pH对蛋白类餐厨垃圾发酵产酸的影响

为了将蛋白类餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)用作强化生物除磷过程中的碳源,实现其资源化利用,考察了在35℃条件下,pH的改变对其产酸的影响。结果表明:将起始pH调节为碱性,VFAs的产量显著高于酸性,且随着发酵时间的增加,VFAs的产量也逐渐增加,在pH=10,第8天时达到最高值36 193 mg·L~(-1),此时是初始值的28倍。其中,乙酸占50.3%,其次为丙酸30.9%。同时发现,pH调节为碱性也有利于溶解性COD(SCOD)、溶解性蛋白质(SPN)和溶解性碳水化合物(SPS)的溶出;在pH=10,第3天时SCOD和SPN分别达到最大值135 680 mg·L~(-1)和44 188 mg·L~(-1),此时是对照组的17倍和8倍。只有在强碱性条件下,SPN产量才明显提高。酸碱调节对SPS的溶出影响并不是太大,其在较短时间1 d内达到最大,然后减少并逐渐趋于稳定。通过分析可知,起始pH调节为强碱性有利于蛋白类餐厨垃圾的发酵产酸及有机质溶出的过程。     

不同预处理方法对污泥脱水性能的影响

污泥脱水是污泥处理的关键步骤,本文以污泥比阻(SRF)为考察指标,对比分析了污泥经单独酸碱调节、酸碱联合调节、水浴加热、自然冻融以及氧化剂Fenton等预处理方法调节后污泥的脱水效果。结果表明,污泥经氧化剂Fenton试剂处理后,SRF明显减小,污泥脱水性能得到改善;先酸后碱调节的方式比单独酸、碱调节更利于污泥脱水;温度调节对污泥的比阻有影响,低温条件下污泥的比阻较小。     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22～25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性(pH=3),在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性(pH=10);3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性(pH=10),在实验第8 dCOD溶出量最多后调节为酸性(pH=3);2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明:若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性(pH=10)调节为酸性(pH=3)优于由酸性(pH=3)调节为碱性(pH=10);若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性(pH=3)调节为碱性(pH=10)优于由碱性(pH=10)调节为酸性(pH=3)。     

酸碱联合调节剩余污泥过程中氮、磷和有机质的释放

实现城市污泥的减量化和资源化是污水厂面临的难题之一。通过采用(1)先酸性(pH=3)后碱性(pH=10)、(2)先碱性(pH=10)后酸性(pH=3)的两段控制方式(每段反应8 d),同时做pH不调的对比实验,研究剩余污泥水解酸化过程中氨氮、磷酸盐和溶解性COD(SCOD)、碳水化合物、蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)等有机质组分的释放。结果表明,酸碱联合调节有利于各组分的释放;氮和磷在酸性条件下的释放量大于碱性,有机质在碱性条件下的释放量大于酸性;采用(2)方式,调为酸性后反应1 d,氨氮的释放量即达到最大(17.28 mg/g TS);采用(1)的调节方式反应7 d,磷酸盐能达到最佳释放量(14.16 mg/g TS);总VFAs的产生受反应时间的影响较大,其余有机质组分在(2)的调节方式下,6 d左右即可达到较大释放量。     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH+4-N、PO3-4-P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD，在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制，使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22~25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性（pH=3），在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性（pH=10）；3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性（pH=10），在实验第8 d COD溶出量最多后调节为酸性(pH=3)； 2#反应器为对照实验，pH不进行调节。结果表明：若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主，剩余污泥由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）优于由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）；若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主，剩余污泥由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）优于由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）。     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH4^＋-N、PO4^3--P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22～25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性（pH=3）,在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性（pH=10）;3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性（pH=10）,在实验第8 dCOD溶出量最多后调节为酸性（pH=3）;2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明：若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）优于由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）;若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）优于由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）。     

