道入海口的S1位点上,金属元素（Cd除外）质量分数的季节特征是秋季（丰水期）〈冬季（枯水期）,重金属危害指数（RT）为轻微级,重金属潜在生态危害系数（Eir）顺序为Cd〉Hg〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr;在S2位点,Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni和Fe的平均质量分数为秋季〉冬季,其它5种金属则为秋季〈冬季,RT为强级;在S3、S4位点上,8种金属元素（Hg、Mn除外）的质量分数呈现秋季〉冬季的现象,RT为很强级;S2、S3和S4站点的Eir均表现为Cd〉Hg〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr的顺序。     

湘江中游江段沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为了研究湘江中游江段沉积物中重金属的污染特征及生态风险,于枯水期在株洲段和衡阳段采集了6个断面的18个沉积物;测定了沉积物中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu的总量、形态及生物有效性,利用地积累指数法和单因子指数法分析了其污染程度与等级,并评价了湘江重金属污染治理的成效。结果表明:(1)湘江中游4种典型重金属(Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu)含量远高于湖南省土壤背景值,分别为背景值的83.1~1 178.7、4.46~15.9、2.88~16.1和3.35~6.22倍;整体上看,重金属含量由上游往下游呈逐渐增加趋势。(2)湘江中游各采集点沉积物重金属的交换态比例不高,无定型铁锰氧化物结合态占很大比例,有较高的二次污染风险。(3)湘江中游沉积物中各重金属的生物可利用性差异显著,霞湾镇和松柏镇生物可利用性最高的是Cu,其余各采集点均为Cd。(4)与GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》中二级标准比较,各采集点Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu含量均已超标;其中污染最严重的是Cd,已达到强—极强的污染程度。(5)湘江流域重金属污染的综合治理已一定程度上降低了湘江沉积物重金属污染的生态风险。     

广东红海湾表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布特征与污染状况评价

对红海湾近岸海域20个采样站沉积物样品中的7种重金属含量分布进行了研究,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As质量分数范围分别为2.60~13.30、16.70~38.00、45.20~81.10、0.00~0.11、10.40~23.10、0.03~0.50、6.42~10.20 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为6.29、25.44、57.87、0.03、15.32、0.07、7.97 mg·kg~(-1),其中,Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg平均值低于全国海岸带重金属的背景值。海洋沉积物质量单因子污染指数法评价结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的平均含量均符合海洋沉积物质量Ⅰ类标准,7种重金属平均含量的污染程度为PbAsZnHgCrCuCd。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果显示,红海湾近岸海域潜在生态风险指数等级"较低",海洋生态环境状况较好;结合重金属富集程度分析,该海域Pb的富集程度较高且集中于近岸海域。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:该海域表层沉积物TOC含量与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和As含量具有一定的正相关性。进一步通过主成分分析研究沉积物中重金属污染来源,发现前2个主成分的贡献率分别为60.41%和16.48%;结合相关性分析,认为该海域沉积物重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和As的主要来源为工业废水与城市污水。文章揭示了红海湾近岸海域沉积物中重金属的分布特征,可为海洋生态环境建设提供依据。     

三亚河沉积物中重金属生态风险评价与污染历史

主要研究了三亚河沉积物中重金属的分布、富集程度、生态风险以及污染历史,可为三亚河的污染治理和海洋环境保护提供参考信息。结果表明,三亚河表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cd、Hg、Ni等8种重金属元素的质量分数分别为(3.9±1.7)、(100.4±38.9)、(32.0±8.3)、(28.8±11.5)、(10.27±4.61)、(0.181±0.110)、(0.204±0.091)、(22.7±8.0)μg·g~(~(-1)),Al2O3、TOC的质量分数分别为10.34%±5.49%、1.29%±1.23%。210Pbex放射性比活度被用于确定研究区的平均沉积速率并建立沉积年代框架。应用210Pbex稳定初始浓度模型得出三亚河沉积物的平均沉积速率约为0.89 cm·a~(-1),所获取柱状样的沉积年代为1918─2014年。基于柱状样底部未受人类活动影响的子样得到的研究区8种重金属的背景值分别为7.5、38.7、14.3、31.9、4.95、0.027、0.015和6.4μg·g~(-1)。三亚河表层沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg和TOC经Al元素标准化后的富集因子的算术平均值都大于1.5,说明这些重金属和有机质大部分来源于人类活动的输入。柱状沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg的质量分数和富集因子在45 cm深度以上(即上世纪60年代以后)也存在明显的由人类活动的输入引起的上升和富集趋势。研究区沉积物中TOC与富集重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、Zn和Cu之间的Pearson相关系数r值为0.56~0.85,表明有机质降解所产生的腐殖酸吸附是导致沉积物中重金属质量分数变大的主要原因。对照美国NOAA沉积物生物效应数据标准,三亚河沉积物中Hg含量在多数站位介于ERL和ERM阈值之间,已对底栖生物产生负面影响。三亚河目前重金属的沉积通量约为2.26g·m-2·a~(-1),所沉积的重金属主要为Zn,约占总通量的50.6%,其次为Pb、Cr和Cu,它们的比例分别为16.1%,14.5%和11.5%,毒性较强的Hg和Cd分别仅占总通量的0.10%和0.09%。     

