磁性载体固定化机油降解菌FZ5的研究

利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-磁性竹炭复合制备磁性悬浮小球，该小球的磁矫顽力为28.6 mT，具有较强的磁场，可用于磁场引导分离。利用磁性悬浮小球作为载体对机油降解菌FZ5进行固定化，研究了固定化时间、降解时间、固定化小球投加量、初始pH值和初始机油浓度对机油降油率的影响。结果表明，在固定化挂膜3 d，固定化小球投加量为8％，初始pH值为7，初始机油浓度为400 mg/L，降解培养3 d后对机油的降解率可达91.21％。     

固定化鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii对水中重金属锌的生物吸附效应

采用海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇联合固定鼠尾藻与活性炭的方法对废水中重金属Zn~(2+)进行生物吸附研究。结果表明:当固定化材料配比为15 g·L~(-1)鼠尾藻粉,2%海藻酸钠溶液、6%聚乙烯醇溶液,1.5%活性炭时,固定化小球对废水中Zn~(2+)的吸附率最大。溶液在不同环境因素条件下吸附率不同,吸附率随着pH升高而升高,当pH为6时吸附率达到最大,随后开始下降;当温度为30℃,投放量为60 g·L~(-1)时吸附率上升至最大值后趋于平衡,吸附率不再随着条件的增加而增加;前30min吸附过程为快速吸附阶段,并在60 min后吸附率趋于平衡。在实验室规模的流化生物反应器中,固定化颗粒可以连续高效处理模拟矿山废水,同时经过多次吸附解吸循环后仍然具有较好的吸附效果,为固定化鼠尾藻的实际应用奠定了基础。     

蒽的高效降解菌的固定化小球的制备及其降解特性

旨在利用固定化高效降解菌小球去除水中蒽,充分发挥累托石的吸附和生物降解的协同作用,以累托石、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)作为固定化载体材料,硼酸和氯化钙作为交联剂,将蒽的高效降解菌包埋制备固定化微生物小球.考察了累托石用量、PVA投加量、海藻酸钠用量、氯化钙用量、微生物包埋量和交联时间等因素对微生物小球活性的影响,通过正交实验确定了微生物小球的最佳制备条件.结果表明,制备固定化微生物小球的最佳条件为:累托石2.5%,PVA 12%,SA 0.3%,CaCl24%,交联时间28 h,微生物包埋量10%.对40 mgJ/L的蒽溶液,游离微生物在50 h后开始发挥明显的降解作用,经过68 h蒽的去除率达到35.65%;而固定化微生物小球经过9 h即可使蒽的去除率达到81.8%,23 h后葸的去除率可达100%.固定化微生物小球对水中蒽的去除机理与吸附-降解工艺的机理类似,即固定化微生物小球类似于一个一体化的微型反应器,经过迟滞期后,在该反应器内同时发生吸附和降解作用.     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚高效降解混合菌L9的固定化及其条件优化

为彻底高效解决辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚的环境危害,以海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇为载体,以辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚高效降解混合菌L9为材料,采用海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯醇+海藻酸钠制备固定化混合菌L9,研究了各固定化混合菌L9颗粒的机械稳定性与化学稳定性,结果表明,利用聚乙烯醇+海藻酸钠制得的固定化混合菌L9颗粒具有较高的机械和化学稳定性。利用正交实验对聚乙烯醇+海藻酸钠固定化条件进行优化,得到聚乙烯醇浓度8.0%,海藻酸钠浓度1.0%,交联剂2%氯化钙的饱和硼酸溶液,包埋菌量与包埋剂的体积比值2∶1,交联时间24 h为聚乙烯醇+海藻酸钠固定化混合菌L9的最佳条件。考察不同环境条件(温度、pH值和底物浓度)对固定化混合菌L9与游离混合菌L9降解辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚的影响,结果显示,固定化混合菌L9对各环境因素(温度、pH值和底物浓度)的耐受范围都比游离混合菌L9宽,在实际环境应用中更能保持稳定的生物活性,研究结果对解决当前制革、洗涤、农药等行业产生的辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚的环境污染问题具有指导作用。     

固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(VI)的吸附

用2%海藻酸钠与1%明胶混合作为包埋剂固定啤酒废酵母,研究固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅳ)的吸附特性.结果表明,固定化啤酒废酵母吸附Cr(Ⅵ)受吸附时间、起始pH、固定化菌体浓度、cr(Ⅵ)起始浓度及共存离子等因素的影响.确定固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ)最佳吸附条件为:pH 2,Cr(Ⅵ)起始浓度100 mg/L,固定化菌体浓度2 g/L,吸附90 min.此条件下Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率可达96.8%.Pd2+等并存离子可抑制固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.用1 mol/L盐酸洗脱固定化啤酒废酵母所吸附的Cr(Ⅵ)3 h,解吸率为93.6%.     