pH对高铁酸盐氧化剩余污泥的影响

针对高铁酸盐在酸、碱性环境下氧化性和稳定性的不同,采用pH调至1、3、5、7、9、11、13的剩余污泥,投加高铁酸盐溶液进行研究,考察污泥脱水性能(污泥比阻)以及减量化效果,包括破解液性质(氨氮NH_4~+-N、总氮TN、正磷酸盐PO43-、总磷TP、总有机碳TOC、溶解性有机物SCOD、胞外聚合物EPS)和污泥性状(混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度MLVSS、污泥沉降比SV、污泥体积指数SVI、粒径)。结果表明:pH由低到高,破解液中各类污染物浓度总体呈现出两端高中间低的趋势,高铁酸盐在酸性和碱性条件下的氧化效果均优于中性条件。其中,pH达13时减量化效果最佳,氮素和有机物质溶出最多,然而此时的脱水性能最差;pH为1时破解液中磷素最多,达90.6 mg·L~(-1)。当pH为13,每g污泥(干重)的高铁酸盐投加量为15 mg Fe时,1 g MLVSS的污泥SCOD释放量达1.13 g,TN、SCOD、TOC释放量分别为179.3、3 507.9和1 134.3 mg·L~(-1),在达到污泥减量化效果的同时更有利于破解液的后期资源化回收和处理。     

氧化-铁盐絮凝联合对调理改善污泥脱水性能的影响

实验对比考察了活性氯预氧化与铁盐(Fe(Ⅱ)与Fe(Ⅲ))混凝改善市政污泥脱水性能。结果表明:预氧化可改善污泥脱水效果,氯投量为200 mg·g~(-1)时污泥比阻(specific resistance to filtration,SRF)由5.3×109m·kg~(-1)降低至2.0×109m·kg~(-1),进一增加氯投量,SRF反而升高;单独三价铁盐可明显改善污泥脱水性能,但二价铁效果有限;预氧化之后再投加Fe(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅱ),SRF较单独铁盐条件下分别降低40.3%和78.3%。进一步研究证实,预氧化可破坏污泥的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS),并导致胞内蛋白质和多糖的释放,且蛋白质和多糖含量与污泥脱水性能呈明显正相关性。活性氯预氧化与铁盐混凝联合调理可明显改善污泥脱水性能,且氧化与混凝的协同作用是其主要机制。     

酸-碱处理对剩余污泥水解酸化的影响

剩余污泥中富含有机质和营养元素可回收利用物质,污泥水解酸化液中的有机酸在去除或回收利用氨和磷后可作为进水化学需氧量(COD)不足的污水处理厂的补充碳源。通过控制pH,对比分析了不同处理方式(单独碱处理、酸-碱处理和碱-酸处理)对污泥水解酸化的影响。结果表明,单独碱处理的溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出量比酸碱联合处理要大16%左右,预处理第8天,达到5 406.1 mg/L。采用先酸(pH 4.0,4 d)后碱(pH 10.0,4 d)预处理,乙酸产量达到74.4 mg COD/g VSS,占总SCFAs的60.5%,产量及其占总短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)百分比含量均高于其他预处理方式。且酸-碱处理方式下NO4+-N和PO34--P溶出要优于其他处理方式。而单独碱处理方式下污泥减量效果最好,VSS去除率为36.6%。     

pH值对污泥发酵产酸的影响

利用剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生挥发性脂肪酸,可作为污水脱氮除磷的有机碳源,而pH值是发酵产酸过程中重要的控制参数.研究了不同pH值条件下剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中各参数变化规律,探索pH值对其过程的影响及其分析.结果表明,碱性条件有利于污泥发酵产酸过程,实验最佳条件是控制反应初始pH值为10.0,仅8d发酵挥发性脂肪酸浓度就达到8.90 mmol/L.此外,污泥在发酵过程中,酸性条件下NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放量均大于碱性条件.     

微波预处理对制革污泥絮凝脱水性能的影响

分别采用微波、絮凝剂和微波联合絮凝剂对制革污泥进行脱水预处理,考察不同处理条件下制革污泥沉降速率(SV30)、毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)的变化,并通过粘度、水分分布和微观结构的变化探讨相关的脱水机理。结果表明,在微波输出功率为648 W、辐射时间为60 s的预处理条件下,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)投加剂量为8 mg/L时,污泥脱水性能达到最佳。与单独添加絮凝剂的污泥脱水相比,该条件下的SV30、CST和SRF分别降低了25.0%、48.9%和34.7%。污泥絮凝脱水前进行微波预处理能够进一步提高污泥的脱水性能,微波辐射联合CPAM进行污泥脱水时,CPAM则起主要脱水作用。微波辐射通过破坏污泥絮体结构,改变污泥中的水分分布,降低污泥的粘度,从而提高污泥的脱水性能。     