珠江磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属含量及其分布特征

分析了在珠江磨刀门河口采集的37个表层沉积物样品重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As、Ni)的含量及分布特征。采用原子吸收法分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni的含量,采用冷原子吸收法分析了Hg、As含量。结果表明,口门处及其两侧和拦门沙内坡重金属的含量最高;外海区域重金属含量普遍较低;由口内河床至口门处,Cu、Cr、Hg、As的含量减小,Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni的含量逐渐增大;大部分重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Ni)的含量由口门处至拦门沙地区是先减小再增大的;由拦门沙至外海,Cu、Pb、Cd、As的含量减小,Zn和Ni的含量先减小后增大;由口门处至外海,Cr和Hg含量的总体趋势是增大的。磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属元素含量与CEC、小于0.001mm粘粒以及沉积物有机质含量的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平;重金属含量与沉积物pH值的相关性不显著;重金属元素的含量变化和分布规律还表明磨刀门表层沉积物的重金属主要受陆源污染物的影响。     

长湖水库沉积物重金属污染特征及释放机制

为研究长湖水库沉积物重金属污染状况及其对水体环境和生物的潜在影响,2015年6月采集了水库表层(0~10 cm)沉积物,分析了沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni重金属的含量及赋存形态,结合潜在生态风险指数、地积累指数评价结果和重金属化学形态特征,选取Cu、Zn、Cd进行了温度、盐度和p H三因子控制下的单因素和正交释放试验。结果表明,水库表层沉积物样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni重金属的平均含量分别为312.99、520.33、204.74、3.17、57.35和27.06mg?kg~(-1),其中,Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb含量显著超过广东省土壤元素背景值,分别是背景值的56.60、18.41、11.00和5.69倍,Cd的富集效应最明显。Cr和Ni为低污染水平,Zn、Pb和Cu为中-重度污染水平,Cd达到极严重污染水平;Cd的污染贡献率极高,沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险达到了极高水平。Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni的弱酸溶解态所占比例均低于0.10%,但生物有效态含量分别占总量的68.06%、54.61%、45.51%、18.55%、30.05%和29.13%;Zn和Cu的含量达到了中-重度污染水平,较高的生物有效态含量可能对生物产生较大潜在危害。沉积物样品中Cu、Zn、Cd的释放量随着上覆水温度、盐度的升高及p H的降低而增大,Cd的释放受温度和p H的影响较低;3种因子对Cu和Cd释放量的影响显著性表现为盐度温度p H,对Zn释放量的影响显著性表现为盐度pH温度。本研究结果可为长湖水库重金属污染防治提供科学依据。     

铅锌冶炼废渣堆场土壤重金属污染特征研究

在铅锌冶炼过程中产生了大量含重金属的废渣,这些废渣未经有效处置堆放于空旷地,由于风化、淋洗等作用导致废渣中重金属进入废渣堆场及周边土壤中。采用野外取样调查、室内化学分析及污染评价等方法,研究了湖南某铅锌冶炼厂冶炼废渣堆场及周边土壤中重金属的含量和分布规律。研究结果表明:废渣堆场表层土壤中各重金属的质量分数分别为Pb1 889.60 mg·kg-1、Zn 5 682.00 mg·kg-1、Cd 48.40 mg·kg-1和Cu 1 848.60 mg·kg-1,此值已超出国家规定的二级标准值(GB 15618─1995),其中Pb超出5.40倍,Zn超出18.94倍,Cd超出80.67倍,Cu超出18.49倍。距渣场10 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数分别为641.01、1 509.61、38.45和1 240.10 mg·kg-1,10 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu相对国家二级标准值的超标倍数分别为2.14、6.04、128.17和12.40倍。1 000 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数分别为309.80、685.71、8.81和875.13 mg·kg-1,1 000 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu各超标1.03倍、2.74倍、29.33倍和8.75倍。由此可见,废渣堆场周边土壤同样遭受重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu不同程度的污染。纵向上,废渣堆场土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu在表层(0~20 cm)土壤中的质量分数均大于其在表层以下各土层中的质量分数,其中在40~60 cm土层中的质量分数又高于20~40,60~80和80~100 cm等土层,但其分布总体上呈现出随土层深度增加而减少的规律;横向上,废渣堆场各土壤剖层重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数均高于渣场外10和1 000 m远处各土层的质量分数,即土壤中重金属含量随距污染源距离的增加而逐渐减少。因此,冶炼废渣的大量堆置已使周围环境遭受了重金属的严重污染,相关部门有必要加强对冶炼废渣的处置和管理。     