固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

用2%海藻酸钠与1%明胶混合作为包埋剂固定啤酒废酵母，研究固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附特性。结果表明，固定化啤酒废酵母吸附Cr(Ⅵ) 受吸附时间、起始pH 、固定化菌体浓度、Cr(Ⅵ) 起始浓度及共存离子等因素的影响。确定固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ) 最佳吸附条件为：pH 2，Cr(Ⅵ) 起始浓度100 mg/L ，固定化菌体浓度2 g/L，吸附90 min 。此条件下Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附率可达96.8%。Pd²⁺等并存离子可抑制固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附。用1 mol/L盐酸洗脱固定化啤酒废酵母所吸附的Cr(Ⅵ) 3 h，解吸率为93.6%。     

亚硝化混合菌的固定化及去除河水NH_3-N影响因素

通过比较炉渣、陶粒和沸石3种吸附基质对污染物的吸附去除效果和吸附固定微生物的效果,筛选出廉价易得的炉渣作为载体基质,同时以2%海藻酸钠(SA)和8%聚乙烯醇(PVA)混合溶液作为包埋剂,用吸附-包埋的复合方法固定具有亚硝化功能的混合微生物,并考察了该PVA-SA-炉渣小球去除河水中NH3-N的效果和影响因素。结果表明,当投加比0.45、温度30~40℃、振荡速度150 r/min和初始NH3-N浓度6 mg/L时,微生物可保持较高的活性,经4 h处理,复合固定化颗粒对河水中NH3-N去除率为80%左右。该吸附-包埋固定化方法对于去除NH3-N具有一定的实用意义,也为河流水体净化提供了新的技术参考。     

固定化解脂耶氏酵母（Yarrowia lipolytica）处理油脂废水的性能研究

以海藻酸钠为固定化载体材料,以氯化钙作为交联剂,将高效降解油脂菌--解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia tipolyt-ica)包埋制备成固定化微生物小球,用以处理油脂废水,考察了最佳处理条件.结果表明,解脂耶氏酵母经固定化包埋后处理色拉油废水的最适条件为:温度25～35℃、pH 4～8、摇床转速100～200 r/min,处理初始油浓度在2 000 mg/L,包埋菌浓度6.65×106个/mL,包埋量为4 mL/150 L.与悬浮状态相比,固定化微生物温度适应范围增大、热适应性增强、pH值往酸性方向偏移.将固定化解脂耶氏酵母投入YPD液体培养基内驯化30 h再处理色拉油废水,结果显示:驯化后的固定化微生物在同样条件下对色拉油的降解率达到82%,比未驯化状态高20%,且驯化后的机械强度、稳定性和重复使用性都有明显改善.     

Fe3+(NTA)还原菌的固定化小球制备及还原特性

采用海藻酸钠包埋驯化得到的优势铁还原菌,用于还原络合吸收法脱除NOx过程中形成的中间副产物Fe^3＋（NTA）。结果表明,最佳包埋条件为海藻酸钠质量浓度4%,菌体质量浓度0.2%,CaC l2质量浓度3%,此条件下制备的小球还原性能好,在微生物用量为20 g（湿重）/L时还原10 mmol/L Fe^3＋（NTA）,经12 h反应后还原率达到96.1%,而相同条件下游离微生物的还原率仅为11.8%,但反应16 h后游离微生物与固定化小球的还原率相近,均为97%左右。但此法制备的小球机械强度不高,溶胀、破裂现象严重。通过添加聚乙烯醇和硅藻土改良固定化小球,可强化小球的机械强度、降低小球的溶胀及破裂现象,对Fe^3＋（NTA）的还原效果也较改良前的小球有所提高,两者最佳添加量均为20 g/L。改良后的小球与游离微生物相比,耐酸性增强,在pH=5的条件下,仍具有79.8%的还原效率,远高于相同条件下游离微生物的39.5%,但对温度的适应范围两者基本一致。     