添加牛粪对蚯蚓处理污泥的影响

采用4个相同的塑料装置,将等量的污泥、EM菌、蚯蚓及不同量的牛粪装入其中并混匀后,通过60 d的培养实验,借助对污泥含水率、pH、TP、TOC和TN的监测及蚯蚓生存状况的考察,探究添加牛粪对蚯蚓处理污泥的影响。结果表明:添加牛粪可以抑制污泥含水率的增加,但不同牛粪添加量对污泥含水率的影响无一定规律性;与初始TP相比,1#~4#中污泥TP增长率分别为81%、97%、56%和102%,除3#外,污泥TP增幅随牛粪添加量的增加而增大;因生物作用,1#~4#污泥TOC均呈下降趋势,1#~4#中污泥TOC分别下降了13.6%、22.4%、21.7%和16.1%;1#~4#污泥TN变化与牛粪添加量的变化之间无明显规律。污泥中添加牛粪,对蚯蚓健康有益。     

微氧折流反应器中产甲烷菌的分布与群落结构分析

为了研究微氧条件下折流反应器处理生活污水的微生物学机理,针对产甲烷菌的MCR基因采用实时荧光定量PCR和构建克隆文库的方法,对反应器中的关键功能微生物产甲烷菌的分布特点与群落结构变化进行了分析。结果表明,微氧条件下折流反应器的环境条件可以保证产甲烷菌的增长,不同格室的产甲烷菌丰度均要高于接种污泥(1 720 copies/ng),其中经过微氧曝气处理的1#(2 864 copies/ng)和2#(2 282 copies/ng)格室产甲烷菌丰度低于厌氧状态的3#(3 508copies/ng)格室;微氧处理后折流反应器产甲烷菌的群落结构发生了明显的变化,接种污泥的产甲烷菌多属于Methanomicrobiales目的 Methanoregulaceae属(6/9),而保持微氧状态的1#格室中产甲烷菌多隶属于Methanomicrobiales目(6/10)的其他类群,2#格室的产甲烷菌则多隶属于Methanobacteriales目(5/10),保持厌氧状态的3#格室的产甲烷菌主要属于Methanomicrobiales目(3/10)和Methanosarcinales目(3/10);产甲烷菌MCR基因的多样性指数表明微氧曝气的引入降低了活性污泥中产甲烷菌的生物多样性。     

Co-treatment of acid mine drainage with municipal wastewater: performance evaluation

Co-treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) with municipal wastewater (MWW) using the activated sludge process is a novel treatment technology offering potential savings over alternative systems in materials, proprietary chemicals and energy inputs. The impacts of AMD on laboratory-scale activated sludge units (plug-flow and sequencing batch reactors) treating synthetic MWW were investigated. Synthetic AMD containing Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and SO₄ at a range of concentrations and pH values was formulated to simulate three possible co-treatment processes, i.e., (1) adding raw AMD to the activated sludge aeration tank, (2) pre-treating AMD prior to adding to the aeration tank by mixing with digested sludge and (3) pre-treating AMD by mixing with screened MWW. Continuous AMD loading to the activated sludge reactors during co-treatment did not cause a significant decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, or total organic carbon removal; average COD removal rates ranged from 87–93 %. Enhanced phosphate removal was observed in reactors loaded with Fe- and Al-rich AMD, with final effluent TP concentrations <2 mg/L. Removal rates for dissolved Al, Cu, Fe and Pb were 52–84 %, 47–61 %, 74–86 % and 100 %, respectively, in both systems. Manganese and Zn removal were strongly linked to acidity; removal from net-acidic AMD was <10 % for both metals, whereas removal from circum-neutral AMD averaged 93–95 % for Mn and 58–90 % for Zn. Pre-mixing with screened MWW was the best process option in terms of AMD neutralization and metal removal. However, significant MWW alkalinity was consumed, suggesting an alkali supplement may be necessary.     