湛江湾红树林湿地表层沉积物重金属形态特征、生态风险评价及来源分析

随着工业化与城市化进程加快,湛江湾重金属污染物入海量逐年增加,沿岸红树林湿地承受着愈来愈大的环境压力。为了解湛江湾红树林表层(0-15 cm)沉积物重金属污染状况,对湾内沉积物中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)的质量分数、赋存形态特征及潜在生态风险进行了研究。采用改进BCR提取法分析重金属形态特征,运用基于总质量分数的潜在生态风险指数法和基于形态学的次生相与原生相分布比值法与风险评估编码法进行风险评价,并结合多元统计方法对重金属来源进行解析。结果表明,(1)沉积物中除Cr、Pb外,其余6种重金属的质量分数平均值均超过雷州半岛土壤环境背景值;8种重金属空间分布差异明显,变异系数在37.24%-108.19%之间。(2)As、Hg以残渣态为主要赋存形态,Cd、Zn以酸提取态为主要赋存形态,Cu、Ni、Pb以可还原态为主要赋存形态,Cr、Ni以可氧化态为主要赋存形态。(3)8种重金属元素非残渣态所占比例排序依次为CdCuNiZnPbCrAsHg,其中Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cr的非残渣态所占比例均超过70%,说明重金属元素具有极强的迁移性和生物有效性,再次释放风险较大;非残渣态质量分数高值区出现在NHD和GHCL站位,说明这两个区域红树林沉积物重金属活性较高,重金属污染问题应引起重视。(4)湛江湾红树林表层沉积物中重金属RI均值为273.076,为中等潜在生态风险;而总体RSP值为5.79,表现为重度污染。从空间分布看,各站位重金属元素为中度至重度污染;其中NHD站位重金属污染程度最高,RSP值为11.97,与非残渣态空间分布特征一致。(5)多元统计结果表明,湾内红树林表层沉积物中重金属来源主要与生活排污、养殖排污和工业排污有关,其次为自然风化产物的输入。     

永定河上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中重金属的分布特征

采集了永定河及其支流清水河水样和表层沉积物各11个,并通过高速离心获得间隙水样10个.利用ICP-MS检测了上覆水中可溶性重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)、间隙水中可溶性重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)的含量以及沉积物中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)的总量;检测了样品的理化性质;分析了水体及沉积物间重金属的分配系数.结果表明,上游采样点水化学类型主要为Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-),而下游采样点水化学类型则主要为Na~+-Mg~(2+)-Cl~--SO_4~(2-),上游和下游的水化学类型呈现明显的差异性;上覆水中Mn在位于下游的7号采样点含量超出生活饮用水卫生标准;间隙水中的重金属普遍高于上覆水含量;采用间隙水标准毒性单位(IWCTU)对间隙水重金属进行评价,发现Zn在大部分采样点(除2、5、11)及Pb在采样点6、7、8存在一定程度的毒性风险;Cd、Pb、Ni等3种重金属在附近有煤矿分布的采样点的上覆水和沉积物中含量都较高,需要特别注意的是Hg的分布也可能与煤矿开采有关.Pb、Cr、Mn等3种重金属在沉积物与上覆水中的分配系数比较大,而Hg、Cd、Zn则分配系数比较小;重金属在上覆水间隙水及沉积物中的分布关系为沉积物间隙水上覆水;分别对上覆水间隙水和沉积物中的重金属进行相关性分析及沉积物的主成分分析,发现Cd和Pb在间隙水和沉积物中均存在显著的相关性,沉积物中的Cd、Pb、Ni、Hg、Cu、Cr在第一主成分中具有较高的载荷值,推断这几种重金属具有相同的来源.     