工业废渣基除磷材料的静态吸附研究

研究了高效除磷材料（EPRC）对磷素的吸附特性，考察了投加量、初始浓度、初始pH值、粒径等对EPRC吸附性能的影响，分析了不同条件下EPRC的吸附过程。结果表明，最佳投加量为3.5 g/250 mL时，去除率达91.07%，出水TP浓度为0.45 mg/L。随着粒径减小，EPRC对磷素的吸附量增大，吸附平衡时间缩短。溶液初始pH值在碱性条件下，吸附容量变大。     

新型活性炭固定化产品的制备及其处理焦化废水的特性

为解决优势菌种工程应用,研究不同固定化方法、载体和结构的固定化产品对焦化废水的降解特性。用活性炭粉末吸附菌种后,与聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠混合制备了新型固定化球;用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠包埋吸附菌种的活性炭纤维毡,与立体弹性塑料填料连用,制备出3种不同形状的活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料。将游离菌和制备的4种活性炭固定化产品投入A/A/O工艺系统平行实验,考察处理焦化废水的效果。结果表明,活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料对焦化废水的降解能力优于其他固定化产品:缺氧池出水硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别稳定在1.96 mg/L和0.49 mg/L,未产生氮的累积现象,COD去除率可达到60.92%。好氧池COD和氨氮降解效率分别为78.83%和85.52%,苯酚、氰化物降解效率均为97%以上。     

Study on particulates and volatile organic compounds removal with TiO2 nonwoven filter prepared by electrospinning

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titania (TiO₂) Degussa P-25 were mixed to generate TiO₂ nonwoven filters using electrospinning. The wires of titanium dioxide and the nonwoven binding titania nanofibers were formed using 14 kV voltage and a distance of 15 cm. A single-factor experimental method was used to investigate the effects of parameters such as initial concentration, retention time, and light source on acetone removal by nonwoven binding titania nanofibers. Furthermore, the effects of parameters such as gas pressure, particle size, initial concentration, and retention time on the removal of particulates were also assessed. The results showed that the degradation efficiency increased with decreasing initial concentrations and increasing retention time. The best operational conditions during this study for the removal of acetone using the TiO₂ nonwoven filters were a retention time of 100 sec, initial acetone concentration of 250 ppm, and ultraviolet (UV) light source of 254 nm. Under those conditions, 99% acetone removal efficiency was obtained. In addition, 90% particulate matter removal efficiency was reached when the particulate size was greater than 200 nm and the reaction time was longer than 5 minutes. The prepared TiO₂/nanofiber has good performance for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate removal at the same time.

Implications: In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titania (TiO₂) Degussa P-25 were mixed to generate TiO₂ nonwoven filters using electrospinning. The results showed that the optimum operating conditions for the removal of acetone using the TiO₂ nonwoven filters were a retention time of 100 sec, initial acetone concentration of 250 ppm, and UV light source of 254 nm. Under those conditions, 99% acetone removal efficiency was obtained.     

固定化菌藻微球的制备、表征及其对富营养化湖水的修复

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠(SA)为主要包埋材料,以活性炭、SiO2和CaCO3作添加剂,采用普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和活性污泥制备固定化菌藻微球。采用正交实验对微球的制备条件进行了优化,并对最优化条件下制得的微球进行了表征,还考察了固定化菌藻微球对某富营养化湖水的修复效果。结果表明,固定化菌藻微球的最优化制备条件为:PVA用量10%(m/v),微生物包埋量15 mL,海藻酸钠用量0.6%(m/v),氯化钙浓度2.0%(m/v)。制得的微球具有较大的比表面积,内部呈网状结构,孔径分布均匀,中孔居多,适合小球藻和微生物生长。采用固定化菌藻微球可有效修复上述湖泊的实际富营养化湖水,微球可重复使用3~4个循环,在前4个循环中,每个循环历时96 h,TN平均去除率达80%以上;TP平均去除率达90%以上;COD平均去除率达85%以上,表明固定化菌藻微球在富营养化湖水的修复方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Fe3+(NTA)还原菌的固定化小球制备及还原特性