Assessment of sewage sludge bioremediation at different hydraulic retention times using mixed fungal inoculation by liquid-state bioconversion

Sustainable, environmental friendly, and safe disposal of sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge is a global expectation. Bioremediation performance was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in 3–10 days and organic loading rates (OLR) at 0.66–7.81 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) per liter per day, with mixed filamentous fungal (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum) inoculation by liquid-state bioconversion (LSB) technique as a continuous process in large-scale bioreactor. Encouraging results were monitored in treated sludge by LSB continuous process. The highest removal of total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity, and COD were achieved at 98, 99, and 93 %, respectively, at 10 days HRT compared to control. The minimum volatile suspended solid/suspended solid implies the quality of water, which was recorded 0.59 at 10 days and 0.72 at 3 days of HRT. In treated supernatant with 88 % protein removal at 10 days of HRT indicates a higher magnitude of purification of treated sludge. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) quantifies the performance of dewaterability; it was recorded minimum 0.049 × 10¹² m kg^?1 at 10 days of HRT, which was equivalent to 97 % decrease of SRF. The lower OLR and higher HRT directly influenced the bioremediation and dewaterability of STP sludge in LSB process. The obtained findings imply encouraging message in continuing treatment of STP sludge, i.e., bioremediation of wastewater for environmental friendly disposal in near future.     

Specific resistance to filtration of biomass from membrane bioreactor reactor and activated sludge: effects of exocellular polymeric substances and dispersed microorganisms.

This study investigates the effect of dispersed microorganisms and exocellular polymeric substances on biomass dewaterability. Specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was measured for biomass from a membrane bioreactor and a completely mixed activated sludge system. Both laboratory-scale reactors were fed with synthetic wastewater and operated at a high food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M) (1 to 11 kilograms chemical oxygen demand per kilogram mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per day [kgCOD/(kg MLVSS.d)]) and short solids retention times (0.25 to 5 d). The SRF values were affected by strong interactions of three parameters: (1) the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, (2) the amount of dispersed microorganisms, and (3) the exocellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration. At F/M smaller than 2 kg COD/(kg MLSS.d) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration higher than 2000 mg/L, increasing amount of dispersed microorganisms in the biomass yielded higher SRF values. However, at high F/M (> 5 kg COD/kg MLSS.d) and low MLSS concentrations (< 600 mg/L), lower EPS concentrations resulted in slightly smaller SRF values, even though the amount of dispersed microorganisms in the biomass was much higher. Thus, at low MLSS concentrations, EPS concentrations rather than the amount of dispersed microorganisms tend to control SRF.     

生物淋滤-Fenton对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

采用嗜酸性硫杆菌生物淋滤联合Fenton氧化法对印染污泥脱水性能进行了研究。结果表明,生物淋滤过程中pH下降速率随着硫粉添加量增加而变快,经生物淋滤处理后污泥的脱水性能在一定程度上得到了改善。对生物淋滤后的污泥进行了Fenton氧化处理,获得的最佳反应条件为反应时间2 h,H2O2和Fe2+添加量分别为6 g/L和0.5 g/L。在该条件下,污泥上清液中总有机碳(TOC)由20.8 mg/L增加到356.6 mg/L;污泥比阻(SRF)和滤饼含水率分别由5.98×1011s2/g和88.75%减少至1.26×1011s2/g和82.85%。生物淋滤-Fenton氧化法在污泥破解程度和脱水性能改善方面均优于单独Fenton氧化法。     

Novel insights into enhanced dewatering of waste activated sludge based on the durable and efficacious radical generating

This study aims to develop a high-efficiency radical oxidation process for enhancing the dewaterability of waste activated sludge (WAS). Radical scavenging studies combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were carried out for the direct radical identification and effectiveness evaluation of radical oxidation. The results indicated that Fe(II)-activated CaO₂ can pose a superior effect on dewatering WAS due to its distinctive capacity of stable ?OH production and the high reaction efficiency of regulated-released ?OH with water-holding organics. The mechanism for the enhanced dewatering performance was also explored. The rupture of sludge colloidal flocs and the reduction of hydrophilic functional groups in loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) were found to be mainly responsible for the release of interstitial water and improved dewaterability, respectively. In addition, an inference about the relationship between interfacial water and zeta potential of different EPS fractions was established by the simultaneous measurement of the binding affinities of Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ for EPS and bound water content. All these results provide the direct evidence that Fe(II)-activated CaO₂ is a promising pretreatment reagent for sludge disposal.

Implications: Fe(II)-activated CaO₂ was first proposed to be highly effective in enhancing the dewaterability of waste activated sludge. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy provided the direct evidence for the specific advantages of CaO₂, especially the capacity of durable and efficacious ?OH production leading to the excellent conditioning performance.