Trace metal pollution in a Le'an River tributary affected by non-ferrous metal mining activities in Jiangxi Province,China

Sediment and water samples from the Jishui River were tested to determine the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. The concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn in the surface water close to the Fujiawu copper mine greatly exceeded the criteria maximum concentrations (CMC) of the Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of Zn at a site near the small smelters also exceeded the CMC. Cd concentrations in surface water samples from 69% of the sampling sites were significantly higher than the CMC. Heavy Cd pollution of surface water resulted from the Shuanghua Smelter, the lead smelter, the lead–zinc mine and the small smelters downstream. The total metal concentrations in the majority of the sediment samples substantially exceeded the probable effect levels (PEL). Levels of As, Cd, Cu and Zn in surface sediment of the site close to the Shuanghua Smelter were 20 times higher than the PELs. The levels of Pb in sediment of the downstream sites near the small smelters and the lead–zinc mine were also elevated. Based on the results of the BCR sequential extract procedures and the risk assessment code, the levels of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn in the sediment posed high risk.     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅳ. 电子废物不当回收地区流域水体沉积物的重金属污染

为了解电子废物不当处置活动对小流域内水体沉积物金属污染的影响,采集了位于广东省清远市龙塘镇和石角镇的电子废物焚烧和酸解活动核心区内水塘和水库的0～40cm沉积物以及附近河流大燕河表层(0～5cm)沉积物样本,分析了样本中的金属(水塘、水库:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr;大燕河:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Mg、Mn)含量.作为对照,对珠江口伶仃洋沉积物中的5种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr)含量也进行了分析.结果表明,1)在核心区内,5种重金属的平均含量在接近酸解作坊的水塘沉积物中呈Cu(766.16mg·kg-1)>Zn(181.12mg·kg-1)>Pb(129.56mg·kg-1)>Cr(1.89mg·kg-1)≈Cd(1.12mg·kg-1),在其下游的水库沉积物中呈现相同的规律,但水塘沉积物的Cu、Zn、Pb含量均高于水库.水塘、水库沉积物重金属含量分布规律明显不同于伶仃洋沉积物,与伶仃洋沉积物相比,核心区水体沉积物Cu含量特别高,是伶仃洋沉积物的7～17倍,Pb和Cd则分别是伶仃洋的2.3～3.0倍和1.9～2.4倍,Zn、Cr含量与伶仃洋沉积物相近.2)Zn含量在核心区水体沉积物中均呈现出在20.0～30.0cm深度最高的趋势,Cu、Pb含量在水库沉积物中也有类似的表现,说明该深度的沉积物可能是电子废物回收处置活动最频繁的时期形成的,近年来随着政府取缔工作的加强,电子废物非法处置活动的减少,Zn、Cu、Pb含量有明显的下降.3)大燕河沉积物中6种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni)的总含量表现为中游下段(1261.3mg·kg-1)>中游中段(1049.2mg·kg-1)>中游上段(401.8mg·kg-1)>上游(364.6mg·kg-1)>下游(215.4mg·kg-1).Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量均在中游下段的沉积物中出现最大值,次大值出现在中游中段,Ni、Cd在中游中段出现最大值,次大值出现在中游下段.中游中、下段沉积物中金属含量最大值和其上游(或中游上段)河段含量最低值的比值呈现Cu(10.1)>Cr(7.8)>Zn(3.8)>Cd(2.0)>Pb(1.9)>Ni(1.8),显示这些重金属主要从中游中、下段进入大燕河沉积物,其中Cu污染最为严重,而Cr污染可能与水土流失或当地其他活动释放的Cr有关.4)比较流域内土壤和各种沉积物以及伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的构成比例发现,核心区土壤和沉积物以及大燕河沉积物中的重金属具有明显的同源性.随着离源区距离的增加,重金属的构成比例中最明显的变化是Cu的比例下降以及Zn的比例上升。     

Metal accumulation risks in regularly flooded and non-flooded parts of floodplains of the River Rhine: Extractability and exposure through the food chain