采用海藻酸钠包埋驯化得到的优势铁还原菌，用于还原络合吸收法脱除NOx过程中形成的中间副产物Fe³⁺(NTA)。结果表明，最佳包埋条件为海藻酸钠质量浓度4%，菌体质量浓度0.2%，CaCl₂质量浓度3%，此条件下制备的小球还原性能好，在微生物用量为20 g（湿重）/L时还原10 mmol/L Fe³⁺(NTA)，经12 h反应后还原率达到96.1％，而相同条件下游离微生物的还原率仅为11.8％，但反应16 h后游离微生物与固定化小球的还原率相近，均为97％左右。但此法制备的小球机械强度不高，溶胀、破裂现象严重。通过添加聚乙烯醇和硅藻土改良固定化小球，可强化小球的机械强度、降低小球的溶胀及破裂现象，对Fe³⁺(NTA)的还原效果也较改良前的小球有所提高，两者最佳添加量均为20 g/L。改良后的小球与游离微生物相比，耐酸性增强，在pH=5的条件下，仍具有79.8％的还原效率，远高于相同条件下游离微生物的39.5％，但对温度的适应范围两者基本一致。     

粉煤灰对水溶液中磷的吸附性能及机理

以粉煤灰为吸附剂去除溶液中的磷,考察了其吸附除P动力学特征、热力学特征以及溶液初始pH和粉煤灰投加量对吸附除P效果的影响,并对其吸附除P机理做了初步探讨。结果表明,在给定实验条件下,粉煤灰对P具有较好的去除效果,随着初始P浓度从10 mg/L升高到80 mg/L,平衡吸附量为0.46～2.44 mg P/g粉煤灰,吸附效率从92.2%降低至61.1%;对不同浓度的含P溶液,粉煤灰最适用量为0.6～1.5 g粉煤灰/mg P;相同反应条件下,当温度由25℃升高到45℃时,P初始吸附速率提高了3倍;粉煤灰对P的吸附过程能够较好地拟合Langmuir、Freundlich及D-R吸附等温模型,相关系数均在0.98以上。通过对吸附饱和的粉煤灰进行解析实验发现,初始P浓度较低(<50 mg/L)时,以化学吸附为主,而在初始P浓度较高(>80 mg/L)时,则以物理吸附为主。     

Multiple copper adsorption and regeneration by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings

Copper ions were first adsorbed by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings, the desorption of Cu(II) using Na₂EDTA solutions was performed, and the recycling of zeolite 4A in adsorption and desorption was systematically investigated. It was observed that the Cu(II) removal efficiency was directly dependent on the initial pH value. The maximum removal efficiency of Cu(II) was 96.2% with zeolite 4A when the initial pH value was 5.0. Cu(II) was completely absorbed in the first 30 min. It was also observed that the desorption efficiency and zeolite recovery were highly dependent on the initial pH and concentration of Na₂EDTA in the solution. The desorption efficiency and percent of zeolite recovered were 73.6 and 85.9%, respectively, when the Na₂EDTA solution concentration was 0.05 mol L^?1 and the pH value was 8. The recovered zeolites were pure single phase and highly crystalline. After 3 cycles, the removal efficiency of Cu(II) was as high as 78.9%, and the zeolite recovery was 46.9%, indicating that the recovered zeolites have good adsorption capacity and can repeatedly absorb Cu(II).

     

固定化小球藻与活性污泥的共生系统处理含锌废水

研究固定化小球藻与活性污泥的共生系统对含锌废水中Zn2+的去除效果,分析菌藻状态、初始Zn2+浓度、pH、固定化菌藻小球投加量和菌藻体积比等5个因素对固定化菌藻共生系统去除Zn2+的影响。结果表明,固定化活性污泥、固定化小球藻和固定化菌藻对Zn2+的去除效果均优于悬浮小球藻,其中固定化菌藻对Zn2+的去除效果最好;废水中初始Zn2+浓度小于100 mg/L时,固定化菌藻系统对废水中Zn2+的去除率达到90.5%;固定化菌藻系统去除废水中Zn2+的最佳条件是:初始Zn2+浓度为80 mg/L,pH=7,固定化小球投加量为80 mL,菌藻体积比为1∶2。     

Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Treatment by a Chemical‐Biological Process: Chemical Absorption and Biological Oxidation Steps