Ecotoxicological risks of sediment contamination in floodplains are supposed to be highest in the regularly flooded parts. Therefore, in risk assessments, the non-flooded parts are neglected or considered to be reference areas. We investigated the metal extractability and levels in important food sources for vertebrates, viz. grass shoots and earthworms, in flooded as well as non-flooded parts and compared these with total metal concentrations. A comparison of these areas in the moderately polluted 'Afferdensche en Deestsche Waarden' floodplains along the River Rhine showed that total Zn, Pb, and Cd concentrations were highest in the regularly flooded parts. However, CaCl₂-extractable Zn concentrations were highest in non-flooded areas, and those of Pb and Cd were equal in both areas. Total Cu concentrations were not significantly different between the two areas, but CaCl₂-extractable Cu concentrations were highest in the regularly flooded areas. The metal concentrations in grass shoots of non-flooded areas were equal to (Zn, Cu, Cd) or higher than (Pb) those in regularly flooded areas. Zn concentrations in earthworms in regularly flooded areas were higher, but concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd were not. Ecotoxicological risk assessments require analysis of the total and potentially bioavailable metal concentrations in soils as well as concentrations in biota. This study shows that the less contaminated non-flooded areas in moderately polluted floodplains cannot be neglected in metal accumulation studies and cannot be used as pristine reference areas.     

Levels of heavy metals (Zn,Cu, Cd,and Pb) in mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) and sediments collected from intertidal areas at Morib and Remis,Peninsular Malaysia

The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb were determined in different tissues of mudskipper fishes Periophthalmodon schlosseri caught at two selected locations (Morib and Remis) of the intertidal mudflat area of Selangor state, West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia and in surface sediment samples. Metal concentrations in the mudskipper tissue and in the sediment samples tended to vary significantly (p < 0.05) between the two locations. Higher metal concentrations (except for Zn) were mostly found in the tissues of mudskippers from Remis. For sediment samples, significantly (p < 0.05) higher metal concentrations of all metals were also found at Remis. Generally, metal distribution between different tissues of mudskipper varied with scales being highly accumulative of Zn, Cd, and Pb, while for Cu, the highest mean concentrations were found in the liver. The lowest mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd were found in the muscles except for Pb, which was lowest in the liver. This study suggests that mudskippers can be potential biomonitoring organisms for heavy metal bioavailability and contamination of intertidal coastal mudflats. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were slightly above the acceptable limits of Malaysian and European food safety guidelines.     

4种鸢尾属植物对铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的富集特征和修复潜力

通过野外调查和实地修复铅锌矿污染土壤试验,研究了铅锌矿区排污渠污水及底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量和分布特征以及4种鸢尾属植物马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）、黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、溪荪（Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.）、花菖蒲（Iris ensata Thunb.）对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力和土壤修复效率差异。结果表明,离污染源越近,重金属污染越严重。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属均大部分沉积在排污水渠的底泥中,污水中Pb严重污染,超标达120倍,底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数分别超标1.5倍、1.7倍、1.6倍和1.7倍。排污渠岸土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数也明显超过了国家规定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准1～5倍。种植4种鸢尾属植物后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数有所降低。其中,种植马蔺1个月后土壤Pb、Cu、Cd修复效率分别为8.13%、2.45%和22.3%。黄菖蒲和花菖蒲对Zn的修复效率相对较高。4种鸢尾属植物中马蔺对Pb、Cd的吸收能力最强,马蔺地上部（叶、茎）Pb质量分数达983mg·kg-1,且转运系数大于1,是一种潜在的Pb积累植物,黄菖蒲、溪荪和花菖蒲对Zn的吸收能力较强,且吸收的重金属主要积累在根系。     

Metal accumulation risks in regularly flooded and non-flooded parts of floodplains of the River Rhine: Extractability and exposure through the food chain

Ecotoxicological risks of sediment contamination in floodplains are supposed to be highest in the regularly flooded parts. Therefore, in risk assessments, the non-flooded parts are neglected or considered to be reference areas. We investigated the metal extractability and levels in important food sources for vertebrates, viz. grass shoots and earthworms, in flooded as well as non-flooded parts and compared these with total metal concentrations. A comparison of these areas in the moderately polluted ‘Afferdensche en Deestsche Waarden’ floodplains along the River Rhine showed that total Zn, Pb, and Cd concentrations were highest in the regularly flooded parts. However, CaCl₂-extractable Zn concentrations were highest in non-flooded areas, and those of Pb and Cd were equal in both areas. Total Cu concentrations were not significantly different between the two areas, but CaCl₂-extractable Cu concentrations were highest in the regularly flooded areas. The metal concentrations in grass shoots of non-flooded areas were equal to (Zn, Cu, Cd) or higher than (Pb) those in regularly flooded areas. Zn concentrations in earthworms in regularly flooded areas were higher, but concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd were not. Ecotoxicological risk assessments require analysis of the total and potentially bioavailable metal concentrations in soils as well as concentrations in biota. This study shows that the less contaminated non-flooded areas in moderately polluted floodplains cannot be neglected in metal accumulation studies and cannot be used as pristine reference areas.     

南京市中心城区道路绿地土壤中重金属含量及污染评价

为了解不同绿化时间段道路绿地土壤中重金属的含量特征,采集了南京市中心城区不同绿化时间段道路绿地土壤0～5cm、5—20cm土样共50个。土壤经微波消解后,用原子吸收分光光度计分别测定土壤中cu、zn、Pb、cd和cr的全量。结果表明,南京城市土壤中cu、zn、Ph、cd和cr的全量分别为38．8±14．3、113．4±25．5、53．1±27．7、0．114±0．06、51．8±8．9mg／kg,最高值约为最低值的2．4～18．5倍。从变异系数来看,除zn、cr元素的变异系数在20％左右,其它重金属元素均在35％～55％之间。2000年前绿化的道路绿地土壤中重金属含量显著高于2000年后的绿地土壤（P〈0．05）。Pb、Cu和Zn存在不同程度的污染,Pb和cu在2000年前绿化的道路绿地土壤中达到中度污染水平,Cr处于警戒限水平,cd处于清洁水平。由于受交通和人为活动的影响,绿地表层土壤中重金属出现积累。     

Analysis and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments: a case study from Luan River,Northern China

Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr were examined in surface water and sediment from the Luan River inChina,. With a decline in Cu and Ni concentration found in surface water at downstream stations. This finding suggests that water currents are a major explanatory factor in heavy metal contamination. The abundance of Cr, Pb, and Cd observed in the middle reaches of the river indicates heavy metal contamination in local areas, although there was an obvious decrease in concentrations in the water downstream of the Daheiting Reservoir. The significant rising trend in Cu, Pb, and Ni seen the sediment farther away from the river also suggests that anthropogenic activities contribute to heavy metal pollution Sediments were therefore used as environmental indicators, with sediment assessment was conducted using the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and the potential ecological risk index (RI). The I_geo values revealed that Cd (3.13) and Cr (2.39) had accumulated significantly in the Luan River. The RI values for most (89%) of the sampling stations were higher than 300, suggesting that sediment from the Luan River poses a severe ecological risk, with the potential ecological risks downstream higher than that in the upper and middle streams. Good correlations among Pb/Ni, Pb/Cd, Cu/Pb, and Cu/Cd in the water and Cr/Ni in the sediment were observed. Cluster analysis suggested that Cd may have various origins, being derived from anthropogenic sources.     

Heavy Metals and Radiochemical Analyses in the Sediments of the Rapallo Harbour

To assess the natural and anthropogenic radiocontamination, sediment samples were collected in the Tigullio Gulf (Ligurian Sea). the results presented here indicate a significant Cs-137 contamination (about 20 Bqkg^-1 dry weight) while concentrations of “primordial” natural radioisotopes were similar to those detected in other coastal areas. Gross sedimentation rates, determined through measurements of Be-7 concentrations, were at about 4-5 cm in the last 6 months. Natural and artificial radioactivity concentrations have been compared with data obtained in other Mediterranean areas. Heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg) concentrations were also determined inside the bay. Most elements displayed quite constant concentrations through the sediment core, except for copper which had showed highest concentrations in the top 16 cm of the sediment.     

Trace Metal Distribution and Enrichment in Benthic, Estuarine Sediments: Southport Broadwater, Australia

The distribution and enrichment of selected trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) in benthic sediments of the Southport Broadwater, a semi-enclosed coastal body of water adjacent to the Gold Coast city, south-eastern Queensland, Australia, was studied with the objective of assessing the extent and degree of sediment contamination. Sediment samples from the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth intervals of 32 sites within the Southport Broadwater and surrounding residential canals were analysed for particle size distribution, pH, organic C and ‘near-total’ major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn) and trace (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) metal contents. Sediment contamination for each trace metal was assessed by (1) comparison with Australian sediment quality guidelines, (2) calculation of the index of geoaccumulation based on regional background values, and (3) geochemical normalisation against Al (i.e. the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals). Based on this approach, the results indicate that submerged sediments in the study area are not presently enriched with Cd, Cr or Ni, with the spatial distribution of these metals being very well explained by the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals. However, several sites were strongly enriched with Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn, arising from sources related to either urban runoff or vessel maintenance activities. The study indicates that several varying approaches are needed for a satisfactory assessment of contaminant enrichment in estuarine sediments.