In order to remove high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas from anaerobic wastewater treatments in livestock farming, a novel process was evaluated for H₂S gas abatement involving the combination of chemical absorption and biological oxidation processes. In this study, the extensive experiments evaluating the removal efficiency, capacity, and removal characteristics of H₂S gas by the chemical absorption reactor were conducted in a continuous operation. In addition, the effects of initial Fe^2 + concentrations, pH, and glucose concentrations on Fe^2 + oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans CP9 were also examined. The results showed that the chemical process exhibited high removal efficiencies with H₂S concentrations up to 300 ppm, and nearly no acclimation time was required. The limitation of mass‐transfer was verified as the rate‐determining step in the chemical reaction through model validation. The Fe^2 + production rate was clearly affected by the inlet gas concentration as well as flow rate and a prediction equation of ferrous production was established. The optimal operating conditions for the biological oxidation process were below pH 2.3 and 35°C in which more than 90% Fe^3 + formation ratio was achieved. Interestingly, the optimal glucose concentration in the medium was 0.1%, which favored Fe^2 + oxidation and the growth of T. ferrooxidans CP9.     

Synergistic adsorption and advanced oxidation activated by persulfate for degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride using iron-modified spent bleaching earth carbon

At present, tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) is a widely used antibiotic, and is often detected in water, posing a serious harm to human and ecological health. In this study, spent bleaching earth (SBE) was pyrolyzed to obtain spent bleaching earth carbon (SBE@C) and the nano Fe⁰/SBE@C prepared after zero-valent iron loading was adopted to remove TCH in water for the first time. The combination of nano Fe⁰/SBE@C and PS, the strong adsorption of SBE@C coupled with the oxidation of free radicals could achieve TCH efficient removal. The effects of nano Fe⁰ load, nano Fe⁰/SBE@C dosage, solution initial pH, and PS/TCH molar ratio on TCH removal efficiency in nano Fe⁰/SBE@C?+?PS system were studied. The results indicate that the optimal reaction conditions are 5% nano Fe⁰ load, 0.2 g/L nano Fe⁰/SBE@C dosage, initial pH of 3, PS/TCH molar ratio of 100:1. Under these conditions, TCH removal efficiency could reach 91%. Meanwhile, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to predict optimal value of reaction conditions. The removal efficiency corresponding to the predicted optimal conditions was consistent with the actual removal efficiency obtained from the experiment. Moreover, six reaction systems were tested, and TCH removal efficiency in the SBE@C?+?PS system was 22.6%. When nano Fe⁰ was loaded on SBE@C, TCH removal efficiency in Fe⁰/SBE@C?+?PS system increased to 78.2%, in which TCH was first adsorbed on the surface of nano Fe⁰/SBE@C, and then was degraded by the oxidation of SO₄^?? and ?OH. Totally, the nano Fe⁰/SBE@C?+?PS system displayed excellent TCH removal efficiency, good stability and reusability, exhibiting a promise toward TCH removal.

     

Effect of immobilized microalgal bead concentrations on wastewater nutrient removal

A unicellular green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, entrapped in calcium alginate as algal beads were employed to remove nutrients (N and P) from simulated settled domestic wastewater. A significantly higher nutrient reduction was found in bioreactors containing algal beads (at concentrations ranging from 4 to 20 beads ml(-1) wastewater) than the blank alginate beads (without algae). A complete removal of NH(4)(+)-N and around 95% reduction of PO(4)(3-)-P was achieved within 24 h of treatment in bioreactors having the optimal algal bead concentration (12 beads ml(-1), equivalent to 1:3 algal beads:wastewater, v/v). The NH(4)(+)-N removal was significantly lower at low (around 4 beads ml(-1)) and high (>15 beads ml(-1)) algal bead concentrations. On the other hand, the effect of bead concentration on phosphate removal was less obvious, and bead concentrations ranging from 8 to 20 beads ml(-1) showed comparable percentages of phosphate reduction. Algal uptake and adsorption on alginate gels were found to be the major processes involved in the removal of N and phosphate in the present study. In addition, NH(4)(+)-N could be lost via ammonia volatilization while PO(4)(3-)-P was removed by chemical precipitation, as alkaline pH was recorded in the immobilized microalgal treatment system.